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Wang Y, Zuo Z, Shi J, Fang Y, Yin Z, Wang Z, Yang Z, Jia B, Sun Y. Modulatory role of neuropeptide FF system in macrophages. Peptides 2024; 174:171164. [PMID: 38272240 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) is an octapeptide that regulates various cellular processes, especially pain perception. Recently, there has been a growing interest in understanding the modulation of NPFF in neuroendocrine inflammation. This review aims to provide a thorough overview of the regulation of NPFF in macrophage-mediated biological processes. We delve into the impact of NPFF on macrophage polarization, self-renewal modulation, and the promotion of mitophagy, facilitating the transition from thermogenic fat to fat-storing adipose tissue. Additionally, we explore the NPFF-dependent regulation of the inflammatory response mediated by macrophages, its impact on the differentiation of macrophages, and its capacity to induce alterations in the transcriptome of macrophages. We also address the potential of NPFF as a therapeutic molecule in the field of neuroendocrine inflammation. Overall, our work offers an understanding of the influence of NPFF on macrophage, facilitating the exploration of its pharmacological significance in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Zhuo Zuo
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Jiajia Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Yanwei Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Zhongqian Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Zhouqi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Bin Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Yulong Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China.
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Sun S, Sun S, Meng Y, Shi B, Chen Y. Elevated Serum Neuropeptide FF Levels Are Associated with Cognitive Decline in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:4549049. [PMID: 34804262 PMCID: PMC8601828 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4549049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) has high incidence globally and is frequently accompanied by subsequent cognitive decline. Accurate early risk-categorization of SCI patients for cognitive decline using biomarkers can enable the timely application of appropriate neuroprotective measures and the development of new agents for the management of SCI-associated cognitive decline. Neuropeptide FF is an endogenous neuropeptide with a multitude of functions and is associated with neuroinflammatory processes. This prospective study investigated the predictive value of serum neuropeptide FF levels measured after acute SCI for subsequent cognitive decline. METHODS 88 patients presenting with acute SCI without preexisting neurological injury, brain trauma, or severe systemic illness and 60 healthy controls were recruited. Serum neuropeptide FF levels, clinical, and routine laboratory variables including low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, fasting blood glucose, total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels collected from all subjects were assessed. Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) was performed 3 months after enrollment. SCI patients were grouped according to quartile of serum neuropeptide FF level and MoCA scores were compared using ANOVA. Additionally, multivariate linear regression with clinical and laboratory variables was performed to predict MoCA scores. RESULTS SCI patients displayed significantly higher baseline serum neuropeptide FF levels than healthy controls (38.5 ± 4.1 versus 23.4 ± 2.0 pg/ml, p < 0.001∗∗). SCI patients in higher quartiles of baseline serum neuropeptide FF displayed significantly lower MoCA scores at 3 months. Linear regression analysis indicated serum neuropeptide FF levels as a significant independent predictor of worse MoCA scores after SCI (r = 0.331, p = 0.034∗). CONCLUSION Early serum neuropeptide FF levels significantly and independently predicted cognitive decline after acute SCI among patients without preexisting neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifei Sun
- Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250062, China
| | - Shilong Sun
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250062, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250062, China
| | - Yuanzhen Chen
- Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250062, China
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Bollenbach M, Salvat E, Daubeuf F, Wagner P, Yalcin I, Humo M, Letellier B, Becker LJ, Bihel F, Bourguignon JJ, Villa P, Obrecht A, Frossard N, Barrot M, Schmitt M. Phenylpyridine-2-ylguanidines and rigid mimetics as novel inhibitors of TNFα overproduction: Beneficial action in models of neuropathic pain and of acute lung inflammation. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147:163-182. [PMID: 29432948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
4-phenylpyridin-2-yl-guanidine (5b): a new inhibitor of the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and Il1β) was identified from a high-throughput screening of a chemical library on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after LPS stimulation. Derivatives, homologues and rigid mimetics of 5b were designed and synthesized, and their cytotoxicity and ability to inhibit TNFα overproduction were evaluated. Among them, compound 5b and its mimetic 12 (2-aminodihydroquinazoline) showed similar inhibitory activities, and were evaluated in vivo in models of lung inflammation and neuropathic pain in mice. In particular, compound 12 proved to be active (5 mg/kg, ip) in both models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Bollenbach
