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Corrigan RR, Piontkivska H, Casadesus G. Amylin Pharmacology in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis and Treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1894-1907. [PMID: 34852745 PMCID: PMC9886804 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211201093147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic peptide hormone amylin, in concert with other metabolic peptides like insulin and leptin, has an important role in metabolic homeostasis and has been intimately linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interestingly, this pancreatic amyloid peptide is known to self-aggregate much like amyloid-beta and has been reported to be a source of pathogenesis in both Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease. The traditional "gain of toxic function" properties assigned to amyloid proteins are, however, contrasted by several reports highlighting neuroprotective effects of amylin and a recombinant analog, pramlintide, in the context of these two diseases. This suggests that pharmacological therapies aimed at modulating the amylin receptor may be therapeutically beneficial for AD development, as they already are for T2DMM. However, the nature of amylin receptor signaling is highly complex and not well studied in the context of CNS function. Therefore, to begin to address this pharmacological paradox in amylin research, the goal of this review is to summarize the current research on amylin signaling and CNS functions and critically address the paradoxical nature of this hormone's signaling in the context of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gemma Casadesus
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, PO Box 100495. Gainesville, FL32610 USA; Tel: 352-294-5346; E-mail:
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Prakash J, Herlin M, Kumar J, Garg G, Akesson KE, Grabowski PS, Skerry TM, Richards GO, McGuigan FE. Analysis of RAMP3 gene polymorphism with body composition and bone density in young and elderly women. Gene 2019; 721S:100009. [PMID: 32550545 PMCID: PMC7286079 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and aim The Receptor Activity Modifying Proteins (RAMPs) are a group of accessory proteins, of which there are three in humans, that interact with a number of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and play various roles in regulation of endocrine signaling. Studies in RAMP3 knockout (KO) mice reveal an age related phenotype with altered metabolic regulation and high bone mass. To translate these findings into a clinically relevant perspective, we investigated the association between RAMP3 gene variants, body composition and bone phenotypes in two population-based cohorts of Swedish women. Methods Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the vicinity of the RAMP3 gene were genotyped in the PEAK-25 cohort (n = 1061; 25 years) and OPRA (n = 1044; 75 years). Bone mineral density (BMD), fat mass and lean mass (total body; regional) were measured by DXA at baseline, 5 and 10 year follow-up. Results BMD did not differ with RAMP3 genotype in either cohort, although fracture risk was increased in the elderly women (OR 2.695 [95% CI 1.514–4.801]). Fat mass tended to be higher with RAMP3 SNPs; although only in elderly women. In the young women, changes in BMI and fat mass between ages 25–35 differed by genotype (p = 0.001; p < 0.001). Conclusion Variation in RAMP3 may contribute to age-related changes in body composition and risk of fracture.
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Key Words
- AM1R, Adrenomedullin-1 Receptor
- AM2R, Adrenomedullin-2 Receptor
- AMY3, Amylin Receptor Complex
- BMD
- BMD, Bone Mineral Density
- CGRP, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
- CLR, Calcitonin Like-Receptor
- FM, Fat Mass
- FN, Femoral Neck
- Fat
- Fracture
- GPCR, G-Protein Coupled Receptor
- KO, Knock-out
- LM, Lean Mass
- LS, Lumbar Spine
- OPRA, Osteoporosis Prospective Risk Assessment
- RAMP3
- RAMP3, Receptor Activity Modifying Protein 3
- SNP
- SNP, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
- TB, Total Body
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Prakash
- Lund University, Dept. of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Sweden
| | - Maria Herlin
- Lund University, Dept. of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Sweden
- Dept. of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jitender Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Gaurav Garg
- Genomics Division, LCGC Life sciences LLP, New Delhi, India
| | - Kristina E. Akesson
- Lund University, Dept. of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Sweden
- Skåne University Hospital, Dept. of Orthopedics, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter S. Grabowski
- Human Nutrition Unit, Dept. of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield University, UK
| | - Tim M. Skerry
- Academic Unit of Bone Biology, Dept. of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield University, UK
| | - Gareth O. Richards
- Academic Unit of Bone Biology, Dept. of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield University, UK
| | - Fiona E.A. McGuigan
- Lund University, Dept. of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
