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Yu XM, Lv WM, Liu XL, Kang XZ, Zhang LW. Abnormal activation of brain regions in idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia patients by fMRI: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023; 228:107710. [PMID: 37043845 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (ITN) is one of the most common types of neuropathic pain, severely affecting the physiological and psychological wellbeing of patients. Recently, fMRI has been used to examine abnormal activation of brain regions in patients with ITN. However, sample sizes have been small in these few studies, and the abnormally activated brain regions remain unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we retrieved and analyzed literature on the brain areas with abnormal or reduced activation in ITN patients, with the aim of providing insight into the neuropathological basis of the disease and to provide new targets for treatment. METHODS We retrieved resting state fMRI studies on trigeminal neuralgia patients from PubMed, the Web of Science and Scopus databases until November 2022, and we extracted the coordinates of the sites with increased or decreased activation. We used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis to identify regions of abnormal activation in ITN patients. RESULTS ALE meta-analysis revealed that the left caudate nucleus and right anterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus are abnormally hyperactivated in ITN patients. Moreover, ITN patients showed reduced activation in the left precuneus, middle temporal gyrus, lingual gyrus, and medial frontal gyrus. CONCLUSION ALE meta-analysis identified several brain regions with abnormally high or decreased activation in ITN patients. Sites with altered activation may be potential targets for non-invasive brain stimulation as adjunct therapy for ITN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ming Yu
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Ming Lv
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Jinan, Shandong, China; Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xi-Zhi Kang
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liang-Wen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Pain-modulating effects of oxytocin in patients with chronic low back pain. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108105. [PMID: 32298704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has been shown to play a modulatory role in nociception. However, analgesic effects of OT in chronic pain conditions remain elusive and the neural underpinnings have not yet been investigated in humans. Here, we conducted an exploratory, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study to examine effects of intranasal OT in male patients suffering from chronic low back pain (CBP) versus healthy controls (HC). N = 22 participants with CBP and 22 HCs were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they continuously rated either spontaneously occurring back pain or acute thermal pain stimuli applied to the lower back. During heat pain processing we found that OT versus PL attenuated pain intensity ratings and increased BOLD responses in the caudate nucleus of the striatum in CBP versus HCs. Spontaneously experienced pain in contrast to heat pain was associated with activation changes in the medial frontal cortex (MFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as reported in previous studies. However, we did not observe OT effects on spontaneously experienced pain in CBP patients. Overall, our preliminary data may suggest that the striatum is a key structure underlying the pain-modulating effects of OT in patients with chronic pain and adds to the growing evidence linking the neuropeptide to pain modulation in humans. Further studies on neuronal OT effects in larger samples of chronic back pain patients are needed to understand probable mechanisms of OT effects in chronic pain. This article is part of the special issue on Neuropeptides.
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Jiang WQ, Bao LL, Sun FJ, Liu XL, Yang J. Oxytocin in the periaqueductal gray mainly comes form the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus to participate in pain modulation. Peptides 2019; 121:170153. [PMID: 31499086 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) that effects the nociception process is mainly synthesized and secreted in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON). Although the periaqueductal gray (PAG) hardly synthesizes OXT, OXT in PAG also plays a role in pain regulation. The communication investigates whether OXT in the PAG comes from SON to influence pain modulation. RT-PCR was used to analyze OXT mRNA expression and radioimmunoassay to measure OXT concentration. The results showed that (1) pain stimulation enhanced OXT mRNA expression in the SON at 10 min (268.1 ± 39.2%, p < 0.001) and 20 min (135.4±37.9%, p < 0.05) treatment and did not change in the PAG; (2) OXT level increase in SON perfusion liquid during pain stimulation [236.7±22.1% at 10 min (p < 0.001), 223.1±12.4% at 20 min (p<0.001), 56.1 ± 15.7% at 30 min (p < 0.01) and 11.2±14.2% at 40 min] was earlier than that in PAG perfusion liquid [17.8±9.7% at 10 min, 375.6±35.1% at 20 min (p < 0.001), 123.2±17.7% at 30 min (p < 0.001) and 52.7±22.4% at 40 min (p < 0.05)]; (3) SON excitation (L-glutamate sodium microinjection) induced OXT level increase in PAG perfusion liquid in a dose-dependent manner; (4) the bilateral SON cauterization completely controlled and the right SON cauterization partly reversed the pain stimulation induced-OXT concentration increase in PAG perfusion liquid. The data suggested that OXT in PAG came from SON, which might influence the pain process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Quan Jiang