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7200 Laboratoire d' Innovation Thérapeutique, 67401 Illkirch, France; Labex MEDALIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Salvat
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Centre d'Evaluation et de Traitement de la Douleur, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - François Daubeuf
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7200 Laboratoire d' Innovation Thérapeutique, 67401 Illkirch, France; CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, UMS3286 PCBIS Plateforme de chimie biologique intégrative, 67400 Illkirch, France; Labex MEDALIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Wagner
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7200 Laboratoire d' Innovation Thérapeutique, 67401 Illkirch, France; Labex MEDALIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ipek Yalcin
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Muris Humo
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Baptiste Letellier
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Léa J Becker
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Bihel
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7200 Laboratoire d' Innovation Thérapeutique, 67401 Illkirch, France; Labex MEDALIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Bourguignon
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7200 Laboratoire d' Innovation Thérapeutique, 67401 Illkirch, France; Labex MEDALIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Villa
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, UMS3286 PCBIS Plateforme de chimie biologique intégrative, 67400 Illkirch, France; Labex MEDALIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Adeline Obrecht
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, UMS3286 PCBIS Plateforme de chimie biologique intégrative, 67400 Illkirch, France; Labex MEDALIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nelly Frossard
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7200 Laboratoire d' Innovation Thérapeutique, 67401 Illkirch, France; Labex MEDALIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Barrot
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martine Schmitt
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7200 Laboratoire d' Innovation Thérapeutique, 67401 Illkirch, France; Labex MEDALIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Lin YT, Yu YL, Hong WC, Yeh TS, Chen TC, Chen JC. NPFFR2 Activates the HPA Axis and Induces Anxiogenic Effects in Rodents. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081810. [PMID: 28825666 PMCID: PMC5578197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) belongs to the RFamide family and is known as a morphine-modulating peptide. NPFF regulates various hypothalamic functions through two receptors, NPFFR1 and NPFFR2. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis participates in physiological stress response by increasing circulating glucocorticoid levels and modulating emotional responses. Other RFamide peptides, including neuropeptide AF, neuropeptide SF and RFamide related peptide also target NPFFR1 or NPFFR2, and have been reported to activate the HPA axis and induce anxiety- or depression-like behaviors. However, little is known about the action of NPFF on HPA axis activity and anxiety-like behaviors, and the role of the individual receptors remains unclear. In this study, NPFFR2 agonists were used to examine the role of NPFFR2 in activating the HPA axis in rodents. Administration of NPFFR2 agonists, dNPA (intracerebroventricular, ICV) and AC-263093 (intraperitoneal, IP), time-dependently (in rats) and dose-dependently (in mice) increased serum corticosteroid levels and the effects were counteracted by the NPFF receptor antagonist, RF9 (ICV), as well as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist, α-helical CRF(9-41) (intravenous, IV). Treatment with NPFFR2 agonist (AC-263093, IP) increased c-Fos protein expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and induced an anxiogenic effect, which was evaluated in mice using an elevated plus maze. These findings reveal, for the first time, that the direct action of hypothalamic NPFFR2 stimulates the HPA axis and triggers anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Tin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, No. 259 Wenhwa 1st Road, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Lian Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chen Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Shiuan Yeh
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Chun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Jin-Chung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, No. 259 Wenhwa 1st Road, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fusing St., Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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Intraamygdaloid microinjection of RFamide-related peptide-3 decreases food intake in rats. Brain Res Bull 2014; 107:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sun YL, Zhang XY, Sun T, He N, Li JY, Zhuang Y, Zeng Q, Yu J, Fang Q, Wang R. The anti-inflammatory potential of neuropeptide FF in vitro and in vivo. Peptides 2013; 47:124-32. [PMID: 23856454 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) has many functions in regulating various biological processes. However, little attention has been focused on the anti-inflammatory effect of this peptide. In the present study, the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of NPFF in both primary peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 macrophages was investigated. Our data showed that NPFF