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Chen LP, Jiang HQ, Luo L, Qiu J, Xing XJ, Hou RY, Wu YJ. The role of intercellular junction proteins in the penetration resistance of Drosophila larvae to avermectin. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 266:109557. [PMID: 36717043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance has become an increasingly serious challenge for agriculture in the world. To reveal the mechanisms of insecticide resistance, majority of studies have been carried out on the insensitivity of insecticide targets and the metabolism of insecticides. However, the mechanism of the insecticide penetration resistance in insects remains unclear. This study aimed to reveal the mechanism underlying the penetration resistance of Drosophila larvae to insecticide avermectin (AVM). Levels of intercellular junction proteins (IJPs) in the larvae were determined by Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence assay. The result showed that the expression of IJPs septate junction and adherens junction proteins increased in the AVM-resistant insects compared with those in the AVM-susceptible ones, and the upregulation of the IJPs was mediated by the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. That AVM induced the activation of PKC was found not only in the Drosophila larvae but also in Drosophila S2 cells. These findings revealed that AVM could activate PKC pathway in Drosophila larvae, which mediated the upregulation of the IJPs and then led to the resistance to AVM, suggesting that the chemicals that can disrupt PKC activation may potentially be used to circumvent the resistance to AVM in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Han-Qing Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Liang Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xue-Jie Xing
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Rui-Yan Hou
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Yi-Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
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Takano K, de Hayr L, Carver S, Harvey RJ, Mounsey KE. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for treating sarcoptic mange with cross-relevance to Australian wildlife. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 21:97-113. [PMID: 36906936 PMCID: PMC10023865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoptes scabiei is the microscopic burrowing mite responsible for sarcoptic mange, which is reported in approximately 150 mammalian species. In Australia, sarcoptic mange affects a number of native and introduced wildlife species, is particularly severe in bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) and an emerging issue in koala and quenda. There are a variety of acaricides available for the treatment of sarcoptic mange which are generally effective in eliminating mites from humans and animals in captivity. In wild populations, effective treatment is challenging, and concerns exist regarding safety, efficacy and the potential emergence of acaricide resistance. There are risks where acaricides are used intensively or inadequately, which could adversely affect treatment success rates as well as animal welfare. While reviews on epidemiology, treatment strategies, and pathogenesis of sarcoptic mange in wildlife are available, there is currently no review evaluating the use of specific acaricides in the context of their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and subsequent likelihood of emerging drug resistance, particularly for Australian wildlife. This review critically evaluates acaricides that have been utilised to treat sarcoptic mange in wildlife, including dosage forms and routes, pharmacokinetics, mode of action and efficacy. We also highlight the reports of resistance of S. scabiei to acaricides, including clinical and in vitro observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Takano
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Lachlan de Hayr
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robert J Harvey
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate E Mounsey
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia.
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Shumate S, Haylett M, Nelson B, Young N, Lamour K, Walsh D, Bradford B, Clements J. Using targeted sequencing and TaqMan approaches to detect acaricide (bifenthrin, bifenazate, and etoxazole) resistance associated SNPs in Tetranychus urticae collected from peppermint fields and hop yards. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283211. [PMID: 36952542 PMCID: PMC10035822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetranychus urticae (Koch) is an economically important pest of many agricultural commodities world-wide. Multiple acaricides, including bifenazate, bifenthrin, and extoxazole, are currently registered to control T. urticae. However, populations of T. urticae in many different growing regions have developed acaricide resistance through multiple mechanisms. Within T. urticae, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been documented in different genes which are associated with acaricide resistance phenotypes. The detection of these mutations through TaqMan qPCR has been suggested as a practical, quick, and reliable tool to inform agricultural producers of acaricide resistance phenotypes present within their fields and have potential utility for making appropriate acaricide application and integrated pest management decisions. Within this investigation we examined the use of a TaqMan qPCR-based approach to determine genotypes which have been previously associated with acaricide resistance in field-collected populations of T. urticae from peppermint fields and hop yards in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and confirmed the results with a multiplex targeted sequencing. The results suggest that a TaqMan qPCR approach accurately genotypes T. urticae populations for SNPs that have been linked to Bifenazate, Bifenthrin, and Etoxazole resistance. The results also demonstrated that different populations of mites in Washington and Idaho displayed varying frequencies of the examined SNPs. While we were able to detect the SNPs associated with the examined acaricides, the mutation G126S was not an appropriate or accurate indicator for bifenazate resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Shumate