- The 988th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (The 153rd Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army), Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Le-Le Bao
- The 988th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (The 153rd Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army), Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fang-Jie Sun
- Xinxiang Institute for New Medicine and Academician Workstation of Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xi-Lin Liu
- Grade 2018, Department of Stomatology, Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Xinxiang Institute for New Medicine and Academician Workstation of Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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Herpertz SC, Schmitgen MM, Fuchs C, Roth C, Wolf RC, Bertsch K, Flor H, Grinevich V, Boll S. Oxytocin Effects on Pain Perception and Pain Anticipation. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 20:1187-1198. [PMID: 31009765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate whether the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) modulates pain processing in humans. This study differentiates behavioral and neuronal OT effects on pain perception and pain anticipation by using a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. Forty-six males received intranasally administered OT in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled group design. Although OT exerted no direct effect on perceived pain, OT was found to modulate the blood oxygen level-dependent response in the ventral striatum for painful versus warm unconditioned stimuli and to decrease activity in the anterior insula (IS) with repeated thermal pain stimuli. Regarding pain anticipation, OT increased responses to CSpain versus CSminus in the nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, in the OT condition increased correct expectations, particularly for the most certain conditioned stimuli (CS)-unconditioned stimuli associations (CSminus and CSpain) were found, as well as greatest deactivations in the right posterior IS in response to the least certain condition (CSwarm) with posterior IS activity and correct expectancies being positively correlated. In conclusion, OT seems to have both a direct effect on pain processing via the ventral striatum and by inducing habituation in the anterior IS as well as on pain anticipation by boostering associative learning in general and the neuronal conditioned fear of pain response in particular. PERSPECTIVE: The neuropeptide OT has recently raised the hope to offer a novel avenue for modulating pain experience. This study found OT to modulate pain processing and to facilitate the anticipation of pain, inspiring further research on OT effects on the affective dimension of the pain experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine C Herpertz
- Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mike M Schmitgen
- Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Fuchs
- Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Corinna Roth
- Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Christian Wolf
- Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Bertsch
- Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Valery Grinevich
- Schaller Research Group on Neuropeptides, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Boll
- Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Komatsu R, Carvalho B, Flood P. Prediction of outliers in pain, analgesia requirement, and recovery of function after childbirth: a prospective observational cohort study. Br J Anaesth 2019; 121:417-426. [PMID: 30032880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediction models to identify parturients who experience protracted pain, prolonged opioid use, and delayed self-assessed functional recovery are currently inadequate. METHODS For this study, 213 nulliparous women who planned vaginal delivery were enrolled and assessed daily until they completed three outcomes: (1) pain resolution; (2) opioid cessation; and (3) self-assessed functional recovery to predelivery level. The primary composite endpoint, 'pain and opioid-free functional recovery' was the time required to reach all three endpoints. The subjects were divided into two categories (the worst (longest time) 20% and remaining 80%) for reaching the primary composite endpoint, and each individual component. Prediction models for prolonged recovery were