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Pascual Alonso I, Almeida García F, Valdés Tresanco ME, Arrebola Sánchez Y, Ojeda Del Sol D, Sánchez Ramírez B, Florent I, Schmitt M, Avilés FX. Marine Invertebrates: A Promissory Still Unexplored Source of Inhibitors of Biomedically Relevant Metallo Aminopeptidases Belonging to the M1 and M17 Families. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21050279. [PMID: 37233473 DOI: 10.3390/md21050279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes, also known as peptidases, are critical in all living organisms. Peptidases control the cleavage, activation, turnover, and synthesis of proteins and regulate many biochemical and physiological processes. They are also involved in several pathophysiological processes. Among peptidases, aminopeptidases catalyze the cleavage of the N-terminal amino acids of proteins or peptide substrates. They are distributed in many phyla and play critical roles in physiology and pathophysiology. Many of them are metallopeptidases belonging to the M1 and M17 families, among others. Some, such as M1 aminopeptidases N and A, thyrotropin-releasing hormone-degrading ectoenzyme, and M17 leucyl aminopeptidase, are targets for the development of therapeutic agents for human diseases, including cancer, hypertension, central nervous system disorders, inflammation, immune system disorders, skin pathologies, and infectious diseases, such as malaria. The relevance of aminopeptidases has driven the search and identification of potent and selective inhibitors as major tools to control proteolysis with an impact in biochemistry, biotechnology, and biomedicine. The present contribution focuses on marine invertebrate biodiversity as an important and promising source of inhibitors of metalloaminopeptidases from M1 and M17 families, with foreseen biomedical applications in human diseases. The results reviewed in the present contribution support and encourage further studies with inhibitors isolated from marine invertebrates in different biomedical models associated with the activity of these families of exopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isel Pascual Alonso
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Fabiola Almeida García
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Mario Ernesto Valdés Tresanco
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Ojeda Del Sol
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | | | - Isabelle Florent
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR7245), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marjorie Schmitt
- Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LIMA UMR 7042, 68000 Mulhouse, France
| | - Francesc Xavier Avilés
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Department of Biochemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Georgiadis D, Skoulikas N, Papakyriakou A, Stratikos E. Phosphinic Peptides as Tool Compounds for the Study of Pharmacologically Relevant Zn-Metalloproteases. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1228-1253. [PMID: 36524013 PMCID: PMC9745897 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphinic peptides constitute an important class of bioactive compounds that have found a wide range of applications in the field of biology and pharmacology of Zn-metalloproteases, the largest family of proteases in humans. They are designed to mimic the structure of natural substrates during their proteolysis, thus acting as mechanism-based, transition state analogue inhibitors. A combination of electrostatic interactions between the phosphinic acid group and the Zn cation as well as optimal noncovalent enzyme-ligand interactions can result in both high binding affinity for the desired target and selectivity against other proteases. Due to these unique properties, phosphinic peptides have been mainly employed as tool compounds for (a) the purposes of rational drug design by serving as ligands in X-ray crystal structures of target enzymes and allowing the identification of crucial interactions that govern optimal molecular recognition, and (b) the delineation of biological pathways where Zn-metalloproteases are key regulators. For the latter objective, inhibitors of the phosphinopeptidic type have been used either unmodified or after being transformed to probes of various types, thus expanding the arsenal of functional tools available to researchers. The aim of this review is to summarize all recent research achievements in which phosphinic peptides have played a central role as tool compounds in the understanding of the mechanism and biological functions of Zn-metalloproteases in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Georgiadis
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Skoulikas
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Papakyriakou
- National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi GR-15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
- National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi GR-15341 Athens, Greece
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Lazcano I, Rodríguez Rodríguez A, Uribe RM, Orozco A, Joseph-Bravo P, Charli JL. Evolution of thyrotropin-releasing factor extracellular communication units. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 305:113642. [PMID: 33039406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are ancient signaling molecules that contribute to the regulation of metabolism, energy homeostasis and growth. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis links the corresponding organs through hormonal signals, including thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) that ultimately activates the synthesis and secretion of THs from the thyroid gland. Although this axis is conserved among most vertebrates, the identity of the hypothalamic TRF that positively regulates TSH synthesis and secretion varies. We review the evolution of the hypothalamic factors that induce TSH secretion, including thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), urotensin-1-3, and sauvagine, and non-mammalian glucagon-like peptide in metazoans. Each of these peptides is part of an extracellular communication unit likely composed of at least 3 elements: the peptide, G-protein coupled receptor and bioavailability regulator, set up on the central neuroendocrine articulation. The bioavailability regulators include a TRH-specific ecto-peptidase, pyroglutamyl peptidase II, and a CRH-binding protein, that together with peptide secretion/transport rate and transduction coupling and efficiency at receptor level shape TRF signal intensity and duration. These vertebrate TRF communication units were coopted from bilaterian ancestors. The bona fide elements appeared early in chordates, and are either used alternatively, in parallel, or sequentially, in different vertebrate classes to control centrally the activity of the HPT axis. Available data also suggest coincidence between apparition of ligand and bioavailability regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Lazcano
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Adair Rodríguez Rodríguez
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Uribe
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Aurea Orozco
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico.
