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Li HT, Viskaitis P, Bracey E, Peleg-Raibstein D, Burdakov D. Transient targeting of hypothalamic orexin neurons alleviates seizures in a mouse model of epilepsy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1249. [PMID: 38341419 PMCID: PMC10858876 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lateral hypothalamic (LH) hypocretin/orexin neurons (HONs) control brain-wide electrical excitation. Abnormally high excitation produces epileptic seizures, which affect millions of people and need better treatments. HON population activity spikes from minute to minute, but the role of this in seizures is unknown. Here, we describe correlative and causal links between HON activity spikes and seizures. Applying temporally-targeted HON recordings and optogenetic silencing to a male mouse model of acute epilepsy, we found that pre-seizure HON activity predicts and controls the electrophysiology and behavioral pathology of subsequent seizures. No such links were detected for HON activity during seizures. Having thus defined the time window where HONs influence seizures, we targeted it with LH deep brain stimulation (DBS), which inhibited HON population activity, and produced seizure protection. Collectively, these results uncover a feature of brain activity linked to seizures, and demonstrate a proof-of-concept treatment that controls this feature and alleviates epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Tao Li
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology | ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Section of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Paulius Viskaitis
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology | ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Eva Bracey
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology | ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Daria Peleg-Raibstein
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology | ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology | ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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Toplu A, Mutlu N, Erdeve ET, Sariyildiz Ö, Çelik M, Öz-Arslan D, Akman Ö, Molnár Z, Çarçak N, Onat F. Involvement of orexin type-2 receptors in genetic absence epilepsy rats. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1282494. [PMID: 38107640 PMCID: PMC10721972 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1282494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Orexin is a neuropeptide neurotransmitter that regulates the sleep/wake cycle produced by the lateral hypothalamus neurons. Recent studies have shown the involvement of orexin system in epilepsy. Limited data is available about the possible role of orexins in the pathophysiology of absence seizures. This study aims to understand the role of orexinergic signaling through the orexin-type 2 receptor (OX2R) in the pathophysiology of absence epilepsy. The pharmacological effect of a selective OX2R agonist, YNT-185 on spike-and-wave-discharges (SWDs) and the OX2R receptor protein levels in the cortex and thalamus in adult GAERS were investigated. Methods The effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) (100, 300, and 600 nmol/10 μL), intrathalamic (30 and 40 nmol/500 nL), and intracortical (40 nmol/500 nL) microinjections of YNT-185 on the duration and number of spontaneous SWDs were evaluated in adult GAERS. The percentage of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and spectral characteristics of background EEG were analyzed after the ICV application of 600 nmol YNT-185. The level of OX2R expression in the somatosensory cortex and projecting thalamic nuclei of adult GAERS were examined by Western blot and compared with the non-epileptic Wistar rats. Results We showed that ICV administration of YNT-185 suppressed the cumulative duration of SWDs in GAERS compared to the saline-administered control group (p < 0.05). However, intrathalamic and intracortical microinjections of YNT-185 did not show a significant effect on SWDs. ICV microinjections of YNT-185 affect sleep states by increasing the percentage of SWS and showed a significant treatment effect on the 1-4 Hz delta frequency band power during the 1-2 h post-injection period where YNT-185 significantly decreased the SWDs. OXR2 protein levels were significantly reduced in the cortex and thalamus of GAERS when compared to Wistar rats. Conclusion This study investigated the efficacy of YNT-185 for the first time on absence epilepsy in GAERS and revealed a suppressive effect of OX2R agonist on SWDs as evidenced by the significantly reduced expression of OX2R in the cortex and thalamus. YNT-185 effect on SWDs could be attributed to its regulation of wake/sleep states. The results constitute a step toward understanding the effectiveness of orexin neuropeptides on absence seizures in GAERS and might be targeted by therapeutic intervention for absence epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Toplu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nursima Mutlu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Elif Tuğçe Erdeve
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Özge Sariyildiz
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Musa Çelik
- Department of Biophysics, Health Sciences Institute, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Devrim Öz-Arslan