constructed using multivariate logistic regression with demographic, obstetric, psychological, and health-related quality of life characteristics as candidate predictors. RESULTS Labour induction (vs spontaneous labour onset) predicted the worst 20% for the primary composite endpoint in the final multivariate model. Labour induction and higher postpartum day 1 numerical rating score for pain were predictors for being in the worst 20% for both functional recovery and pain burden. Labour type, delivery type, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) anxiety score, RAND 36 Item Health Survey 1.0 (SF-36) physical health composite score, and postpartum breastfeeding success were predictive of delayed opioid cessation. CONCLUSIONS Labour induction and elevated numerical rating score for pain are predictive of poor recovery after childbirth. Further research is necessary to determine whether modification would benefit mothers at risk for poor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Komatsu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - B Carvalho
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P Flood
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Gómora-Arrati P, Gonzalez-Flores O, Galicia-Aguas YL, Hoffman KL, Komisaruk B. Copulation-induced antinociception in female rats is blocked by atosiban, an oxytocin receptor antagonist. Horm Behav 2019; 107:76-79. [PMID: 30529271 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We hypothesized that copulation-induced temporary anti-nociception in female rats is mediated by the activation of central and/or peripheral oxytocin receptors. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the effects of intraperitoneal (ip), intrathecal (it), and intra-cerebroventricular (icv) administration of an oxytocin receptor antagonist (atosiban), on copulation-induced temporary anti-nociception in estrous rats. MAIN METHODS The treatment groups were ovariectomized rats pre-treated subcutaneously (sc) with 10 μg of estradiol benzoate (EB) followed 24 h later by an sc injection of 5 μg EB, and 4 h later, by an sc injection of 2 mg progesterone (P4). Rats were then administered saline vehicle (ip, it, or icv: control groups) or atosiban (500 μg/kg ip; 500 ng it; or 500 ng icv: experimental groups). Thirty minutes after drug or saline administration, their sexual behavior was tested by pairing with a sexually-experienced male rat. Brief pulse trains of 50 Hz, 300 ms duration, supra-threshold tail electrical shocks (STS) were delivered before and during copulatory activity i.e., while the female was receiving mounts, intromissions, or ejaculations, and we recorded whether vocalization occurred in response to each STS. KEY FINDINGS Replicating our previous findings, the vocalization response to STS in control rats was significantly attenuated during intromissions and ejaculations, compared to their baseline (pre-mating) response, indicative of anti-nociception. By contrast, rats pre-treated with atosiban (each route of administration) failed to show an attenuation of the vocalization response to shock. SIGNIFICANCE These findings provide evidence that the temporary anti-nociceptive effect of copulation in female rats is mediated by copulation-induced release of endogenous oxytocin in brain, spinal cord and periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porfirio Gómora-Arrati
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Carlos Beyer, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Panotla 90140, Apdo Postal 62, Mexico.
| | - Oscar Gonzalez-Flores
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Carlos Beyer, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Panotla 90140, Apdo Postal 62, Mexico
| | - Yadira Leticia Galicia-Aguas
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Carlos Beyer, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Panotla 90140, Apdo Postal 62, Mexico
| | - Kurt Leroy Hoffman
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Carlos Beyer, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Panotla 90140, Apdo Postal 62, Mexico
| | - Barry Komisaruk
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 101 Warren St., Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Urtado Silva J, Galhardoni R, Ciampi de Andrade D, Brito I. Effects of intranasal oxytocin on tactile perception. Neurosci Lett 2018; 698:64-68. [PMID: 30582971 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its role in childbirth labor and lactation, oxytocin is a well-known neurohormone, having several prosocial effects. Moreover, oxytocin seems to play a significant modulatory role in painful experiences, due to its participation in central and peripheral processing of nociceptive somatosensory information. Despite studies on oxytocin in pain modulation, there is a scarce literature investigating the role of oxytocin in tactile perception. Here we investigate the effects of 24 and 40 IU intranasal administration of oxytocin in the non-harmful mechanical tactile detection threshold in men. The data showed a significant increase in tactile perception in an experimental 40 IU oxytocin group. We suggest that this effect could be the basis for the oxytocin-bonding effect via touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Urtado Silva
