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Olson ML, Badenoch B, Blatti M, Buching C, Glewwe N. Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor Antagonism Impairs Spatial Memory Retrieval and Minimizes Retrieval-Induced Alterations in Matrix Metalloproteinase-9. Behav Brain Res 2023; 448:114460. [PMID: 37119978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic dysfunction in the hippocampus causes memory impairment, and degradation of the forebrain cholinergic system has been implicated in several neurological disorders. One such disorder, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is associated with the abnormal expression of various proteins including matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), an enzyme known to regulate hippocampus-dependent memory. Memory involves several stages including acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval, but the neurobiological correlates of retrieval have been studied much less than other stages of memory. We sought to investigate the potential relationship between cholinergic signaling and hippocampal MMP-9 expression and the involvement of each in spatial memory retrieval. We trained rats in the water maze until the task was well-learned, then, seven days later, we allowed some to retrieve the memory after an intracerebroventricular injection of scopolamine or vehicle. Western blot analysis of hippocampal tissue shows elevated levels of a truncated form of MMP-9 associated with spatial memory retrieval. Additionally, our results indicate that centrally administered scopolamine both impairs spatial memory retrieval and prevents retrieval-induced elevations in MMP-9. These findings provide evidence for a potential link between cholinergic dysregulation and abnormal MMP-9 levels seen in the brains of AD patients. An important, yet unresolved question is whether MMP-9 serves to support memory retrieval itself or if it is involved in maintaining the ongoing stability of a retrieved memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel L Olson
- Department of Psychology, Concordia College, Moorhead, MN.
| | | | - Megan Blatti
- Department of Psychology, Concordia College, Moorhead, MN.
| | | | - Nic Glewwe
- Department of Psychology, Concordia College, Moorhead, MN.
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2
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Machado TCG, Guatimosim C, Kangussu LM. The Renin-Angiotensin System in Huntington's Disease: Villain or Hero? Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:456-462. [PMID: 31933441 PMCID: PMC7403685 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200110154523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington’s Disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe symptoms, including motor impairment, cognitive decline, and psychiatric alterations. Several systems, molecules, and mediators have been associated with the pathophysiology of HD. Among these, there is the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), a peptide hormone system that has been associated with the pathology of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Important alterations in this system have been demonstrated in HD. However, the role of RAS components in HD is still unclear and needs further investigation. Nonetheless, modulation of the RAS components may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatiane C G Machado
- Departamento de Morfologia - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristina Guatimosim
- Departamento de Morfologia - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Kangussu
- Departamento de Morfologia - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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3
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Seyer B, Diwakarla S, Burns P, Hallberg A, Grӧnbladh A, Hallberg M, Chai SY. Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase inhibitor-mediated increases in dendritic spine density are facilitated by glucose uptake. J Neurochem 2019; 153:485-494. [PMID: 31556456 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl2-acetylamino-7-hydroxy-4-pyridin-3-yl-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate (HFI-419), the benzopyran-based inhibitor of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), has previously been shown to improve spatial working and recognition memory in rodents. However, the mechanism of its cognitive-enhancing effect remains unknown. There is a close correlation between dendritic spine density and learning in vivo and several studies suggest that increases in neuronal glucose uptake and/or alterations to the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may improve memory and increase dendritic spine density. We aimed to identify the potential mechanism by which HFI-419 enhances memory by utilizing rat primary cultures of hippocampal cells. Alterations to dendritic spine density were assessed in the presence of varying concentrations of HFI-419 at different stages of hippocampal cell development. In addition, glucose uptake and changes to spine density were assessed in the presence of indinavir, an inhibitor of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4 ), or the matrix metalloprotease inhibitor CAS 204140-01-2. We confirmed that inhibition of IRAP activity with HFI-419 enhanced spatial working memory in rats, and determined that this enhancement may be driven by GLUT4 -mediated changes to dendritic spine density. We observed that IRAP inhibition increased dendritic spine density prior to peak dendritic growth in hippocampal neurons, and that spine formation was inhibited when GLUT4 -mediated glucose uptake was blocked. In addition, during the peak phase of dendritic spine growth, the effect of IRAP inhibition on enhancement of dendritic spine density resulted specifically in an increase in the proportion of mushroom/stubby-like spines, a morphology associated with memory and learning. Moreover, these spines were deemed to be functional based on their expression of the pre-synaptic markers vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and synapsin. Overall, or findings suggest that IRAP inhibitors may facilitate memory by increasing hippocampal dendritic spine density via a GLUT4 -mediated mechanism. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14745.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Seyer