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Biophysics, Health Sciences Institute, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Özlem Akman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zoltan Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nihan Çarçak
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Berteotti C, Calvello C, Liguori C. Role of the orexin system in the bidirectional relation between sleep and epilepsy: New chances for patients with epilepsy by the antagonism to orexin receptors? Epilepsia 2023; 64:1991-2005. [PMID: 37212716 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder, affecting patients of all ages, reducing the quality of life, and associated with several comorbidities. Sleep impairment is a frequent condition in patients with epilepsy (PWE), and the relation between sleep and epilepsy has been considered bidirectional, as one can significantly influence the other, and vice versa. The orexin system was described more than 20 years ago and is implicated in several neurobiological functions other than in controlling the sleep-wake cycle. Considering the relation between epilepsy and sleep, and the significant contribution of the orexin system in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, it is conceivable that the orexin system may be affected in PWE. Preclinical studies investigated the impact of the orexin system on epileptogenesis and the effect of orexin antagonism on seizures in animal models. Conversely, clinical studies are few and propose heterogeneous results also considering the different methodological approaches to orexin levels quantification (cerebrospinal-fluid or blood samples). Because orexin system activity can be modulated by sleep, and considering the sleep impairment documented in PWE, the recently approved dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) have been suggested for treating sleep impairment and insomnia in PWE. Accordingly, sleep improvement can be a therapeutic strategy for reducing seizures and better managing epilepsy. The present review analyzes the preclinical and clinical evidence linking the orexin system to epilepsy, and hypothesizes a model in which the antagonism to the orexin system by DORAs can improve epilepsy by both a direct and a sleep-mediated (indirect) effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Berteotti
- Physiological Regulation in Sleeping Mice Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmen Calvello
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Liguori
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Epilepsy Center, Neurology Unit, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Sleep Medicine Center, Neurology Unit, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Xue T, Wang S, Chen S, Wang H, Liu C, Shi L, Bai Y, Zhang C, Han C, Zhang J. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation attenuates motor seizures via modulating the nigral orexin pathway. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1157060. [PMID: 37214393 PMCID: PMC10196042 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1157060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Focal motor seizures that originate in the motor region are a considerable challenge because of the high risk of permanent motor deficits after resection. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is a potential treatment for motor epilepsy that may enhance the antiepileptic actions of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Orexin and its receptors have a relationship with both STN-DBS and epilepsy. We aimed to investigate whether and how STN inputs to the SNr regulate seizures and the role of the orexin pathway in this process. Methods A penicillin-induced motor epileptic model in adult male C57BL/6 J mice was established to evaluate the efficacy of STN-DBS in modulating seizure activities. Optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches were employed to regulate STN-SNr circuits. Selective orexin receptor type 1 and 2 antagonists were used to inhibit the orexin pathway. Results First, we found that high-frequency ipsilateral or bilateral STN-DBS was effective in reducing seizure activity in the penicillin-induced motor epilepsy model. Second, inhibition of STN excitatory neurons and STN-SNr projections alleviates seizure activities, whereas their activation amplifies seizure activities. In addition, activation of the STN-SNr circuits also reversed the protective effect of STN-DBS on motor epilepsy. Finally, we observed that STN-DBS reduced the elevated expression of orexin and its receptors in the SNr during seizures and that using a combination of selective orexin receptor antagonists also reduced seizure activity. Conclusion STN-DBS helps reduce motor seizure activity by inhibiting the STN-SNr circuit. Additionally, orexin receptor antagonists show potential in suppressing motor seizure activity and may be a promising therapeutic option in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shujun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunkui Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlei Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Sheibani M, Shayan M, Khalilzadeh M, Ghasemi M, Dehpour AR. Orexin receptor antagonists in the pathophysiology and treatment of sleep