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Galhardoni
- Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ivana Brito
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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8
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Pan ZM, Li HJ, Bao J, Jiang N, Yuan Q, Freeberg S, Zhu PW, Ye L, Ma MY, Huang X, Shao Y. Altered intrinsic brain activities in patients with acute eye pain using amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation: a resting-state fMRI study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:251-257. [PMID: 29386898 PMCID: PMC5767092 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s150051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many previous studies have reported that pain symptoms can lead to significant brain function and anatomical changes, whereas the intrinsic brain activity changes in acute eye pain (EP) patients remain unknown. Using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) method, this study aimed to evaluate the spontaneous brain activity alterations and their relationships with clinical features in acute EP patients. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A total of 20 patients with EP (15 males and 5 females) and 20 healthy controls (HCs; 15 males and 5 females) closely matched in age, sex, and education underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. The ALFF method was applied to assess spontaneous brain activity changes. The ALFF values of the EP patients were distinguished from those of the HCs using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationships between the mean ALFF signal values from many brain regions and the clinical features in EP patients. RESULTS Compared with the HCs, acute EP patients had significantly lower ALFF in the left and right precentral/postcentral gyrus and left precuneus. In contrast, acute EP patients showed higher ALFF values in the right and left parahippocampal gyri and left caudate. However, no relationship was observed between the mean ALFF signal values from the different areas and clinical manifestations in the acute EP patients. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that acute EP patients showed abnormal intrinsic brain activities in the precentral/postcentral gyrus and limbic system, which might provide useful information for explaining neural mechanisms in EP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shelby Freeberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pei-Wen Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology and Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yang Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
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The analgesic effects of oxytocin in the peripheral and central nervous system. Neurochem Int 2017; 103:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Pan YJ, Wang DX, Yang J, He XL, Xiao NM, Ma RQ, Wang CH, Lin BC. Oxytocin in hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus is transferred to the caudate nucleus to influence pain modulation. Neuropeptides 2016; 58:61-5. [PMID: 27045802 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT), which is synthesized and secreted in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON), is the most important bioactive substance in SON regulating pain process. Our previous study has pointed that OXT in the caudate nucleus (CdN) plays a role in pain modulation. The communication was designed to investigate the source of OXT in the rat CdN during pain process using the methods of push-pull perfusion and radioimmunoassay. The results showed that (1) pain stimulation increased the OXT concentration in the CdN perfusion liquid; (2) SON cauterization inhibited the increase of OXT concentration in CdN perfusion liquid induced by the pain stimulation, which role in both sides of SON cauterization was stronger than that in one side of SON cauterization; and (3) SON microinjection of l-glutamate sodium, which excited the SON neurons, increased OXT concentration in the CdN perfusion liquid. The data suggested that OXT in the CdN was influenced by SON during pain process, i.e., OXT in the SON might be transferred to the CdN to influence pain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Juan Pan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Provincial Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Da-Xin Wang
- Jiangsu Su Bei People's Hospital (Clinical College of Yangzhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Jiangsu Su Bei People's Hospital (Clinical College of Yangzhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China; Xinxiang Institute for New Medicine, Xinxiang, Henan 435003, China; Standard Technological Co., Ltd., Xinxiang, Henan 435003, China.
| | - Xue-Ling He
- Xinxiang Institute for New Medicine, Xinxiang, Henan 435003, China
| | - Nai-Min Xiao
- Xinjiang Hongda Food & Beverage Co. Ltd., Xinjiang, Shanxi 043112, China
| | - Rui-Qing Ma
- Standard Technological Co., Ltd., Xinxiang, Henan 435003, China