- Faculty of Biomedical and Psychological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Shanti Diwakarla
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peta Burns
- Faculty of Biomedical and Psychological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alfhild Grӧnbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Faculty of Biomedical and Psychological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Ho JK, Nation DA. Cognitive benefits of angiotensin IV and angiotensin-(1-7): A systematic review of experimental studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:209-225. [PMID: 29733881 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore effects of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) on cognition. DESIGN Systematic review of experimental (non-human) studies assessing cognitive effects of RAS peptides angiotensin-(3-8) [Ang IV] and angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] and their receptors, the Ang IV receptor (AT4R) and the Mas receptor. RESULTS Of 450 articles identified, 32 met inclusion criteria. Seven of 11 studies of normal animals found Ang IV had beneficial effects on tests of passive or conditioned avoidance and object recognition. In models of cognitive deficit, eight of nine studies found Ang IV and its analogs (Nle1-Ang IV, dihexa, LVV-hemorphin-7) improved performance on spatial working memory and passive avoidance tasks. Two of three studies examining Ang-(1-7) found it benefited memory. Mas receptor removal was associated with reduced fear memory in one study. CONCLUSION Studies of cognitive impairment show salutary effects of acute administration of Ang IV and its analogs, as well as AT4R activation. Brain RAS peptides appear most effective administered intracerebroventricularly, close to the time of learning acquisition or retention testing. Ang-(1-7) shows anti-dementia qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean K Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel A Nation
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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5
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Mascolo A, Sessa M, Scavone C, De Angelis A, Vitale C, Berrino L, Rossi F, Rosano G, Capuano A. New and old roles of the peripheral and brain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS): Focus on cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Int J Cardiol 2016; 227:734-742. [PMID: 27823897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a cardiovascular circulating hormonal system that plays also an important role in the modulation of several patterns in the brain. The pathway of the RAAS can be divided into two classes: the traditional pathway of RAAS, also named classic RAAS, and the non-classic RAAS. Both pathways play a role in both cardiovascular and neurological diseases through a peripheral or central control. In this regard, renewed interest is growing in the last years for the consideration that the brain RAAS could represent a new important therapeutic target to regulate not only the blood pressure via central nervous control, but also neurological diseases. However, the development of compounds able to cross the blood-brain barrier and to act on the brain RAAS is challenging, especially if the metabolic stability and the half-life are taken into consideration. To date, two drug classes (aminopeptidase type A inhibitors and angiotensin IV analogues) acting on the brain RAAS are in development in pre-clinical or clinical stages. In this article, we will present an overview of the biological functions played by peripheral and brain classic and non-classic pathways of the RAAS in several clinical conditions, focusing on the brain RAAS and on the new pharmacological targets of the RAAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mascolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - M Sessa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - C Scavone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - C Vitale
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - L Berrino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - F Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Rosano