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, Parma, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Maggie Haylett
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, Parma, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Brenda Nelson
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, Parma, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Nicole Young
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, Parma, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Kurt Lamour
- Department of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Doug Walsh
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Prosser, Washington, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Bradford
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Justin Clements
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, Parma, Idaho, United States of America
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He Y, Du G, Xie S, Long X, He X, Zhu Y, Chen B. The Acaricidal Potential of a New Agent GC16 for Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae) Based on Developmental Performance and Physiological Enzyme Activity. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:814-825. [PMID: 35512629 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The spider mite, Tetranychus pueraricola (Ehara & Gotoh; Acari: Tetranychidae), is a serious pest in agriculture and horticulture. Application of chemical pesticides is the main mode of this pest control. Due to pesticide residues and resistance-induced resurgence of pests, there is a need to discover alternatives for spider mite management. GC16 comprises a mixture of calcium chloride (CaCl2, 45%) and lecithin (55%), which was recently found to have acaricidal properties. We evaluated the sublethal effects of GC16 on T. pueraricola using life table and enzyme [catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferases (GST), and Ca2+-ATPase (Ca2+-ATP)] activity assays. The results showed that fecundity of T. pueraricola increased at LC30 but decreased at LC50 of GC16. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) of T. pueraricola decreased under the LC30 and LC50 of GC16. GC16 concentration and exposure time significantly influenced the activities of CAT, POD, CarE, GST, and Ca2+-ATP in adult mites. Twelve hours later after the treatment, GST and Ca2+-ATP activities were significantly inhibited by LC30 but enhanced by LC50. Moreover, the demographic parameter r and enzyme activities were negatively correlated. In sum, sublethal amounts of GC16 had an adverse effect on mites, and there was a trade-off between developmental performance and physiological enzyme activity of mites under GC16 stress, and GC16 showed an acaricidal potential for T. pueraricola. This work provides guidance for the application of GC16 to control T. pueraricola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan He
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guangzu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shunxia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoming Long
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiahong He
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Youyong Zhu
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Zhang Y, Xu D, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Xie W, Guo Z, Wang S. Frequencies and mechanisms of pesticide resistance in Tetranychus urticae field populations in China. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:827-839. [PMID: 34309214 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticate is an important agricultural pest worldwide. It is extremely polyphagous and has developed resistance to many pesticides. Here, we assessed the pesticide resistance of seven field populations of T. urticae in China, their target site mutations and the activities of their detoxification enzymes. The results showed that abamectin and the traditional pesticides pyridaben, profenofos and bifenthrin had higher resistance or lower toxicity than more recently developed pesticides including chlorfenapyr, spinetoram, cyflumetofen, cyenopyrafen, bifenazate and B-azolemiteacrylic. The frequency of point mutations related to abamectin resistance, G314D in the glutamate-gated chloride channel 1 (GluCl1) and G326E in GluCl3, ranged 47%-70% and 0%-97%, respectively. The frequency of point mutations in A1215D and F1538I of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (VGSC), which may increase resistance to pyrethroids, ranged 88%-100% and 10%-100%, respectively. For target sites related to organophosphate resistance, mutation frequencies ranged 25%-92% for G119S and 0%-23% for A201S in the acetycholinesterase gene (Ace). Mutation G126S in the bifenazate resistance-related cytochrome b gene (Cytb) was observed in three of the seven T. urticae populations. Higher activities of detoxification enzymes (P450, GST, CarEs and UGTs) were observed in two T. urticae populations, with significant difference in the XY-SX population. These results provide useful information on the status of pesticide resistance of T. urticae in China and suggest that T. urticae field populations may have multiple resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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The Insecticidal Efficacy and Physiological Action Mechanism of a Novel Agent GC16 against Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050433. [PMID: 35621769 PMCID: PMC9146473 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Spider mite is major pest in agriculture and have developed resistance to commonly used pesticides. Therefore, it is urgent to