| | - Chang-Hong Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Provincial Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Bao-Cheng Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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11
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Hansen MS, Asghar MS, Wetterslev J, Pipper CB, Johan Mårtensson J, Becerra L, Christensen A, Nybing JD, Havsteen I, Boesen M, Dahl JB. Is the Volume of the Caudate Nuclei Associated With Area of Secondary Hyperalgesia? - Protocol for a 3-Tesla MRI Study of Healthy Volunteers. JMIR Res Protoc 2016; 5:e117. [PMID: 27317630 PMCID: PMC4930528 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experience and development of pain may be influenced by a number of physiological, psychological, and psychosocial factors. In a previous study we found differences in neuronal activation to noxious stimulation, and microstructural neuroanatomical differences, when comparing healthy volunteers with differences in size of the area of secondary hyperalgesia following a standardized burn injury. Objective We aim to investigate the degree of association between the volume of pain-relevant structures in the brain and the size of the area of secondary hyperalgesia following brief thermal sensitization. Methods The study consists of one experimental day, in which whole-brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans will be conducted including T1-weighed three-dimensional anatomy scan, diffusion tensor imaging, and resting state functional MRI. Before the experimental day, all included participants will undergo experimental pain testing in a parallel study (Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02527395). Results from this experimental pain testing, as well as the size of the area of secondary hyperalgesia from the included participants, will be extracted from this parallel study. Results The association between the volume of pain-relevant structures in the brain and the area of secondary hyperalgesia will be investigated by linear regression of the estimated best linear unbiased predictors on the individual volumes of the pain relevant brain structures. Conclusions We plan to investigate the association between experimental pain testing parameters and the volume, connectivity, and resting state activity of pain-relevant structures in the brain. These results may improve our knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the development of acute and chronic pain. ClinicalTrial Danish Research Ethics Committee (identifier: H-15010473). Danish Data Protection Agency (identifier: RH-2015-149). Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02567318; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02567318 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6i4OtP0Oi)
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Sejer Hansen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, 4231, Centre of head and orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Baracz SJ, Everett NA, McGregor IS, Cornish JL. Oxytocin in the nucleus accumbens core reduces reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behaviour in rats. Addict Biol 2016; 21:316-25. [PMID: 25399704 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The psychostimulant methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive illicit drug. Systemic administration of the neuropeptide oxytocin modulates METH-related reward and METH-seeking behaviour. Recent findings demonstrated a reduction in METH-induced reward by oxytocin administration into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core. It is not known, however, if oxytocin acts in this region to reduce relapse to METH-seeking behaviour. Using the drug reinstatement paradigm in rats experienced at METH self-administration, we aimed to determine whether oxytocin pre-treatment within the NAc core would reduce relapse to METH use and if this could be reversed by the co-administration of the oxytocin receptor (OTR) antagonist desGly-NH2,d(CH2)5[D-Tyr2,Thr4]OVT. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent surgery to implant an intravenous jugular vein catheter and bilateral microinjection cannulae in the NAc core. Rats were then trained to self-administer intravenous METH (0.1 mg/kg/infusion) by lever press during 2-hour fixed ratio 1 scheduled sessions for 20 days. Following extinction of lever press activity, the effect of microinjecting saline, oxytocin (0.5 pmol, 1.5 pmol, 4.5 pmol) or co-administration of oxytocin (1.5 pmol) and desGly-NH2,d(CH2)5[D-Tyr2,Thr4]OVT (1 nmol, 3 nmol) in the NAc core (500 nl/side) was examined on METH-primed (1 mg/kg, i.p.) reinstatement of drug-seeking behaviour. Our results showed oxytocin directly administered into the NAc core decreased METH-primed reinstatement in a dose-dependent manner. Co-administration of the selective OTR antagonist did not specifically reverse the inhibitory effects of oxytocin on METH priming, suggesting mediation by receptors other than the OTR. These findings highlight an important modulatory effect of oxytocin in the NAc core on relapse to METH seeking.