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy; Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - A Capuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Chow LH, Tao PL, Chen YH, Lin YH, Huang EYK. Angiotensin IV possibly acts through PKMzeta in the hippocampus to regulate cognitive memory in rats. Neuropeptides 2015; 53:1-10. [PMID: 26412453 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ang IV is an endogenous peptide generated from the degradation of angiotensin II. Ang IV was found to enhance learning and memory in CNS. PKMzeta was identified to be a fragment of PKCzeta (protein kinase Czeta). Its continuous activation was demonstrated to be correlated with the formation of memory in the hippocampus. Therefore, we investigated whether PKMzeta participates in the effects of Ang IV on memory. We first examined the effect of Ang IV on non-spatial memory/cognition in modified object recognition test in rats. Our data showed that Ang IV could increase the exploration time on novel object. The co-administration of ZIP (PKMzeta inhibitor) with Ang IV significantly blocked the effect by Ang IV. The effects of Ang IV on hippocampal LTP at the CA1 region were also evaluated. Ang IV significantly increased the amplitude and slope of the EPSPs, which was consistent with other reports. Surprisingly, instead of potentiating LTP, Ang IV caused a failed maintenance of LTP. Moreover, there was no quantitative change in PKMzeta induced by Ang IV and/or ZIP after behavioral experiments. Taken together, our data re-confirmed the finding of the positive effect of Ang IV to enhance memory/cognition. The increased strength of EPSPs with Ang IV could also have certain functional relevance. Since the behavioral results suggested the involvement of PKMzeta, we hypothesized that the enhancement of memory/cognition by Ang IV may rely on an increase in PKMzeta activity. Overall, the present study provided important advances in our understanding of the action of Ang IV in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok-Hi Chow
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Nei-Hu, 114 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pao-Luh Tao
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Nei-Hu, 114 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Hui Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Nei-Hu, 114 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Eagle Yi-Kung Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Nei-Hu, 114 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Wright JW, Kawas LH, Harding JW. The development of small molecule angiotensin IV analogs to treat Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 125:26-46. [PMID: 25455861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases are neurodegenerative diseases presently without effective drug treatments. AD is characterized by general cognitive impairment, difficulties with memory consolidation and retrieval, and with advanced stages episodes of agitation and anger. AD is increasing in frequency as life expectancy increases. Present FDA approved medications do little to slow disease progression and none address the underlying progressive loss of synaptic connections and neurons. New drug design approaches are needed beyond cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. Patients with PD experience the symptomatic triad of bradykinesis, tremor-at-rest, and rigidity with the possibility of additional non-motor symptoms including sleep disturbances, depression, dementia, and autonomic nervous system failure. This review summarizes available information regarding the role of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in learning and memory and motor functions, with particular emphasis on research results suggesting a link between angiotensin IV (AngIV) interacting with the AT4 receptor subtype. Currently there is controversy over the identity of this AT4 receptor protein. Albiston and colleagues have offered convincing evidence that it is the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). Recently members of our laboratory have presented evidence that the brain AngIV/AT4 receptor system coincides with the brain hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met receptor system. In an effort to resolve this issue we have synthesized a number of small molecule AngIV-based compounds that are metabolically stable, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and facilitate compromised memory and motor systems. These research efforts are described along with details concerning a recently synthesized molecule, Dihexa that shows promise in overcoming memory and motor dysfunctions by augmenting synaptic connectivity via the formation of new functional synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Wright
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA.
| | - Leen H Kawas
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA
| | - Joseph W Harding
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA
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8
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Duzyj CM, Paidas MJ, Jebailey L, Huang JS, Barnea ER. PreImplantation factor (PIF*) promotes embryotrophic and neuroprotective decidual genes: effect negated by epidermal growth factor. J Neurodev Disord 2014; 6:36. [PMID: 26085845 PMCID: PMC4470351 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate embryo-maternal interaction is paramount for pregnancy success post-implantation. The embryo follows a specific developmental timeline starting with neural system, dependent on endogenous and decidual factors. Beyond altered genetics/epigenetics, post-natal diseases may initiate at prenatal/neonatal, post-natal period, or through a continuum. Preimplantation factor (PIF) secreted by viable embryos promotes implantation and trophoblast invasion. Synthetic PIF reverses neuroinflammation in non-pregnant models. PIF targets embryo proteins that protect against oxidative stress and protein misfolding. We report of PIF’s embryotrophic role and potential to prevent developmental disorders by regulating uterine milieu at implantation and first trimester. Methods PIF’s effect on human implantation (human endometrial