suppressed the nitric oxide (NO) production of macrophages in the inflammation process. RF9, a reported antagonist of NPFF receptors, completely blocked the NPFF-induced NO suppression, suggesting a NPFF receptors-mediated pathway is mainly involved. Down-regulation of the nitric oxide synthases significantly inhibited the NPFF-induced NO reduction, indicating the involvement of nitric oxide synthases. However, the nitric oxide synthases were not the only route by which NPFF modulated the NO levels of macrophages. Pharmacological antagonists of the NF-κB signal pathway also completely suppressed the NPFF-induced NO decline. Moreover, we also observed that NPFF is capable of blocking the LPS-induced nuclear translocation of p65 in macrophages, implying the involvement of the NF-κB signal pathway. Finally, we observed that NPFF markedly attenuated the carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema, indicating that NPFF is capable of exerting anti-inflammatory potency in vivo. Collectively, our findings reveal the potential role of NPFF in the anti-inflammatory field both in vitro and in vivo, which will be helpful for the further exploitation of NPFF utility therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Sun
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Physiology & Psychology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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Wanka L, Iqbal K, Schreiner PR. The lipophilic bullet hits the targets: medicinal chemistry of adamantane derivatives. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3516-604. [PMID: 23432396 PMCID: PMC3650105 DOI: 10.1021/cr100264t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Wanka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fax +49(641)9934309
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314-6399, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314-6399, USA
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fax +49(641)9934309
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Neuropeptide FF analog RF9 is not an antagonist of NPFF receptor and decreases food intake in mice after its central and peripheral administration. Brain Res 2013; 1498:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2011 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Sun YL, Zhang XY, He N, Sun T, Zhuang Y, Fang Q, Wang KR, Wang R. Neuropeptide FF activates ERK and NF kappa B signal pathways in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Peptides 2012; 38:110-7. [PMID: 22981806 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) has been reported to play important roles in regulating diverse biological processes. However, little attention has been focused on the downstream signal transduction pathway of NPFF. Here, we used the differentiated neuroblastoma cell line, dSH-SY5Y, which endogenously expresses hNPFF2 receptor, to investigate the signal transduction downstream of NPFF. In particular we investigated the regulation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways by NPFF in these cells. NPFF rapidly and transiently stimulated ERK. H89, a selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), inhibited the NPFF-activated ERK pathway, indicating the involvement of PKA in the NPFF-induced ERK activation. Down-regulation of nitric oxide synthases also attenuated NPFF-induced ERK activation, suggesting that a nitric oxide synthase-dependent pathway is involved. Moreover, the core upstream components of the NF-κB pathway were also significantly activated in response to NPFF, suggesting that the NF-κB pathway is involved in the signal transduction pathway of NPFF. Collectively, these data demonstrate that nitric oxide synthases are involved in the signal transduction pathway of NPFF, and provide the first evidence for the interaction between NPFF and the NF-κB pathway. These advances in our interpretation of the NPFF pathway mechanism will aid the comprehensive understanding of its function and provide novel molecular insight for further study of the NPFF system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-long Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
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Li M, Zhou L, Ma G, Dong S. Analgesic properties of chimeric peptide based on morphiceptin and PFRTic-amide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 179:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Opioid system and Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 14:91-111. [PMID: 22527793 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The opioid system may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, including cognitive impairment, hyperphosphorylated tau, Aβ production, and neuroinflammation. Opioid receptors influence the regulation of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate, and serotonin which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Opioid system has a close relation with Aβ generation since dysfunction of opioid receptors retards the endocytosis and degradation of BACE1 and γ-secretase and upregulates BACE1 and γ-secretase, and subsequently, the production of Aβ. Conversely, activation of opioid receptors increases the endocytosis of BACE1 and γ-secretase and downregulates BACE1 and γ-secretase, limiting the production of Aβ. The dysfunction of opioid system (opioid receptors and opioid peptides) may contribute to hyperphosphorylation of tau and neuroinflammation, and accounts for the degeneration of cholinergic neurons and cognitive impairment. Thus, the opioid system is potentially related to AD pathology and may be a very attractive drug target for novel pharmacotherapies of AD.
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