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Baracz SJ, Everett NA, Cornish JL. The Involvement of Oxytocin in the Subthalamic Nucleus on Relapse to Methamphetamine-Seeking Behaviour. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136132. [PMID: 26284529 PMCID: PMC4540453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The psychostimulant methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive drug of abuse. The neuropeptide oxytocin has been shown to modulate METH-related reward and METH-seeking behaviour. Recent findings implicated the subthalamic nucleus (STh) as a key brain region in oxytocin modulation of METH-induced reward. However, it is unclear if oxytocin acts in this region to attenuate relapse to METH-seeking behaviour, and if this action is through the oxytocin receptor. We aimed to determine whether oxytocin pretreatment administered into the STh would reduce reinstatement to METH use in rats experienced at METH self-administration, and if this could be reversed by the co-administration of the oxytocin receptor antagonist desGly-NH2,d(CH2)5[D-Tyr2,Thr4]OVT. Male Sprague Dawley rats underwent surgery to implant an intravenous jugular vein catheter and bilateral microinjection cannulae into the STh under isoflourane anaesthesia. Rats were then trained to self-administer intravenous METH (0.1 mg/kg/infusion) by lever press during 2-hour sessions under a fixed ratio 1 schedule for 20 days. Following extinction of lever press activity, the effect of microinjecting saline, oxytocin (0.2 pmol, 0.6 pmol, 1.8 pmol, 3.6 pmol) or co-administration of oxytocin (3.6 pmol) and desGly-NH2,d(CH2)5[D-Tyr2,Thr4]OVT (3 nmol) into the STh (200 nl/side) was examined on METH-primed reinstatement (1 mg/kg; i.p.). We found that local administration of the highest oxytocin dose (3.6 pmol) into the STh decreased METH-induced reinstatement and desGly-NH2,d(CH2)5[D-Tyr2,Thr4]OVT had a non-specific effect on lever press activity. These findings highlight that oxytocin modulation of the STh is an important modulator of relapse to METH abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jane Baracz
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, 2109
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Harari-Dahan O, Bernstein A. A general approach-avoidance hypothesis of oxytocin: accounting for social and non-social effects of oxytocin. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 47:506-19. [PMID: 25454355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We critically reexamine extant theory and empirical study of Oxytocin. We question whether OT is, in fact, a "social neuropeptide" as argued in dominant theories of OT. METHOD We critically review human and animal research on the social and non-social effects of Oxytocin, including behavioral, psychophysiological, neurobiological, and neuroimaging studies. RESULTS We find that extant (social) theories of Oxytocin do not account for well-documented non-social effects of Oxytocin. Furthermore, we find a range of evidence that social and non-social effects of Oxytocin may be mediated by core approach-avoidance motivational processes. CONCLUSIONS We propose a General Approach-avoidance Hypothesis of Oxytocin (GAAO). We argue that the GAAO may provide a parsimonious account of established social and non-social effects of Oxytocin. We thus re-conceptualize the basic function(s) and mechanism(s) of action of Oxytocin. Finally, we highlight implications of the GAAO for basic and clinical research in humans
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The impact of breastfeeding on postpartum pain after vaginal and cesarean delivery. J Clin Anesth 2015; 27:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gong L, Gao F, Li J, Li J, Yu X, Ma X, Zheng W, Cui S, Liu K, Zhang M, Kunze W, Liu CY. Oxytocin-induced membrane hyperpolarization in pain-sensitive dorsal root ganglia neurons mediated by Ca(2+)/nNOS/NO/KATP pathway. Neuroscience 2015; 289:417-28. [PMID: 25617653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) plays an important role in pain modulation and antinociception in the central nervous system. However, little is known about its peripheral effects. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of OT on the electrical properties of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the underlying mechanisms. DRG neurons from adult rats were acutely dissociated and cultured. Intracellular Ca(2+) was determined by fluorescent microscopy using an indicator dye. The electrical properties of DRG neurons were tested by patch-clamp recording. The oxytocin receptor (OTR) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) on DRG neurons were assessed with immunofluorescence assays. OTR co-localized with nNOS in most of Isolectin B4 (IB4)-binding cultured DRG neurons in rats. OT decreased the excitability, increased the outward current, and evoked the membrane hyperpolarization in cultured DRG neurons. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), the donor of nitric oxide (NO), exerted similar effects as OT on the membrane potential of cultured DRG neurons. OT increased the production of NO in DRGs and cultured DRG neurons. Pre-treatment of the OTR antagonist atosiban or the selective nNOS inhibitor N-Propyl-l-arginine (NPLA) significantly attenuated the hyperpolarization effect evoked by OT. OT produced a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular Ca(2+) in DRG neurons that responds to capsaicin, which can be attenuated by atosiban, but not by NPLA. OT-evoked membrane hyperpolarization and increase of outward current were distinctly attenuated by glibenclamide, a blocker of ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP) channel. OT might be an endogenous antinociceptive agent and the peripheral antinociceptive effects of OT are mediated by activation of the Ca(2+)/nNOS/NO/KATP pathway in DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gong
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, China
| | - F Gao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, China
| | - X Yu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, China
| | - X Ma
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, China
| | - W Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, China
| | - S Cui
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, China
| | - K Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, China
| | - M Zhang
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Canada
| | - W Kunze
- The McMaster Brain-Body Institutes, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Y Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, China; Provincial Key Lab of Mental Disorder, Shandong University School of Medicine, China.