discover new pesticides to control the pest. In order to provide alternatives for its management, we evaluated the effectiveness of a new agent GC16 against the spider mite Tetranychus pueraricola. Then, we preliminarily revealed the its acaricidal mechanism of action based on the damage of cuticle and organelles of mites. We confirmed that GC16 has a good controlling effect on T. pueraricola and it is not harmful to Picromerus lewisi and Harmonia axyridis. Our research provides not only an alternative pesticide for the management of spider mites, but also guidance for the application of GC16 in sustainable agriculture. Abstract Chemical control plays a crucial role in pest management but has to face challenges due to insect resistance. It is important to discover alternatives to traditional pesticides. The spider mite Tetranychus pueraricola (Ehara & Gotoh) (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a major agricultural pest that causes severe damage to many crops. GC16 is a new agent that consists of a mixture of Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and lecithin. To explore the acaricidal effects and mode of action of GC16 against T. pueraricola, bioassays, cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed. GC16 had lethal effects on the eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults of T. pueraricola, caused the mites to dehydrate and inactivate, and inhibited the development of eggs. GC16 displayed contact toxicity rather than stomach toxicity through the synergistic effects of CaCl2 with lecithin. Cryo-SEM analysis revealed that GC16 damaged T. pueraricola by disordering the array of the cuticle layer crest. Mitochondrial abnormalities were detected by TEM in mites treated by GC16. Overall, GC16 had the controlling efficacy on T. pueraricola by cuticle penetration and mitochondria dysfunction and had no effects on Picromerus lewisi and Harmonia axyridis, indicating that GC16 is likely a new eco-friendly acaricide.
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Mavridis K, Papapostolou KM, Riga M, Ilias A, Michaelidou K, Bass C, Van Leeuwen T, Tsagkarakou A, Vontas J. Multiple TaqMan qPCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) diagnostics for pesticide resistance monitoring and management, in the major agricultural pest Tetranychus urticae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:263-273. [PMID: 34480408 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decisions on which pesticide to use in agriculture are expected to become more difficult, as the number of available chemicals is decreasing. For Tetranychus urticae (T. urticae), a major pest for which a number of candidate markers for pesticide resistance are in place, molecular diagnostics could support decision-making for the rational use of acaricides. RESULTS A suite of 12 TaqMan qPCR assays [G314D (GluCl1), G326E, I321T (GluCl3), G119S, F331W (Ace-1), H92R (PSST), L1024V, F1538I (VGSC), I1017F (CHS1), G126S, S141F, P262T (cytb)], were validated against Sanger-sequencing, and subsequently adapted for use with the ddPCR technology. The concordance correlation coefficient between the actual and ddPCR measured mutant allelic frequencies was 0.995 (95% CI = 0.991-0.998), and no systematic, proportional, or random differences were detected. The achieved Limit of Detection (LoD) was 0.1% (detection of one mutant in a background of 999 wild type mites). The ddPCR assay panel was then assessed in terms of agreement with phenotypic resistance, through a pilot application in field populations from Crete, with strong correlation and thus predictive and diagnostic value of the molecular assays in some cases (e.g., etoxazole and abamectin resistance). Molecular diagnostics were able to capture incipient resistance that was otherwise missed by phenotypic bioassays. The molecular and phenotypic resistance screening of T. urticae field populations from Crete, revealed both multi-resistant and susceptible populations. CONCLUSION The highly sensitive T. urticae molecular diagnostic platforms developed in this study could prove a valuable tool for pesticide resistance management. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Maria Papapostolou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Riga
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aris Ilias
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Kleita Michaelidou
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anastasia Tsagkarakou
- Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization "DIMITRA", Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Susceptibility to Acaricides and the Frequencies of Point Mutations in Etoxazole- and Pyridaben-Resistant Strains and Field Populations of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070660. [PMID: 34357320 PMCID: PMC8306671 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is a major agricultural pest worldwide and is known to rapidly develop resistance to pesticides. In the present study, we explored a field strain that was collected in 2000 and 2003 and has been exhibiting resistance to etoxazole and pyridaben over the last 16 years. The resistance ratios of the etoxazole- and pyridaben-resistant strains (ER and PR) to etoxazole or pyridaben were more than 5,000,000- and 4109.6-fold higher than that of the susceptible strain, respectively. All field-collected populations showed resistance to etoxazole and pyridaben. The ER and PR strains showed cross-resistance to several acaricides. Both I1017F and H92R point mutations were detected in 7 out of 8 field groups. Spirodiclofen and spiromesifen resulted in more than 77.5% mortality in the 8 field groups. In addition, the genotype frequency of the I1017F point mutation was 100.0% in the ER strain, and that of the H92R point mutation was 97.0% in the PR strain. All of the field populations were found to have a high frequency of I1017F. These results suggest that the observation of resistance patterns will help in designing a sustainable IPM program for T. urticae.