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Abdou MM. Synopsis of recent synthetic methods and biological applications of phosphinic acid derivatives. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Charli JL, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Hernández-Ortega K, Cote-Vélez A, Uribe RM, Jaimes-Hoy L, Joseph-Bravo P. The Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone-Degrading Ectoenzyme, a Therapeutic Target? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:640. [PMID: 32457627 PMCID: PMC7225337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH: Glp-His-Pro-NH2) is a peptide mainly produced by brain neurons. In mammals, hypophysiotropic TRH neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus integrate metabolic information and drive the secretion of thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary, and thus the activity of the thyroid axis. Other hypothalamic or extrahypothalamic TRH neurons have less understood functions although pharmacological studies have shown that TRH has multiple central effects, such as promoting arousal, anorexia and anxiolysis, as well as controlling gastric, cardiac and respiratory autonomic functions. Two G-protein-coupled TRH receptors (TRH-R1 and TRH-R2) transduce TRH effects in some mammals although humans lack TRH-R2. TRH effects are of short duration, in part because the peptide is hydrolyzed in blood and extracellular space by a M1 family metallopeptidase, the TRH-degrading ectoenzyme (TRH-DE), also called pyroglutamyl peptidase II. TRH-DE is enriched in various brain regions but is also expressed in peripheral tissues including the anterior pituitary and the liver, which secretes a soluble form into blood. Among the M1 metallopeptidases, TRH-DE is the only member with a very narrow specificity; its best characterized biological substrate is TRH, making it a target for the specific manipulation of TRH activity. Two other substrates of TRH-DE, Glp-Phe-Pro-NH2 and Glp-Tyr-Pro-NH2, are also present in many tissues. Analogs of TRH resistant to hydrolysis by TRH-DE have prolonged central efficiency. Structure-activity studies allowed the identification of residues critical for activity and specificity. Research with specific inhibitors has confirmed that TRH-DE controls TRH actions. TRH-DE expression by β2-tanycytes of the median eminence of the hypothalamus allows the control of TRH flux into the hypothalamus-pituitary portal vessels and may regulate serum thyrotropin secretion. In this review we describe the critical evidences that suggest that modification of TRH-DE activity in tanycytes, and/or in other brain regions, may generate beneficial consequences in some central and metabolic disorders and identify potential drawbacks and missing information needed to test these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Abdou MM, El-Saeed RA. Potential chemical transformation of phosphinic acid derivatives and their applications in the synthesis of drugs. Bioorg Chem 2019; 90:103039. [PMID: 31220667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical transformation of phosphinic acid is a well-considered mature area of research on account of the historical significant reactions such as Kabachnik-Fields, Mannich, Arbuzov, Michaelis-Becker, etc. Considerable advances have been made over last years especially in metal-catalyzed, free-radical processes and asymmetric synthesis using catalytic enantioselective. As a result, the aim of this synopsis is to make the reader familiar with advances in the approaches of phosphinic acids toward the synthesis of highly functionalized and valuable buildings blocks. Another purpose of this survey is to provide the current status of the applications of phosphinic acids in the synthesis of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moaz M Abdou
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, P.O. 11727, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Rasha A El-Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, ET-35516 Mansoura, Egypt
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Fröhlich E, Wahl R. The forgotten effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone: Metabolic functions and medical applications. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:29-43. [PMID: 29935915 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) causes a variety of thyroidal and non-thyroidal effects, the best known being the feedback regulation of thyroid hormone levels. This was employed in the TRH stimulation test, which is currently little used. The role of TRH as a cancer biomarker is minor, but exaggerated responses to TSH and prolactin levels in breast cancer led to the hypothesis of a potential role for TRH in the pathogenesis of this disease. TRH is a rapidly degraded peptide with multiple targets, limiting its suitability as a biomarker and drug candidate. Although some studies reported efficacy in neural diseases (depression, spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc.), therapeutic use of TRH is presently restricted to spinocerebellar degenerative disease. Regulation of TRH production in the hypothalamus, patterns of expression of TRH and its receptor in the body, its role in energy metabolism and in prolactin secretion are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Internal Medicine (Dept. of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry), University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Muellerstrasse 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Center for Medical Research, Medical University Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Wahl
- Internal Medicine (Dept. of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry), University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Muellerstrasse 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Alvarez‐Salas E, Alcántara‐Alonso V, Matamoros‐Trejo G, Vargas MA, Morales‐Mulia M, Gortari P. Mediobasal hypothalamic and adenohypophyseal TRH‐degrading enzyme (PPII) is down‐regulated by zinc deficiency. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 46:115-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alvarez‐Salas