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Yan Y, Wang YL, Su Z, Zhang Y, Guo SX, Liu AJ, Wang CH, Sun FJ, Yang J. Effect of oxytocin on the behavioral activity in the behavioral despair depression rat model. Neuropeptides 2014; 48:83-9. [PMID: 24444823 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT), a nonapeptide posterior hormone of the pituitary, is mainly synthesized and secreted in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON). The present study was to investigate in which level, brain or periphery, OXT effecting on the behavioral activity in the behavioral despair depression rat model. The results showed that (1) either the forced swimming or the tail suspension significantly increased OXT concentration in the brain (PVN, SON, frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, lumbar spinal cord) and in the periphery (posterior pituitary and serum); (2) intraventricular injection (icv) of OXT decreased the animal immobility time, whereas OXT receptor antagonist-desGly-NH2, d(CH2)5[D-Tyr2, Thr-sup-4]OV (icv) increased the animal immobility time in a dose-dependent manner in forced swimming test (FST) and in tail suspension test (TST); (3) neither OXT nor OXT receptor antagonist (intravenous injection) influenced the animal immobility time in FST and in TST. OXT levels were increased in several areas of the brain and in the periphery following the behavioral despair, one stressor, yet pre-treatment with OXT appeared to be beneficial in term of reducing immobility time. The data suggested that behavioral despair could enhance OXT synthesis and secretion not only in the brain but also in the periphery, and OXT in the brain rather than the periphery played a role in the behavioral despair depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, China
| | - Yong-Liang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, China
| | - Zhou Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, China
| | - Ai-Juan Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, China
| | - Chang-Hong Wang
- Henan Provincial Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Fang-Jie Sun
- Xinxiang Institute for New Medicine, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Xinxiang Institute for New Medicine, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Henan Fenghuang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
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Wang YL, Yuan Y, Yang J, Wang CH, Pan YJ, Lu L, Wu YQ, Wang DX, Lv LX, Li RR, Xue L, Wang XH, Bi JW, Liu XF, Qian YN, Deng ZK, Zhang ZJ, Zhai XH, Zhou XJ, Wang GL, Zhai JX, Liu WY. The interaction between the oxytocin and pain modulation in headache patients. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:93-7. [PMID: 23375440 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT), a nonapeptide hormone of posterior pituitary, reaches the central nervous system from systemic blood circulation with a difficulty because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The interest has been expressed in the use of the nasal route for delivery of OXT to the brain directly, exploiting the olfactory pathway. Our previous study has demonstrated that OXT in the central nervous system rather than the blood circulation plays an important role in rat pain modulation. The communication tried to investigate the interaction between the OXT and pain modulation in Chinese patients with headache to understand the OXT effect on human pain modulation. The results showed that (1) intranasal OXT could relieve the human headache in a dose-dependent manner; (2) OXT concentration in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) increased significantly in headache patients in relation with the pain level; and (3) there was a positive relationship between plasma and CSF OXT concentration in headache patients. The data suggested that intranasal OXT, which was delivered to the central nervous system through olfactory region, could treat human headache and OXT might be a potential drug of headache relief by intranasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Liang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, China
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Baracz SJ, Cornish JL. Oxytocin modulates dopamine-mediated reward in the rat subthalamic nucleus. Horm Behav 2013; 63:370-5. [PMID: 23238104 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STh) is increasingly recognized as an important region involved in the motivation for drug reward. It is not yet known if dopamine, the neurotransmitter primarily responsible for reward signaling, is also involved in mediating reward-related activity in the STh. The neuropeptide oxytocin acts within the STh to reduce the rewarding effects of the psychostimulant methamphetamine, through a proposed interaction with dopamine. However, the mechanisms of this interaction are unclear. The current study aimed to determine whether (i) dopamine