stromal cells (HESC)) and first-trimester decidua cultures (FTDC) was examined, by global gene expression (Affymetrix), disease-biomarkers ranking (GeneGo), neuro-specific genes (Ingenuity) and proteins (mass-spectrometry). PIF co-cultured epidermal growth factor (EGF) in both HESC and FTDC (Affymetrix) was evaluated. Results In HESC, PIF promotes neural differentiation and transmission genes (TLX2, EPHA10) while inhibiting retinoic acid receptor gene, which arrests growth. PIF promotes axon guidance and downregulates EGF-dependent neuroregulin signaling. In FTDC, PIF promotes bone morphogenetic protein pathway (SMAD1, 53-fold) and axonal guidance genes (EPH5) while inhibiting PPP2R2C, negative cell-growth regulator, involved in Alzheimer’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In HESC, PIF affects angiotensin via beta-arrestin, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), notch, BMP, and wingless-int (WNT) signaling pathways that promote neurogenesis involved in childhood neurodevelopmental diseases—autism and also affected epithelial-mesenchymal transition involved in neuromuscular disorders. In FTDC, PIF upregulates neural development and hormone signaling, while downregulating genes protecting against xenobiotic response leading to connective tissue disorders. In both HESC and FTDC, PIF affects neural development and transmission pathways. In HESC interactome, PIF promotes FUS gene, which controls genome integrity, while in FTDC, PIF upregulates STAT3 critical transcription signal. EGF abolished PIF’s effect on HESC, decreasing metalloproteinase and prolactin receptor genes, thereby interfering with decidualization, while in FTDC, EGF co-cultured with PIF reduced ZHX2, gene that regulates neural AFP secretion. Conclusions PIF promotes decidual trophic genes and proteins to regulate neural development. By regulating the uterine milieu, PIF may decrease embryo vulnerability to post-natal neurodevelopmental disorders. Examination of PIF-based intervention strategies used during embryogenesis to improve pregnancy prognosis and reduce post-natal vulnerability is clearly in order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Duzyj
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Women and Children's Center for Blood Disorders, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, P.O. Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Michael J Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Women and Children's Center for Blood Disorders, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, P.O. Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lellean Jebailey
- GeneGo Inc., A Thomson Reuters Business, 5901 Priestly Drive Suite 200, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Jing Shun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eytan R Barnea
- Society for the Investigation of Early Pregnancy, 1697 Lark Lane, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003, USA ; BioIncept LLC (PIF Proprietary), 1697 Lark Lane, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003, USA
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Soares JCK, Oliveira MGM, Ferreira TL. Inactivation of muscarinic receptors impairs place and response learning: Implications for multiple memory systems. Neuropharmacology 2013; 73:320-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Albiston AL, Diwakarla S, Fernando RN, Mountford SJ, Yeatman HR, Morgan B, Pham V, Holien JK, Parker MW, Thompson PE, Chai SY. Identification and development of specific inhibitors for insulin-regulated aminopeptidase as a new class of cognitive enhancers. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:37-47. [PMID: 21470200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Two structurally distinct peptides, angiotensin IV and LVV-haemorphin 7, both competitive high-affinity inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), were found to enhance aversion-associated and spatial memory in normal rats and to improve performance in a number of memory tasks in rat deficits models. These findings provide compelling support for the development of specific, high-affinity inhibitors of the enzyme as new cognitive enhancing agents. Different classes of IRAP inhibitors have been developed including peptidomimetics and small molecular weight compounds identified through in silico screening with a homology model of the catalytic domain of IRAP. The proof of principal that inhibition of IRAP activity results in facilitation of memory has been obtained by the demonstration that the small-molecule IRAP inhibitors also exhibit memory-enhancing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Albiston
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Andersson H, Demaegdt H, Johnsson A, Vauquelin G, Lindeberg G, Hallberg M, Erdélyi M, Karlén A, Hallberg A. Potent Macrocyclic Inhibitors of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) by Olefin Ring-Closing Metathesis. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3779-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200036n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Andersson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heidi Demaegdt
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anders Johnsson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georges Vauquelin
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Lindeberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Máté Erdélyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg, Box 465, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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