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchNational Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente MuñizMexico
- ISSSTE School of Dietetics and NutritionMexico
| | - Viridiana Alcántara‐Alonso
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchNational Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente MuñizMexico
- ISSSTE School of Dietetics and NutritionMexico
| | - Gilberto Matamoros‐Trejo
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchNational Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente MuñizMexico
| | - Miguel Angel Vargas
- Instituto de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCuernavacaMor 62271Mexico
| | - Marcela Morales‐Mulia
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchNational Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente MuñizMexico
| | - Patricia Gortari
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchNational Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente MuñizMexico
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Joseph-Bravo P, Jaimes-Hoy L, Uribe RM, Charli JL. 60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: TRH, the first hypophysiotropic releasing hormone isolated: control of the pituitary-thyroid axis. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:T85-T100. [PMID: 26101376 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the findings that led to the discovery of TRH and the understanding of the central mechanisms which control hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT) activity. The earliest studies on thyroid physiology are now dated a century ago when basal metabolic rate was associated with thyroid status. It took over 50 years to identify the key elements involved in the HPT axis. Thyroid hormones (TH: T4 and T3) were characterized first, followed by the semi-purification of TSH whose later characterization paralleled that of TRH. Studies on the effects of TH became possible with the availability of synthetic hormones. DNA recombinant techniques facilitated the identification of all the elements involved in the HPT axis, including their mode of regulation. Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons, which control the pituitary-thyroid axis, were identified among other hypothalamic neurons which express TRH. Three different deiodinases were recognized in various tissues, as well as their involvement in cell-specific modulation of T3 concentration. The role of tanycytes in setting TRH levels due to the activity of deiodinase type 2 and the TRH-degrading ectoenzyme was unraveled. TH-feedback effects occur at different levels, including TRH and TSH synthesis and release, deiodinase activity, pituitary TRH-receptor and TRH degradation. The activity of TRH neurons is regulated by nutritional status through neurons of the arcuate nucleus, which sense metabolic signals such as circulating leptin levels. Trh expression and the HPT axis are activated by energy demanding situations, such as cold and exercise, whereas it is inhibited by negative energy balance situations such as fasting, inflammation or chronic stress. New approaches are being used to understand the activity of TRHergic neurons within metabolic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología MolecularInstituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología MolecularInstituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Rosa-María Uribe
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología MolecularInstituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología MolecularInstituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
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Lazcano I, Cabral A, Uribe RM, Jaimes-Hoy L, Perello M, Joseph-Bravo P, Sánchez-Jaramillo E, Charli JL. Fasting Enhances Pyroglutamyl Peptidase II Activity in Tanycytes of the Mediobasal Hypothalamus of Male Adult Rats. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2713-23. [PMID: 25942072 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fasting down-regulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis activity through a reduction of TRH synthesis in neurons of the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). These TRH neurons project to the median eminence (ME), where TRH terminals are close to the cytoplasmic extensions of β2 tanycytes. Tanycytes express pyroglutamyl peptidase II (PPII), the TRH-degrading ectoenzyme that controls the amount of TRH that reaches the anterior pituitary. We tested the hypothesis that regulation of ME PPII activity is another mechanism by which fasting affects the activity of the HPT axis. Semiquantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry data indicated that PPII and deiodinase 2 mRNA levels increased in tanycytes after 48 hours of fasting. This increase was transitory, followed by an increase of PPII activity in the ME, and a partial reversion of the reduction in PVN pro-TRH mRNA levels and the number of TRH neurons detected by immunohistochemistry. In fed animals, adrenalectomy and corticosterone treatment did not change ME PPII activity 72 hours later. Methimazole-induced hypothyroidism produced a profound drop in tanycytes PPII mRNA levels, which was reverted by 3 days of treatment with T4. The activity of thyroliberinase, the serum isoform of PPII, was increased at most fasting time points studied. We conclude that delayed increases in both the ME PPII as well as the thyroliberinase activities in fasted male rats may facilitate the maintenance of the deep down-regulation of the HPT axis function, despite a partial reactivation of TRH expression in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Lazcano