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Bergeron PE, Schmidt-Jeffris RA. Spider mite resistance to miticides in South Carolina strawberry and implications for improved integrated pest management. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 84:407-418. [PMID: 33970407 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00621-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), twospotted spider mite, is a major secondary pest of strawberry and can cause significant yield loss. Tetranychus urticae is typically controlled using miticides, which has led to rapid resistance development. In South Carolina (USA), extension agents and growers have reported field failures of miticides (inadequate pest suppression), but resistance has not been quantitatively determined. In 2018, we determined the level of miticide resistance of six T. urticae populations found on strawberry across South Carolina. We examined efficacy of all miticides registered for use on US strawberry by conducting an initial diagnostic bioassay at 20% of the maximum labeled field rate. Any population × active ingredient combination resulting in < 55% mortality was identified as 'potentially resistant' and concentration-response bioassays were then conducted to calculate LC50 values for an individual population. These values were compared with those of a known-susceptible laboratory population to calculate resistance ratios (RR). Our results indicate that examined South Carolina populations of T. urticae from strawberry were highly resistant to bifenthrin (RR = 100-60,000) and there was reduced susceptibility to fenbutatin-oxide (RR = 25-123). The 'Sardinia' population had decreased abamectin susceptibility (RR = 25). No resistance to hexythiazox, etoxazole, acequinocyl, bifenazate, fenpyroximate, spiromesifen, or cyflumetofen was found. Based on available data, it appears that miticide resistance is not a likely cause of field failures and issues related to application error and coverage should be investigated. Overall, this work supports the need to reduce the use of broad-spectrum pesticides and older products, in favor of newer miticide chemistries due to resistance issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Bergeron
- USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, Wapato, WA, 98951, USA.
- Washington State University, 166 FSHN 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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10
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Xu D, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Guo Z, Xie W, Zhou X, Wang S. Transcriptome profiling and functional analysis suggest that the constitutive overexpression of four cytochrome P450s confers resistance to abamectin in Tetranychus urticae from China. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1204-1213. [PMID: 33034948 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest that has developed high resistance to abamectin, making it difficult to control. Although 'target resistance' related to glutamate-gated chloride channel mutations was found in T. urticae field populations in China, other resistance mechanisms appear to be involved. Here, we conducted genome-wide transcriptome profiling using RNA-sequencing of two abamectin-resistant populations (NB-ZJ and SY-BJ) and one susceptible strain (Lab-SS) to identify differentially expressed genes that might contribute to the resistance of T. urticae to abamectin in China. RESULTS Our experiments showed that abamectin resistance was synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), with synergistic ratios (SR) of 2.95-fold and 2.21-fold for PBO and 3.55-fold and 2.84-fold for TPP in NB-ZJ and SY-BJ populations, respectively. Transcriptome data and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that seven detoxification enzyme genes were overexpressed in the two resistant populations. Furthermore, functional analysis by RNA interference (RNAi) indicated that the mortality caused by abamectin was significantly increased by the separate silencing of the P450 genes CYP389C10, CYP392D8, CYP392A11, and CYP392A12. CONCLUSION qRT-PCR expression and RNAi data suggest that the overexpression of P450 genes CYP389C10, CYP392D8, CYP392A11, and CYP392A12 may be involved in the abamectin-resistance of field populations of T. urticae in China. This knowledge could facilitate the elucidation of resistance mechanisms and the development of resistance management of T. urticae field populations. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomao Zhou
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Xue W, Snoeck S, Njiru C, Inak E, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. Geographical distribution and molecular insights into abamectin and milbemectin cross-resistance in European field populations of Tetranychus urticae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2569-2581. [PMID: 32237053 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milbemectin and abamectin are frequently used to control the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. The development of abamectin resistance in this major pest has become an increasing problem worldwide, potentially compromising the use of milbemectin. In this study, a large collection of European field populations was screened for milbemectin and abamectin resistance, and both target-site and metabolic (cross-)resistance mechanisms were investigated. RESULTS High to very high levels of abamectin resistance were found in one third of all populations, while milbemectin resistance levels were low