disorders and epilepsy. Neuropeptides 2023; 99:102335. [PMID: 37003137 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between sleep and epilepsy has been argued over the past decades among scientists. Although the similarities and contrasts between sleep and epilepsy had been considered, their intertwined nature was not revealed until the nineteenth century. Sleep is recognized as a recurring state of mind and body through alternating brain electrical activities. It is documented that sleep disorders are associated with epilepsy. The origin, suppression, and spread of seizures are affected by sleep. As such, in patients with epilepsy, sleep disorders are a frequent comorbidity. Meanwhile, orexin, a wake-promoting neuropeptide, provides a bidirectional effect on both sleep and epilepsy. Orexin and its cognate receptors, orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R), orchestrate their effects by activating various downstream signaling pathways. Although orexin was considered a therapeutic target in insomnia shortly after its discovery, its potential usefulness for psychiatric disorders and epileptic seizures has been suggested in the pre-clinical studies. This review aimed to discuss whether the relationship between sleep, epilepsy, and orexin is clearly reciprocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sheibani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Razi Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Khalilzadeh
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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He Z, Wang X, Ma K, Zheng L, Zhang Y, Liu C, Sun T, Wang P, Rong W, Niu J. Selective activation of the hypothalamic orexinergic but not melanin-concentrating hormone neurons following pilocarpine-induced seizures in rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1056706. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1056706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionSleep disorders are common comorbidities in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Since the lateral hypothalamic (LH) and the perifornical orexinergic (ORX) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons are known to play opposing roles in the regulation of sleep and arousal, dysregulation of ORX and MCH neurons might contribute to the disturbance of sleep-wakefulness following epileptic seizures.MethodsTo test this hypothesis, rats were treated with lithium chloride and pilocarpine to induce status epilepticus (SE). Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyograph (EMG) were recorded for analysis of sleep-wake states before and 24 h after SE. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry of c-Fos and ORX or MCH was performed on brain sections from the epileptic and control rats. In addition, anterograde and retrograde tracers in combination with c-Fos immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the possible activation of the amygdala to ORX neural pathways following seizures.ResultsIt was found that epileptic rats displayed prolonged wake phase and decreased non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) phase compared to the control rats. Prominent neuronal activation was observed in the amygdala and the hypothalamus following seizures. Interestingly, in the LH and the perifornical nucleus, ORX but not MCH neurons were significantly activated (c-Fos+). Neural tracing showed that seizure-activated (c-Fos+) ORX neurons were closely contacted by axon terminals originating from neurons in the medial amygdala.DiscussionThese findings suggest that the spread of epileptic activity from amygdala to the hypothalamus causes selective activation of the wake-promoting ORX neurons but not sleep-promoting MCH neurons, which might contribute to the disturbance of sleep-wakefulness in TLE.
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Morina IY, Mikhrina AL, Mikhailova EV, Vataev SI, Hismatullina ZR, Romanova IV. Analysis of the Hypothalamic Orexinergic System in Rats with Different Forms of Genetically Determined Epilepsy. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022060242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Relation Between Orexin A and Epileptic Seizures. Epilepsy Res 2022; 184:106972. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Razavi BM, Farivar O, Etemad L, Hosseinzadeh H. Suvorexant, a Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist, Protected Seizure through Interaction with GABA A and Glutamate Receptors. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 19:383-390. [PMID: 33224245 PMCID: PMC7667563 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.14688.