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Adrenomedullin: A potential therapeutic target for retinochoroidal disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 52:112-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Koyama T, Sakurai T, Kamiyoshi A, Ichikawa-Shindo Y, Kawate H, Shindo T. Adrenomedullin-RAMP2 System in Vascular Endothelial Cells. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 22:647-53. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.29967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teruhide Koyama
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Akiko Kamiyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuka Ichikawa-Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hisaka Kawate
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
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Colley DL, Castonguay TW. Effects of sugar solutions on hypothalamic appetite regulation. Physiol Behav 2014; 139:202-9. [PMID: 25449399 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several hypotheses for the causes of the obesity epidemic in the US have been proposed. One such hypothesis is that dietary intake patterns have significantly shifted to include unprecedented amounts of refined sugar. We set out to determine if different sugars might promote changes in the hypothalamic mechanisms controlling food intake by measuring several hypothalamic peptides subsequent to overnight access to dilute glucose, sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, or fructose solutions. Rats were given access to food, water and a sugar solution for 24h, after which blood and tissues were collected. Fructose access (as opposed to other sugars that were tested) resulted in a doubling of circulating triglycerides. Glucose consumption resulted in upregulation of 7 satiety-related hypothalamic peptides whereas changes in gene expression were mixed for remaining sugars. Also, following multiple verification assays, 6 satiety related peptides were verified as being affected by sugar intake. These data provide evidence that not all sugars are equally effective in affecting the control of intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Colley
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Thomas W Castonguay
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
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Watkins HA, Rathbone DL, Barwell J, Hay DL, Poyner DR. Structure-activity relationships for α-calcitonin gene-related peptide. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1308-22. [PMID: 23186257 PMCID: PMC3838678 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a member of the calcitonin (CT) family of peptides. It is a widely distributed neuropeptide implicated in conditions such as neurogenic inflammation. With other members of the CT family, it shares an N-terminal disulphide-bonded ring which is essential for biological activity, an area of potential α-helix, and a C-terminal amide. CGRP binds to the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) in complex with receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), a member of the family B (or secretin-like) GPCRs. It can also activate other CLR or calcitonin-receptor/RAMP complexes. This 37 amino acid peptide comprises the N-terminal ring that is required for receptor activation (residues 1-7); an α-helix (residues 8-18), a region incorporating a β-bend (residues 19-26) and the C-terminal portion (residues 27-37), that is characterized by bends between residues 28-30 and 33-34. A few residues have been identified that seem to make major contributions to receptor binding and activation, with a larger number contributing either to minor interactions (which collectively may be significant), or to maintaining the conformation of the bound peptide. It is not clear if CGRP follows the pattern of other family B GPCRs in binding largely as an α-helix. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Neuropeptides. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet A Watkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Dan L Rathbone
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK
| | - James Barwell
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK
| | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK
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Koyama T, Ochoa-Callejero L, Sakurai T, Kamiyoshi A, Ichikawa-Shindo Y, Iinuma N, Arai T, Yoshizawa T, Iesato Y, Lei Y, Uetake R, Okimura A, Yamauchi A, Tanaka M, Igarashi K, Toriyama Y, Kawate H, Adams RH, Kawakami H, Mochizuki N, Martínez A, Shindo T. Vascular endothelial adrenomedullin-RAMP2 system is essential for vascular integrity and organ homeostasis. Circulation 2013; 127:842-53. [PMID: 23355623 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Revealing the mechanisms underlying the functional integrity of the vascular system could make available novel therapeutic approaches. We previously showed that knocking out the widely expressed peptide adrenomedullin (AM) or receptor activity-modifying protein 2 (RAMP2), an AM-receptor accessory protein, causes vascular abnormalities and is embryonically lethal. Our aim was to investigate the function of the vascular AM-RAMP2 system directly. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated endothelial cell-specific RAMP2 and AM knockout mice (E-RAMP2(-/-) and E-AM(-/-)). Most E-RAMP2(-/-) mice died perinatally. In surviving adults, vasculitis occurred spontaneously. With aging, E-RAMP2(-/-) mice showed severe organ fibrosis with marked oxidative stress and accelerated vascular senescence. Later, liver cirrhosis, cardiac fibrosis, and hydronephrosis developed. We next used a line of drug-inducible E-RAMP2(-/-) mice (DI-E-RAMP2(-/-)) to induce RAMP2 deletion in adults, which enabled us to analyze the initial causes of the aforementioned vascular and organ damage. Early after the induction, pronounced edema with enhanced vascular leakage occurred. In vitro analysis revealed the vascular leakage to be caused by actin disarrangement and detachment of endothelial cells. We found that the AM-RAMP2 system regulates the Rac1-GTP/RhoA-GTP ratio and cortical actin formation and that a defect in this system causes the disruption of actin formation, leading to vascular and organ damage at the chronic stage after the gene deletion. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that the AM-RAMP2 system is a key determinant of vascular integrity and homeostasis from prenatal stages through adulthood. Furthermore, our models demonstrate how endothelial cells regulate vascular integrity and how their dysregulation leads to organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhide Koyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
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Barrick CJ, Lenhart PM, Dackor RT, Nagle E, Caron KM. Loss of receptor activity-modifying protein 3 exacerbates cardiac hypertrophy and transition to heart failure in a sex-dependent manner. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:165-74. [PMID: 22100352 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences exist in the hypertrophic response, cardiac remodeling, and transition to heart failure of hypertensive patients, and while some of these differences are likely influenced by estrogen, the genetic pathways downstream of estrogen that impact on cardioprotection have yet to be fully elucidated. We have previously shown that the cardioprotective effects of adrenomedullin (AM), an emerging clinical biomarker for cardiovascular disease severity, vary with sex in mouse models. AM signaling during cardiovascular stress is strongly modulated by receptor activity-modifying protein 3 (RAMP3) via its interaction with the G protein-coupled receptor calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR). Like AM, RAMP3 expression is potently regulated by estrogen, and so we sought to determine the consequences of genetic Ramp3 loss on cardiac adaptation to chronic hypertension, with a particular focus on characterizing potential sex differences. We generated and bred RAMP3(-/-) mice to RenTgMK mice that consistently display severe angiotensin II-mediated CV disease and compared CV disease progression in RenTgMK to that of RenTgMK:RAMP3(-/-) offspring. As expected, RAMP3 gene expression was higher in cardiovascular tissues of RenTgMK mice and more strongly up-regulated in female RenTgMK mice relative to wildtype controls. RAMP3 loss did not affect the development of hypertension or the presence and severity of perivascular and interstitial fibrosis in the left ventricle (LV). However, echocardiography revealed that while RenTgMK mice developed concentric cardiac hypertrophy with sustained systolic function, male RenTgMK:RAMP3(-/-) mice showed evidence of LV chamber dilatation and depressed systolic function, suggestive of cardiac decompensation. Consistent with these measures of heart failure, male RenTgMK:RAMP3(-/-) mice had increased cardiac apoptosis and elevated activation of Akt. These phenotypes were not present in female RenTgMK:RAMP3(-/-) mice. Collectively, these data demonstrate a sex-dependant, cardioprotective role of RAMP3 in the setting of chronic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia J Barrick
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, naturally occurring mutations that affect G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been identified, mainly in patients with endocrine diseases. The study of loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations has contributed to our understanding of the pathophysiology of several diseases with classic hypophenotypes or hyperphenotypes of the target endocrine organs, respectively. Simultaneously, study of the mutant receptors ex vivo was instrumental in delineating the relationships between the structure and function of these important physiological and pharmacological molecules. Now that access to the crystallographic structure of a few GPCRs is available, the mechanics of these receptors can be studied at the atomic level. Progress in the fields of cell biology, molecular pharmacology and proteomics has also widened our view of GPCR functions. Initially considered simply as guanine nucleotide exchange factors capable of activating G protein-dependent regulatory cascades, GPCRs are now known to display several additional characteristics, each susceptible to alterations by disease-causing mutations. These characteristics include functionally important basal activity of the receptor; differential activation of various G proteins; differential activation of G protein-dependent and independent effects (biased agonism); interaction with proteins that modify receptor function; dimerization-dependent effects; and interaction with allosteric modulators. This Review attempts to illustrate how natural mutations of GPCR could contribute to our understanding of these novel facets of GPCR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Vassart
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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