for most populations. The occurrence of well-known target-site resistance mutations in glutamate-gated chloride channels (G314D in GluCl1 and G326E in GluCl3) was documented in the most resistant populations. However, a new mutation, I321T in GluCl3, was also uncovered in three resistant populations, while a V327G and L329F mutation was found in GluCl3 of one resistant population. A differential gene-expression analysis revealed the overexpression of detoxification genes, more specifically cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) and UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes. Multiple UGTs were functionally expressed, and their capability to glycosylate abamectin and milbemectin, was tested and confirmed. CONCLUSIONS We found a clear correlation between abamectin and milbemectin resistance in European T. urticae populations, but as milbemectin resistance levels were low, the observed cross-resistance is probably not of operational importance. The presence of target-site resistance mutations in GluCl genes was confirmed in most but not all resistant populations. Gene-expression analysis and functional characterization of P450s and UGTs suggests that also metabolic abamectin resistance mechanisms are common in European T. urticae populations. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Xue
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Snoeck
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christine Njiru
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emre Inak
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Xu Z, Hu Y, Hu J, Qi C, Zhang M, Xu Q, He L. The interaction between abamectin and RDL in the carmine spider mite: a target site and resistant mechanism study. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 164:191-195. [PMID: 32284126 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAR) has been identified as a target site of some commonly used insecticides. Our pervious study documented an interesting phenomenon, i.e. GABA accumulation was involved in abamectin resistance in the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus. However, the mechanism of this phenomenon remains to be clarified. In this study, we investigated the interaction between abamectin and GABAR. Firstly, an artificial increase of GABA content was conducted in T. cinnabarinus and toxicity assays showed that GABA accumulation could indeed increase the tolerance of T. cinnabarinus to abamectin in vivo. Subsequently a GABAR of T. cinnabarinus, RDL2, was expressed in Xenopus oocytes and its sensitiveness to abamectin was detected. The results revealed that RDL2 showed significant responses to a series of GABA concentrations and GABA inhibited the effect of abamectin in vitro, providing direct evidence of the abamectin resistance mediated by GABA content. Our data confirmed that GABAR is the action target of abamectin and the GABA accumulation is one of the mechanisms of abamectin resistance in spider mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Xu
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Cuicui Qi
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Biology, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX 79699, USA.
| | - Lin He
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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13
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Snoeck S, Pavlidi N, Pipini D, Vontas J, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. Substrate specificity and promiscuity of horizontally transferred UDP-glycosyltransferases in the generalist herbivore Tetranychus urticae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 109:116-127. [PMID: 30978500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the addition of UDP-sugars to small hydrophobic molecules, turning them into more water-soluble metabolites. While their role in detoxification is well documented for vertebrates, arthropod UGTs have only recently been linked to the detoxification and sequestration of plant toxins and insecticides. The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is a generalist herbivore notorious for rapidly developing resistance to insecticides and acaricides. We identified a set of eight UGT genes that were overexpressed in mites upon long-term acclimation or adaptation to a new host plant and/or in mite strains highly resistant to acaricides. Functional expression revealed that they were all catalytically active and that the majority preferred UDP-glucose as activated donor for glycosylation of model substrates. A high-throughput substrate screening of both plant secondary metabolites and pesticides revealed patterns of both substrate specificity and promiscuity. We further selected nine enzyme-substrate combinations for more comprehensive analysis and determined steady-state kinetic parameters. Among others, plant metabolites such as capsaicin and several flavonoids were shown to be glycosylated. The acaricide abamectin was also glycosylated by two UGTs and one of these was also overexpressed in an abamectin resistant strain. Our study corroborates the potential role of T. urticae UGTs in detoxification of both synthetic and natural xenobiotic compounds and paves the way for rapid substrate screening of arthropod UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Snoeck
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nena Pavlidi
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1908 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Dimitra Pipini
- Instiute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece.