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Orexin can increase neuronal excitability and induce epileptic activity. In this study, the effects of suvorexant (orexin receptor antagonist) on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizure were investigated. Mice were divided into 5 groups of six animals each including normal saline (10 mL/kg), diazepam (2 mg/kg), and suvorexant (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) groups. In PTZ test, the latency to first minimal clonic seizure (MCS), latency to the first generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCS), total duration of seizure and also protection against mortality were evaluated. In MES, the hind limb tonic extension (HLTE) and the protection against mortality were recorded. In order to evaluate the role of GABAA in anticonvulsant effect of suvorexant, flumazenil was used and to investigate the role of glutamate, the protein levels of AMPAR and NMDAR were measured in hippocampus by western blotting. In PTZ model, suvorexant (200mg/kg) increased MCS and GTCS latencies. Suvorexant (100 and 200 mg/kg) decreased total duration of seizure compared to control group. In PTZ model, flumazenil inhibited the prolongation of seizure latency induced by suvorexant. In MES, the HLTE was decreased by suvorexant (100 and 200 mg/kg) and suvorexant was protected against mortality by 83.3%. Moreover, the protein levels of NMDAR and AMPAR were decreased by suvorexant. Suvorexant exerted anticonvulsant activity and in addition to its inhibitory effect on orexin receptors, this effect may be mediated, at least partly, through interaction with GABAA and glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Mdical sciences,Mashhad,Iran
| | - Omid Farivar
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Mdical sciences,Mashhad,Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Samzadeh M, Papuć E, Furtak-Niczyporuk M, Rejdak K. Decreased Cerebrospinal Fluid Orexin-A (Hypocretin-1) Concentrations in Patients after Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9103354. [PMID: 33086714 PMCID: PMC7589455 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of status epilepticus on the orexin/hypocretin system have yet to be investigated. The present study aimed to assay orexin-A/hypocretin-1 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients after generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE). The study groups included 20 GCSE patients, 24 patients diagnosed with epilepsy but remaining in remission (ER), and 25 normal controls (CTR). Diagnostic lumbar puncture was performed in GCSE patients within 3–10 days of seizure cessation, as well as in the ER and to CTR subjects. Among all GCSE patients, the outcome was graded according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 1-month follow-up. Orexin-A levels were measured in unextracted CSF samples, using a commercial radioimmunoassay. There was a significant overall difference in median CSF orexin-A concentrations between GCSE, RE, and CTR patients (p < 0.001). The lowest concentrations were noted in the GCSE group compared to ER (p < 0.001) or CTR (p < 0.001). CSF orexin-A levels in GCSE patients inversely correlated with clinical outcome as assessed on the mRS at 1-month follow-up (r = −0.55; p = 0.1). In conclusion, CSF orexin-A levels may serve as a biomarker of increased turn-over of the peptide or post-SE neuronal damage, and implicates the orexin system in the pathogenesis of SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Samzadeh
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Ewa Papuć
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (E.P.)
| | | | - Konrad Rejdak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Çikriklar HI, Kotan D, Yücel M, Ceylan M, Çiftçi GG, Bayraktutan ÖF, Çiftçi IH. The role of Orexin-A levels in epileptic seizure. Neurosci Lett 2020; 734:135097. [PMID: 32485288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to determine the usefulness of Orexin-A levels in differentiating between epileptic seizures and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures in patients presenting to the emergency service with epileptic seizure-type symptoms. METHODS A total of 80 individuals were included in this study, including 59 who presented to the emergency service within the first four hours of having been diagnosed with generalized tonic-clonic seizures (39 with epileptic seizures (ES) and 20 with pseudoseizures (PNES) and 21 controls. Orexin-A levels were measured in venous blood samples. RESULTS The mean Orexin-A levels were 5.16 ng/mL in the control group, 7.17 ng/mL in the PNES group, and 11.08 ng/mL in the ES group (Table 1). The mean Orexin-A level of the ES group was significantly different from both the control group and the PNES group (Table 1, p < 0.001); the difference between the control group and the PNES group was not significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Results of this study suggest that blood Orexin-A may be an effective biomarker in the differential diagnosis of epileptic seizures/psychogenic non-epileptic seizures in patients presenting to the emergency service with an epileptic seizure-type clinical picture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilcan Kotan
- Altinsehir Mahallesi 326. Sokak No:7 Daire:20, NILÜFER, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Murat Yücel
- Altinsehir Mahallesi 326. Sokak No:7 Daire:20, NILÜFER, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ceylan
- Altinsehir Mahallesi 326. Sokak No:7 Daire:20, NILÜFER, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gönül G Çiftçi
- Altinsehir Mahallesi 326. Sokak No:7 Daire:20, NILÜFER, Bursa, Turkey
| | | | - Ihsan H Çiftçi
- Altinsehir Mahallesi 326. Sokak No:7 Daire:20, NILÜFER, Bursa, Turkey
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12