microinjected into the STh would result in a significant place preference following a single-trial conditioning session, (ii) co-administered dopamine receptor antagonist would block the formation of a conditioned place preference (CPP) for dopamine, (iii) co-administered oxytocin would prevent CPP for dopamine and (iv) whether the selective oxytocin antagonist desGly-NH(2),d(CH(2))(5)[D-Tyr(2),Thr(4)]OVT, when co-administered with oxytocin and dopamine, would reverse the effects of oxytocin and result in a CPP for dopamine. Results showed that male Sprague Dawley rats i) formed a preference for the context paired with dopamine (100 nmol/side) administration into the STh, which was prevented by co-administration of ii) the mixed dopamine receptor antagonist fluphenazine (10 nmol/side) or iii) oxytocin (0.6 pmol/side), [corrected] with the oxytocin effect on dopamine CPP reversed by the co-administration of the oxytocin receptor antagonist (3 nmol/side). These data suggest that dopamine neurotransmission in the STh produces rewarding effects that can be reduced by activation of local oxytocin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Baracz
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Corona G, Jannini EA, Vignozzi L, Rastrelli G, Maggi M. The hormonal control of ejaculation. Nat Rev Urol 2012; 9:508-19. [PMID: 22869001 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2012.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hormones regulate all aspects of male reproduction, from sperm production to sexual drive. Although emerging evidence from animal models and small clinical studies in humans clearly point to a role for several hormones in controlling the ejaculatory process, the exact endocrine mechanisms are unclear. Evidence shows that oxytocin is actively involved in regulating orgasm and ejaculation via peripheral, central and spinal mechanisms. Associations between delayed and premature ejaculation with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, respectively, have also been extensively documented. Some models suggest that glucocorticoids are involved in the regulation of the ejaculatory reflex, but corresponding data from human studies are scant. Oestrogens regulate epididymal motility, whereas testosterone can affect the central and peripheral aspects of the ejaculatory process. Overall, the data of the endocrine system in regulating the ejaculatory reflex suggest that widely available endocrine therapies might be effective in treating sexual disorders in these men. Indeed, substantial evidence has documented that treatments of thyroid diseases are able to improve some ejaculatory difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda Usl Bologna Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 2, 40133 Bologna, Italy
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Manning M, Misicka A, Olma A, Bankowski K, Stoev S, Chini B, Durroux T, Mouillac B, Corbani M, Guillon G. Oxytocin and vasopressin agonists and antagonists as research tools and potential therapeutics. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:609-28. [PMID: 22375852 PMCID: PMC3490377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We recently reviewed the status of peptide and nonpeptide agonists and antagonists for the V(1a), V(1b) and V(2) receptors for arginine vasopressin (AVP) and the oxytocin receptor for oxytocin (OT). In the present review, we update the status of peptides and nonpeptides as: (i) research tools and (ii) therapeutic agents. We also present our recent findings on the design of fluorescent ligands for V(1b) receptor localisation and for OT receptor dimerisation. We note the exciting discoveries regarding two novel naturally occurring analogues of OT. Recent reports of a selective VP V(1a) agonist and a selective OT agonist point to the continued therapeutic potential of peptides in this field. To date, only two nonpeptides, the V(2) /V(1a) antagonist, conivaptan and the V(2) antagonist tolvaptan have received Food and Drug Administration approval for clinical use. The development of nonpeptide AVP V(1a), V(1b) and V(2) antagonists and OT agonists and antagonists has recently been abandoned by Merck, Sanofi and Pfizer. A promising OT antagonist, Retosiban, developed at Glaxo SmithKline is currently in a Phase II clinical trial for the prevention of premature labour. A number of the nonpeptide ligands that were not successful in clinical trials are proving to be valuable as research tools. Peptide agonists and antagonists continue to be very widely used as research tools in this field. In this regard, we present receptor data on some of the most widely used peptide and nonpeptide ligands, as a guide for their use, especially with regard to receptor selectivity and species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manning
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614-2598, USA.
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