| | - John Vontas
- Instiute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1908 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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14
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Lyubeshkin AV, Shchetinina MA, Chernoburova EI, Dzhafarov MK, Vasilevich FI, Zavarzin IV. Avermectin B1 5-O-mono-and 4″,5-O, O-bis-derivatization with ethyl succinoyl moiety. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Shi P, Cao L, Gong Y, Ma L, Song W, Chen J, Hoffmann AA, Wei S. Independently evolved and gene flow-accelerated pesticide resistance in two-spotted spider mites. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:2206-2219. [PMID: 30847105 PMCID: PMC6392376 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pest species are often able to develop resistance to pesticides used to control them, depending on how rapidly resistance can emerge within a population or spread from another resistant population. We examined the evolution of bifenazate resistance in China in the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) Tetranychus uticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), one of the most resistant arthropods, by using bioassays, detection of mutations in the target cytb gene, and population genetic structure analysis using microsatellite markers. Bioassays showed variable levels of resistance to bifenazate. The cytb mutation G126S, which confers medium resistance in TSSM to bifenazate, had previously been detected prior to the application of bifenazate and was now widespread, suggesting likely resistance evolution from standing genetic variation. G126S was detected in geographically distant populations across different genetic clusters, pointing to the independent origin of this mutation in different TSSM populations. A novel A269V mutation linked to a low-level resistance was detected in two southern populations. Widespread resistance associated with a high frequency of the G126S allele was found in four populations from the Beijing area which were not genetically differentiated. In this case, a high level of gene flows likely accelerated the development of resistance within this local region, as well as into an outlying region distant from Beijing. These findings, therefore, suggest patterns consistent with both local evolution of pesticide resistance as well as an impact of migration, helping to inform resistance management strategies in TSSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Shi
- Institute of Plant and Environmental ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Li‐Jun Cao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ya‐Jun Gong
- Institute of Plant and Environmental ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Plant and Environmental ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei Song
- Institute of Plant and Environmental ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jin‐Cui Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environmental ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shu‐Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
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16
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Xu D, He Y, Zhang Y, Xie W, Wu Q, Wang S. Status of pesticide resistance and associated mutations in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, in China. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 150:89-96. [PMID: 30195393 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a serious agricultural pest that has developed resistance to many pesticides. A leaf dip assay was used to assess the resistance of seven field populations of T. urticae to 11 pesticides in China. The mutation frequencies of target genes related to pesticide resistance were also determined. The results showed that all seven field populations had high or extremely high resistance to abamectin and had low or moderate resistance to newly developed pesticides including bifenazate, cyenopyrafen, chlorfenapyr, B-azolemiteacrylic, and spinetoram. The RF values for the traditional acaricides bifenthrin, pyridaben, and profenofos were low for all seven populations. For target sites related to abamectin resistance, the frequency of the mutations ranged from 28.33 to 63.64% for G314D in the glutamate-gated chloride channel gene 1 (GluCl1), and from 0 to 95% for G326E in the glutamate-gated chloride channel gene 3 (GluCl3). For target sites related to organophosphate resistance, the frequency of mutations ranged from 33.33 to 56.67% for G119S and from 5.00 to 43.33% for A201S in the acetycholinesterase gene (Ace). For target sites related to pyrethroid resistance, the frequency of the mutations ranged from 76.67 to 98.33% for A1215D and from 3.33 to 100% for F1538I in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (VGSC). No mutations were detected in the bifenazate resistance-related cytochrome b gene (Cytb). These results will be useful for managing T. urticae resistance to pesticides in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yanyan He
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Wen Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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17