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Orexins role in neurodegenerative diseases: From pathogenesis to treatment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 194:172929. [PMID: 32315694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Orexin is a neurotransmitter that mainly regulates sleep/wake cycle. In addition to its sleep cycle regulatory role, it is involved in regulation of attention, energy homeostasis, neurogenesis and cognition. Several evidences has shown the involvement of orexin in narcolepsy, but there are also growing evidences that shows the disturbance in orexin system in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Epilepsy, Huntington's diseases and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of these disorders can be partly attributed from orexin system imbalance. However, there are controversial reports on the exact relationship between orexin and these neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the current evidences regarding the role of orexin in these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Liu L, Wang Q, Liu A, Lan X, Huang Y, Zhao Z, Jie H, Chen J, Zhao Y. Physiological Implications of Orexins/Hypocretins on Energy Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Development. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:547-555. [PMID: 31956801 PMCID: PMC6964296 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Orexins/hypocretins and their receptors (OXRs) are ubiquitously distributed throughout the nervous system and peripheral tissues. Recently, various reports have indicated that orexins play regulatory roles in numerous physiological processes involved in obesity, energy homeostasis, sleep-wake cycle, analgesia, alcoholism, learning, and memory. This review aims to outline recent progress in the research and development of orexins used in biochemical signaling pathways, secretion pathways, and the regulation of energy metabolism/adipose tissue development. Orexins regulate a variety of physiological functions in the body by activating phospholipase C/protein kinase C and AC/cAMP/PKA pathways, through receptors coupled to Gq and Gi/Gs, respectively. The secretion of orexins is modulated by blood glucose, blood lipids, hormones, and neuropeptides. Orexins have critical functions in energy metabolism, regulating both feeding behavior and energy expenditure. Increasing the sensitivity of orexin-coupled hypothalamic neurons concurrently enhances spontaneous physical activity, non-exercise activity thermogenesis, white adipose tissue lipolysis, and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. With this comprehensive review of the current literature on the subject, we hope to provide an integrated perspective for the prevention/treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Liu
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
- E-mail: (L.L.)
| | - Qigui Wang
- ChongQing Academy
of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Anfang Liu
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Rongchang Campus, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xi Lan
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongfu Huang
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhongquan Zhao
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hang Jie
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant
Cultivation, Nanchuan, 408435 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Juncai Chen
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongju Zhao
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
- E-mail: (Y.Z.)
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Asadi S, Roohbakhsh A, Shamsizadeh A, Fereidoni M, Kordijaz E, Moghimi A. The effect of intracerebroventricular administration of orexin receptor type 2 antagonist on pentylenetetrazol-induced kindled seizures and anxiety in rats. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:49. [PMID: 30103703 PMCID: PMC6090721 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current antiepileptic drugs are not able to prevent recurrent seizures in all patients. Orexins are excitatory hypothalamic neuropeptides that their receptors (Orx1R and Orx2R) are found almost in all major regions of the brain. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced kindling is a known experimental model for epileptic seizures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Orx2 receptor antagonist (TCS OX2 29) on seizures and anxiety of PTZ-kindled rats. RESULTS Our results revealed that similar to valproate, administration of 7 µg/rat of TCS OX2 29 increased the latency period and decreased the duration time of 3rd and 4th stages of epileptiform seizures. Besides, it significantly decreased mean of seizure scores. However, TCS OX2 29 did not modulate anxiety induced by repeated PTZ administration. CONCLUSION This study showed that blockade of Orx2 receptor reduced seizure-related behaviors without any significant effect on PTZ-induced anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Asadi
- Department of Biology, Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 9177948974, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Masoud Fereidoni
- Department of Biology, Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 9177948974, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Kordijaz
- Department of Biology, Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 9177948974, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Moghimi
- Department of Biology, Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 9177948974, Mashhad, Iran.