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
| | - Agustina Cabral
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
| | - Rosa María Uribe
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
| | - Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
| | - Mario Perello
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
| | - Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
| | - Edith Sánchez-Jaramillo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
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Lazcano I, Uribe RM, Martínez-Chávez E, Vargas MA, Matziari M, Joseph-Bravo P, Charli JL. Pyroglutamyl Peptidase II Inhibition Enhances the Analeptic Effect of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Rat Medial Septum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:222-31. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.192278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Smith CM, Ryan PJ, Hosken IT, Ma S, Gundlach AL. Relaxin-3 systems in the brain—The first 10 years. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:262-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Marsili A, Sanchez E, Singru P, Harney JW, Zavacki AM, Lechan RM, Larsen PR. Thyroxine-induced expression of pyroglutamyl peptidase II and inhibition of TSH release precedes suppression of TRH mRNA and requires type 2 deiodinase. J Endocrinol 2011; 211:73-8. [PMID: 21788297 PMCID: PMC3558748 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of TSH release from the hypothyroid thyrotrophs is one of the most rapid effects of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (T(3)) or thyroxine (T(4)). It is initiated within an hour, precedes the decrease in TSHβ mRNA inhibition and is blocked by inhibitors of mRNA or protein synthesis. TSH elevation in primary hypothyroidism requires both the loss of feedback inhibition by thyroid hormone in the thyrotrophs and the positive effects of TRH. Another event in this feedback regulation may be the thyroid hormone-mediated induction of the TRH-inactivating pyroglutamyl peptidase II (PPII) in the hypothalamic tanycytes. This study compared the chronology of the acute effects of T(3) or T(4) on TSH suppression, TRH mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and the induction of tanycyte PPII. In wild-type mice, T(3) or T(4) caused a 50% decrease in serum TSH in hypothyroid mice by 5 h. There was no change in TRH mRNA in PVN over this interval, but there was a significant increase in PPII mRNA in the tanycytes. In mice with genetic inactivation of the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase, T(3) decreased serum TSH and increased PPII mRNA levels, while T(4)-treatment was ineffective. We conclude that the rapid suppression of TSH in the hypothyroid mouse by T(3) occurs prior to a decrease in TRH mRNA though TRH inactivation may be occurring in the median eminence through the rapid induction of tanycyte PPII. The effect of T(4), but not T(3), requires the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marsili
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's, Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edith Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Praful Singru
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - John W. Harney
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's, Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's, Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald M. Lechan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - P. Reed Larsen
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's, Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, E/CLS-0738, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Sánchez E, Vargas MA, Singru PS, Pascual I, Romero F, Fekete C, Charli JL, Lechan RM. Tanycyte pyroglutamyl peptidase II contributes to regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis through glial-axonal associations in the median eminence. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2283-91. [PMID: 19179432 PMCID: PMC2671897 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamyl peptidase II (PPII), a highly specific membrane-bound metallopeptidase that inactivates TRH in the extracellular space, is tightly regulated by thyroid hormone in cells of the anterior pituitary. Whether PPII has any role in the region where axons containing hypophysiotropic TRH terminate, the median eminence, is unknown. For this purpose, we analyzed the cellular localization and regulation of PPII mRNA in the mediobasal hypothalamus in adult, male rats. PPII mRNA was localized in cells lining the floor and infralateral walls of the third ventricle and coexpressed with vimentin, establishing these cells as tanycytes. PPII mRNA extended in a linear fashion from the tanycyte cell bodies in the base of the third ventricle to its cytoplasmic and end-feet processes in the external zone of the median eminence in close apposition to pro-TRH-containing axon terminals. Compared with vehicle-treated, euthyroid controls, animals made thyrotoxic by the i.p. administration of 10 microg L-T(4) daily for 1-3 d, showed dramatically increased accumulation of silver grains in the mediobasal hypothalamus and an approximately 80% increase in enzymatic activity. PPII inhibition in mediobasal hypothalamic explants increased TRH secretion, whereas i.p. injection of a specific PPII inhibitor increased cold stress- and TRH-induced TSH levels in plasma. We propose that an increase in circulating thyroid hormone up-regulates PPII activity in tanycytes and enhances degradation of extracellular TRH in the median eminence through glial-axonal associations, contributing to the feedback regulation of thyroid hormone on anterior pituitary TSH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Sánchez
- Tupper Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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