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Ruhnke N, Beyer ASL, Kaemmerer D, Sänger J, Schulz S, Lupp A. Expression of free fatty acid receptor 2 in normal and neoplastic tissues. Exp Mol Pathol 2024; 137:104902. [PMID: 38788249 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2024.104902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little information is available concerning protein expression of the free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), especially in tumours. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to comprehensively characterise the expression profile of FFAR2 in a large series of human normal and neoplastic tissues using immunohistochemistry thus providing a basis for further in-depth investigations into its potential diagnostic or therapeutic importance. METHODS We developed a novel rabbit polyclonal anti-FFAR2 antibody, 0524, directed against the C-terminal region of human FFAR2. Antibody specificity was confirmed via Western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry using the FFAR2-expressing cell line BON-1 and FFAR2-specific small interfering RNA as well as native and FFAR2-transfected HEK-293 cells. The antibody was then used for immunohistochemical analyses of various formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of normal and neoplastic human tissues. RESULTS In normal tissues, FFAR2 was mainly present in distinct cell populations of the cerebral cortex, follicular cells and C cells of the thyroid, cardiomyocytes of the heart, bronchial epithelia and glands, hepatocytes and bile duct epithelia of the liver, gall bladder epithelium, exocrine and β-cells of the endocrine pancreas, glomerular mesangial cells and podocytes as well as collecting ducts of the kidney, intestinal mucosa (particularly enteroendocrine cells), prostate epithelium, seminiferous tubules of the testicles, and placental syncytiotrophoblasts. In neoplastic tissues, FFAR2 was particularly prevalent in papillary thyroid carcinomas, parathyroid adenomas, and gastric, colon, pancreatic, hepatocellular, cholangiocellular, urinary bladder, breast, cervical, and ovarian carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS We generated and characterised a novel rabbit polyclonal anti-human FFAR2 antibody that is well-suited for visualising FFAR2 expression in human routine pathology tissues. This antibody is also suitable for Western blot and immunocytochemistry experiments. To our knowledge, this antibody enabled the first broad FFAR2 protein expression profile in various normal and neoplastic human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Ruhnke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Kaemmerer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Jörg Sänger
- Laboratory of Pathology and Cytology Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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Choy MK, Javierre BM, Williams SG, Baross SL, Liu Y, Wingett SW, Akbarov A, Wallace C, Freire-Pritchett P, Rugg-Gunn PJ, Spivakov M, Fraser P, Keavney BD. Promoter interactome of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes connects GWAS regions to cardiac gene networks. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2526. [PMID: 29955040 PMCID: PMC6023870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-range chromosomal interactions bring distal regulatory elements and promoters together to regulate gene expression in biological processes. By performing promoter capture Hi-C (PCHi-C) on human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs), we show that such promoter interactions are a key mechanism by which enhancers contact their target genes after hESC-CM differentiation from hESCs. We also show that the promoter interactome of hESC-CMs is associated with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in cardiac left ventricular tissue; captures the dynamic process of genome reorganisation after hESC-CM differentiation; overlaps genome-wide association study (GWAS) regions associated with heart rate; and identifies new candidate genes in such regions. These findings indicate that regulatory elements in hESC-CMs identified by our approach control gene expression involved in ventricular conduction and rhythm of the heart. The study of promoter interactions in other hESC-derived cell types may be of utility in functional investigation of GWAS-associated regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun-Kit Choy
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Biola M Javierre
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simon G Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Stephanie L Baross
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Yingjuan Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Steven W Wingett
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Artur Akbarov
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Chris Wallace
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paula Freire-Pritchett
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Peter J Rugg-Gunn
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Mikhail Spivakov
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Peter Fraser
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306, FL, USA.
| | - Bernard D Keavney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Lange F, Kaemmerer D, Behnke-Mursch J, Brück W, Schulz S, Lupp A. Differential somatostatin, CXCR4 chemokine and endothelin A receptor expression in WHO grade I-IV astrocytic brain tumors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1227-1237. [PMID: 29696364 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastomas represent the most common primary malignant tumor of the nervous system and the most frequent type of astrocytic tumors. Despite improved therapeutic options, prognosis has remained exceptionally poor over the last two decades. Therefore, new treatment approaches are urgently needed. An overexpression of somatostatin (SST) as well as chemokine CXCR4 and endothelin A (ETA) receptors has been shown for many types of cancer. Respective expression data for astrocytic brain tumors, however, are scarce and contradictory. METHODS SST subtype, CXCR4 and ETA expression was comparatively evaluated in a total of 57 grade I-IV astrocytic tumor samples by immunohistochemistry using well-characterized monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Overall, receptor expression on the tumor cells was only very low. SST5 was the most prominently expressed receptor, followed by SST3, ETA, SST2 and CXCR4. In contrast, tumor capillaries displayed strong SST2, SST3, SST5, CXCR4 and ETA expression. Presence of SST5, CXCR4 and ETA on tumor cells and of SST3, CXCR4 and ETA on microvessels gradually increased from grade II to grade IV tumors. Ki-67 values correlated significantly with CXCR4 expression on tumor cells and with vascular SST3, CXCR4 or ETA positivity. SST5 or CXCR4 positivity of tumor cells and vascular SST3 or CXCR4 expression negatively correlated with patient outcome. CONCLUSIONS Though having some prognostic value, SST, CXCR4 or ETA expression on astrocytic tumor cells is clearly of no therapeutic relevance. Indirect targeting of these highly vascularized tumors via SST3, SST5, CXCR4 or ETA on the microvessels, in contrast, may represent a promising additional therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lange
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Drackendorfer Str. 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaemmerer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Drackendorfer Str. 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Drackendorfer Str. 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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Kaemmerer D, Sänger J, Arsenic R, D’Haese JG, Neumann J, Schmitt-Graeff A, Wirtz RM, Schulz S, Lupp A. Evaluation of somatostatin, CXCR4 chemokine and endothelin A receptor expression in a large set of paragangliomas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89958-89969. [PMID: 29163802 PMCID: PMC5685723 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paragangliomas are predominantly benign tumors, but in some cases invasive growth and also metastasis are observed. Given the limited number of nonsurgical treatment options, novel target structures for diagnostics and therapy of this tumor entity are urgently needed. In the present study, expression of all five somatostatin receptor (SST) subtypes, chemokine receptor CXCR4 and endothelin receptor type A (ETA) was assessed by means of immunohistochemistry in a total of 66 paraffin-embedded paraganglioma samples from 55 patients. The stainings were rated by means of the Immunoreactive Score and correlated to clinical data and to succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) expression. SST2A was by far the most prominent receptor in the paragangliomas investigated. It was present in 89% of the tumors at a high intensity, followed by SST5, SST3, SST1 and SST4, which were detected in 47%, 35%, 35% and 13% of the samples, respectively. SDHB positive tumors exhibited significantly higher SST2A and SST3 expression as compared to SDHB negative cases. There was no correlation between SST and Ki-67 expression or grading of the tumors and no difference in SST expression between primary tumors and metastases. Cell surface expression of CXCR4 and ETA was detected only in few samples. On tumor capillaries, however, exceptionally strong staining for these two receptors was noticed in the vast majority of the tumors. In conclusion, paragangliomas are well suited for SST2A-based diagnostics and treatment modalities. An indirect targeting of these highly vascularized tumors via CXCR4 or ETA may also represent a promising future strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kaemmerer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Jörg Sänger
- Laboratory of Pathology and Cytology Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Ruza Arsenic
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan G. D’Haese
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Neumann
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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