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Hayatdavoudi P, Sadeghnia HR, Mohamadian-Roshan N, Hadjzadeh MAR. Beneficial Effects of Selective Orexin-A Receptor Antagonist in 4-aminopyridine-induced Seizures in Male Rats. Adv Biomed Res 2017; 6:162. [PMID: 29387673 PMCID: PMC5767796 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_262_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Orexins are excitatory neuropeptides which stimulate the central regulatory pathways. Orexins increase the penicillin-induced epileptic activity in rats. Orexin-A increases in different types of seizures and its elevated level is the characteristic feature in the epileptic children during polysomnography. Recently, the orexin receptor blockage has been reported to increase seizure threshold in mice; however, effect of the selective orexin-A receptor antagonist (SB-334867) on 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced seizures has not been investigated. Materials and Methods We used the intraperitoneal injection of 4-AP to induce seizure in male rats. Under urethane anesthesia, SB-334867 (50 and 100 nmol) was injected stereotaxically into the ventral hippocampal commissure. Using video recording, the effects of SB-334867 on electroencephalogram and tonic-clonic convulsions were compared to those that received diazepam or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Results SB-334867 significantly decreased the duration of spike trains compared to DMSO-treated rats (P < 0.001) and reduced the duration of convulsive seizures (P < 0.05). Seizure onset was increased significantly by SB-334867, 50 nmol, compared to DMSO (P < 0.05) and diazepam (P < 0.01) treated rats. Conclusion Antagonism of orexin-A receptor by a low-dose SB-334867 showed protective effects in 4-AP-induced seizure-like activities in anesthetized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichehr Hayatdavoudi
- Department of Physiology, Neurocognitive Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid-Reza Sadeghnia
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nema Mohamadian-Roshan
- Department of Pathology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mousa Al-Reza Hadjzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Neurocognitive Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Kordi Jaz E, Moghimi A, Fereidoni M, Asadi S, Shamsizadeh A, Roohbakhsh A. SB-334867, an orexin receptor 1 antagonist, decreased seizure and anxiety in pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 31:201-207. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kordi Jaz
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Azadi Sq. Mashhad Iran
| | - Ali Moghimi
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Azadi Sq. Mashhad Iran
| | - Masoud Fereidoni
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Azadi Sq. Mashhad Iran
| | - Saeedeh Asadi
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Azadi Sq. Mashhad Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Pistachio Co Street Rafsanjan Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Azadi Square Mashhad Iran
- School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Azadi Square Mashhad Iran
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Lateral hypothalamus orexinergic system modulates the stress effect on pentylenetetrazol induced seizures through corticotropin releasing hormone receptor type 1. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:15-24. [PMID: 27395784 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a trigger factor for seizure initiation which activates hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis as well other brain areas. In this respect, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and lateral hypothalamus (LH) orexinergic system are involved in seizure occurrence. In this study, we investigated the role of LH area and orexin expression in (mediation of) stress effect on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) -induced seizures with hippocampal involvement. Two mild foot shock stresses were applied to intact and adrenalectomized animals; with or without CRHr1 blocking (NBI 27914) in the LH area. Then, changes in orexin production were evaluated by RT-PCR. Intravenous PTZ infusion (25 mg/ml) -induced convulsions were scored upon modified Racine scale. Finally, hippocampal glutamate and GABA were evaluated to study excitability changes. We demonstrated that the duration and severity of convulsions in stress-induced as well as adrenalectomized group were increased. Plasma corticosterone (CRT) level and orexin mRNA expression were built up in the stress and/or seizure groups. Furthermore, glutamate and GABA content was increased and decreased respectively due to stress and seizures. In contrast, rats receiving CRHr1 inhibitor showed reduced severity and duration of seizures, increased GABA, decreased glutamate and corticosterone and also orexin mRNA compared to the inhibitor free rats. Stress and adrenalectomy induced augmenting effect on seizure severity and duration and the subsequent reduction due to CRHr1 blocking with parallel orexin mRNA changes, indicated the likely involvement of CRH1r induced orexin expression of the LH in gating stress effect on convulsions.
