Migraine-like presentation of vertebral artery dissection after cervical manipulative therapy

Headache characteristics and frequency of migraine in patients with cervical artery dissections

Headache is a common symptom of cervical artery dissections (CAD). Sometimes, it can be the only symptom and mimic migraine. We aimed to investigate headache characteristics and previous history of migraine in CAD patients, and to compare headache features between patients with internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD) and vertebral artery dissection (VAD). We investigated 53 CAD patients (n = 28 with ICAD, n = 25 with VAD). Demographic and clinical data were evaluated retrospectively. Headache information was obtained from the patient interviews with a structured questionnaire (based on the International Headache Society criteria). The patients with headache were assessed by headache specialist with a face-to-face interview. Headache was evaluated according to International Classification Committee of the International Headache Society ICHD. Headache (n = 38, 71.7%) was the most common symptom in CAD patients, which was mostly thunderclap, throbbing, intense and ipsilateral to dissection. Headache frequency and neck pain were significantly higher in VAD patients (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, respectively). Photophobia and phonophobia were also more common in patients with VAD (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). 29 (54.7%) of CAD patients had a prior history of headache, that 20 (37.7%) of them met the migraine criteria. CAD should be considered in patients with severe unilateral throbbing headache with phonophobia and photophobia, even in patients with a history of migraine. Phonophobia and photophobia may be more common symptoms in VAD patients. Because headache commonly precedes the development of cerebral ischemic events, it needs prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Photophobia as the Presenting Symptom of Internal Carotid Artery Dissection

A 53-year-old man developed right eye photophobia after a hypertensive crisis, followed by right-sided headache and retro-orbital pain. On examination, a right Horner syndrome was evident and an urgent brain and neck Computed Tomography confirmed the suspicion of an internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection. While photophobia may occur in many neurological disorders, to our knowledge, it has never been described when the ICA is involved. Possible hypotheses of photophobia caused by carotid artery dissection are discussed.

Headache in Intracranial and Cervical Artery Dissections

Dissection refers to a tear in the wall of an artery, with the two main types being intracranial or extracranial. Dissections tend to occur most commonly in the young, sometimes secondary to trauma involving the neck. To confirm a dissection, some type of vessel imaging is necessary, including magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), computed tomography angiography (CTA), or angiography. The most common presentation of a dissection (especially extracranial) is pain, usually head and neck pain along with a Horner's syndrome. Patients may also present with ischemic symptoms, including transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke, which may also be a complication of a dissection. Although headache is a common presentation, there is little research into phenotype or long-term outcomes. There are a number of case reports detailing the phenotypes of headaches that may be present in dissection, including a migraine-like or hemicrania-like headache. Dissections are usually treated with some type of anti-platelet or anti-coagulation, although there are only a few randomized controlled trials. In a new acute headache, dissection is an important diagnosis to keep in mind.

The Link Between Migraine, Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome and Cervical Artery Dissection

Headache is the common thread of migraine, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) and cervical artery dissection (CeAD), three medical conditions that otherwise appear to be very different. However, epidemiological, clinical and genetic data suggest that these conditions share common and complex features and are, at least partly, linked. The purpose of this manuscript is to review existing evidence for an association between migraine, RCVS and CeAD and discuss the potential underlying mechanisms.

[Neck pain and headache as the only manifestation of cervical artery dissection]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze clinical and neuroimaging data in patients with neck pain and headache as the only manifestation of the internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection (ICAD) and vertebral artery (VA) dissection (VAD).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

One hundred and sixty-one patients (mean age - 37.4±4,99 years, 84 women, 52%) with cervical artery dissection (CAD) verified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were enrolled. Neck pain and headache were the only CAD manifestation in 33 patients (mean age 37,3±7,4 yars, 28 women, 85%).

RESULTS

The localization of the dissections in these patients was the following: one VA (15 patients), two VA (9), one ICA (7), two ICA (1), one ICA + two VA (1). The whole number of dissected arteries was 45: extracranial localization - 38, extra-intracranial - 6, intracranial - 1. Dissection led to stenosis of the arterial lumen in 41 arteries, to occlusion - in 2 and to dual lumen in 2 arteries. Small aneurism was found in 4 arteries. Combination of headache and the neck pain was observed in 26 out of 33 patients (79%), the only headache in 4 patients, the only neck pain in 3 patients. Along with this, 9 out of 24 VAD patients had the shoulder and/or arm pain. Headache in VAD patients was located more often in the occipital region (18 out of 24) that had never been observed in ICAD patients (p=0.0009). Fronto-temporal pain was observed more often in ICAD patients (5 out of 8 patients) than in VAD (2 out of 24 patients) (p=0.003). Neck pain in all VAD patients in comparison with 3 out ofI8 [CAD patients had posterior localization (p=0,007). Anterolateral neck pain was observed in 4 out ofI8 ICAD patients and in no patients with VAD (p=0.0009). The pain appearance was abrupt in all ICAD patients and most of the VAD patients. In 8 VAD patients the pain has been increasing during several hours. The pain intensity was severe in 19 patients, moderate in 12 and mild in 2. The characteristics of the pain were as following: constrictive/dull (26 patients), throbbing (1 patient) or combined (6 patients). Pain was increasing in a stepwise manner during the first days in 14 out of 24 VAD patients and in no one of ICAD patients (p=0.008). The mean pain duration period was 31 8 ± 15,7 days. Pain relief drugs were ineffective or had a short effect in 97% of patient.

CONCLUSION

Isolated pain is more characteristic for women with VAD. Usually pain is presented as a combination of headache and neck pain. Pain localization, mode of appearance and the course are different in VAD and ICAD. The rarity of occlusion among patients with <<pain-only>> manifestation let to suggest that the intramural hematoma in this group of patients spreads to the adventitia that can reflect media weakness. Arterial wall changes underlying its weakness seem to be sex-hormone dependent taking into consideration the high predominace of women in cad manifested by isolated pain.