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SB 334867, a selective orexin receptor type 1 antagonist, elevates seizure threshold in mice. Life Sci 2016; 150:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Portelli J, Coppens J, Demuyser T, Smolders I. Des-acyl ghrelin attenuates pilocarpine-induced limbic seizures via the ghrelin receptor and not the orexin pathway. Neuropeptides 2015; 51:1-7. [PMID: 26002375 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Des-acyl ghrelin, widely accepted to work independently of the ghrelin receptor, is increasingly being implicated in a number of biological functions. The involvement of des-acyl ghrelin in epilepsy has only been recently reported. In this study, apart from unravelling the effect of des-acyl ghrelin on seizure thresholds and seizure severity in two models of pilocarpine-induced seizures, we mainly attempted to unravel its anticonvulsant mechanism of action. Since it was found that des-acyl ghrelin administration affected food intake via the orexin pathway, we first determined whether this pathway was responsible for des-acyl ghrelin's seizure-attenuating properties using the dual orexin receptor antagonist almorexant. We noted that, while des-acyl ghrelin showed dose-dependent anticonvulsant effects against focal pilocarpine-evoked seizures in rats, almorexant did not affect seizure severity and did not reverse des-acyl ghrelin's anticonvulsant effect. Subsequently, to investigate whether the ghrelin receptor was implicated in des-acyl ghrelin's anticonvulsant properties, we tested this peptide in ghrelin receptor deficient mice and wild type mice, all infused with pilocarpine intravenously. Unexpectedly, we found that des-acyl ghrelin significantly elevated seizure thresholds in C57Bl/6 and wild type mice but not in ghrelin receptor knock-out mice. Taken together, our results indicate the involvement of the ghrelin receptor in the anticonvulsant effects of des-acyl ghrelin on pilocarpine-induced seizures. We also show for the first time that dual antagonism of hippocampal orexin receptors does not affect seizure severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanelle Portelli
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels 1090, Belgium; Department of Neurology, UZ Gent, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jessica Coppens
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Thomas Demuyser
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels 1090, Belgium.
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Zhao X, Zhang RX, Tang S, Ren YY, Yang WX, Liu XM, Tang JY. Orexin-A-induced ERK1/2 activation reverses impaired spatial learning and memory in pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats via OX1R-mediated hippocampal neurogenesis. Peptides 2014; 54:140-7. [PMID: 24321199 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by the occurrence of repetitive seizures and can greatly affect a patient's cognition, particularly in terms of learning and memory. Orexin-A is an excitatory neuropeptide produced by the lateral hypothalamus that has been shown to be involved in learning and memory. A reduction in the levels of orexin-A after seizures may underlie the learning and memory impairments induced by epilepsy. Thus, we used pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled rats to investigate the effects of orexin-A on learning and memory and the involvement of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus in OX1R-mediated ERK1/2 activation. A Morris water maze test revealed reduced escape latencies, prolonged times in the target quadrant and an increased number of platform crossings in PTZ-kindled rats exposed to orexin-A. These ameliorating effects of orexin-A on spatial learning and memory were attenuated by the intracerebroventricular injection of the OX1R antagonist SB334867 or the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Further studies using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) revealed that orexin-A increased the number of BrdU-positive cells, doublecortin (DCX)/BrdU levels and the number of NeuN/BrdU double-positive nuclei in the dentate gyrus of PTZ-kindled rats. However, these effects were inhibited by treatment with SB334867 or U0126. Taken together, these data suggest that orexin-A attenuated the impairment of spatial learning and memory in PTZ-kindled rats and that this attenuation involved neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus via OX1R-mediated ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | - Rui xue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | - Shi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | - Yan yan Ren
- Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | - Wei xia Yang
- Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | - Xiao min Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | - Ji you Tang
- Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China.
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Ni LY, Zhu MJ, Song Y, Liu XM, Tang JY. Pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures are exacerbated by sleep deprivation through orexin receptor-mediated hippocampal cell proliferation. Neurol Sci 2013; 35:245-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Compensatory actions of orexinergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus during metabolic or cortical challenges may enable the coupling of metabolic dysfunction and cortical dysfunction. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:520-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yi PL, Chen YJ, Lin CT, Chang FC. Occurrence of epilepsy at different zeitgeber times alters sleep homeostasis differently in rats. Sleep 2012. [PMID: 23204608 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Controversial sleep disruptions (e.g., poor nighttime sleep and daytime somnolence) are common in epilepsy patients. Sleep is known to be regulated by homeostatic factors, which mediate sleep propensity, and the circadian oscillator, a clocklike mechanism. However, it is unknown how epileptic episodes that occur at different zeitgeber times (ZTs) alter sleep regulation. This study was designed to elucidate the sleep disruptions associated with epilepsy and their underlying mechanisms by delivering kindled epilepsy at different ZTs: ZT0, ZT6, and ZT13. DESIGN Kindled epilepsy was induced at 3 different ZTs, and sleep-wake activities were analyzed before and after full-blown seizure. Ribonuclease protection assay, radioimmunoassay, and immunohistochemistry were respectively employed to determine the levels of interleukin-1 mRNA, corticosterone, and PER1 protein. SETTING The experiments were performed at Neurophysiology Laboratory at National Taiwan University. PARTICIPANT AND INTERVENTIONS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with electroencephalograph (EEG) electrodes, a bipolar stimulating electrode, and a guide cannula. Kindling stimuli were delivered via a bipolar electrode placed in the right central nucleus of the amygdala. MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS Kindled epilepsy occurring at ZT0 and ZT13 predominantly affected homeostatic factors, whereas ZT6-kindling stimuli altered the circadian oscillator. ZT0-kindling decreased rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep, which was mediated by corticotrophin-releasing hormone, but did not alter the rhythm of sleep-wake fluctuation. On the other hand, ZT13-kindling enhanced interleukin-1 and consequently increased NREM sleep without altering the sleep-wake fluctuation. Nevertheless, the expression of PER1 protein in suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and the circadian rhythm of sleep fluctuation were respectively advanced 6 h and 2 h when kindling stimulation was delivered at ZT6. Shifts of sleep circadian rhythm and PER1 oscillation induced by ZT6-kindling were blocked by administration of hypocretin receptor antagonist SB334867 into the SCN, indicating the involvement of hypocretin. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that the occurrence of epilepsy at different ZTs alters sleep processes differently. CITATION Yi PL; Chen YJ; Lin CT; Chang FC. Occurrence of epilepsy at different zeitgeber times alters sleep homeostasis differently in rats. SLEEP 2012;35(12):1651-1665.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lu Yi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kaciński M, Budziszewska B, Lasoń W, Zając A, Skowronek-Bała B, Leśkiewicz M, Kubik A, Basta-Kaim A. Level of S100B protein, neuron specific enolase, orexin A, adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor in serum of pediatric patients suffering from sleep disorders with or without epilepsy. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:1427-33. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Erken HA, Erken G, Genç O, Kortunay S, Sahiner M, Turgut G, Turgut S. Orexins cause epileptic activity. Peptides 2012; 37:161-4. [PMID: 22771311 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Orexins have been implicated in the regulation of sleep-wake cycle, energy homeostasis, drinking behavior, analgesia, attention, learning and memory but their effects on epileptic activity are controversial. We investigated whether intracortical injections of orexin A (100 pmol) and B (100 pmol) cause epileptic activity in rats. We observed epileptic seizure findings on these two groups rats. Orexin A and B also significantly increased total EEG power spectrum. Our findings indicate that orexins cause epileptic activity.
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