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Charaabi K, Boukhris-Bouhachem S, Makni M, Denholm I. Occurrence of target-site resistance to neonicotinoids in the aphid Myzus persicae in Tunisia, and its status on different host plants. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1297-1301. [PMID: 29266681 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The R81T mutation conferring target-site resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in Myzus persicae was first detected in France and has since spread across much of southern Europe. In response to recent claims of control failure with neonicotinoids in Tunisia, we have used a molecular assay to investigate the presence and distribution of this target-site mutation in samples collected from six locations and six crops attacked by M. persicae. RESULTS The resistance allele containing R81T was present at substantial frequencies (32-55%) in aphids collected between 2014 and 2016 from northern Tunisia but was much rarer further south. It occurred in aphids collected from the aphid's primary host (peach) and four secondary crop hosts (potato, pepper, tomato and melon). Its absence in aphids from tobacco highlights complexities in the systematics of M. persicae that require further investigation. CONCLUSION This first report of R81T from North Africa reflects a continuing expansion of its range around the Mediterranean Basin, although it remains unrecorded elsewhere in the world. Loss of efficacy of neonicotinoids presents a serious threat to the sustainability of aphid control. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Charaabi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technologies, National Center of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Biotechpole of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Boukhris-Bouhachem
- Plant Protection Laboratory of National Institute of Agricultural Research of Tunisia, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Makni
- Unit of Research on the Genetics of Crop Insect Pests, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ian Denholm
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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18
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Huang Y, Guo Q, Sun X, Zhang C, Xu N, Xu Y, Zhou D, Sun Y, Ma L, Zhu C, Shen B. Culex pipiens pallens cuticular protein CPLCG5 participates in pyrethroid resistance by forming a rigid matrix. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:6. [PMID: 29301564 PMCID: PMC5753453 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemical insecticides have hugely reduced the prevalence of vector-borne diseases around the world, but resistance threatens their continued effectiveness. Despite its importance, cuticle resistance is an under-studied area, and exploring the detailed molecular basis of resistance is critical for implementing suitable resistance management strategies. Methods We performed western blotting of cuticular protein CPLCG5 in deltamethrin-susceptible (DS) and laboratory-produced deltamethrin-resistant (DR) strains of Culex pipiens pallens. Immunofluorescence assays using a polyclonal antibody to locate cuticular CPLCG5 in mosquitoes. EM immunohistochemical analysis of the femur segment was used to compare the cuticle in control and CPLCG5-deficient siRNA experimental groups. Results The gene CPLCG5 encodes a cuticle protein that plays an important role in pyrethroid resistance. Based on a prior study, we found that expression of CPLCG5 was higher in the resistant (DR) strain than the susceptible (DS) strain. CPLCG5 transcripts were abundant in white pupae and 1-day-old adults, but expression was dramatically decreased in 3-day-old adults, then remained stable thereafter. Western blotting revealed that the CPLCG5 protein was ~2.2-fold higher in the legs of the DR strain than the DS strain. Immunofluorescence assays revealed CPLCG5 expression in the head, thorax, abdomen, wing, and leg, and expression most abundant in the leg and wing. EM immunohistochemical analysis suggested that the exocuticle thickness of the femur was significantly thinner in the CPLCG5-deficient siCPLCG5 strain (0.717 ± 0.110 μm) than the siNC strain (0.946 ± 0.126 μm). Depletion of CPLCG5 by RNA interference resulted in unorganised laminae and a thinner cuticle. Conclusions The results suggest CPLCG5 participates in pyrethroid resistance by forming a rigid matrix and increasing the thickness of the cuticle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2567-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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19
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Mermans C, Dermauw W, Geibel S, Van Leeuwen T. A G326E substitution in the glutamate-gated chloride channel 3 (GluCl3) of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae abolishes the agonistic activity of macrocyclic lactones. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:2413-2418. [PMID: 28736919 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The macrocyclic lactones abamectin and milbemectin are frequently used to control phytophagous mites such as Tetranychus urticae. Consequently, resistance has developed and was genetically linked with substitutions in the glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) subunits TuGluCl1 and TuGluCl3. Here, we functionally validated a G326E substitution in TuGluCl3 by functional expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology. RESULTS Homomeric wild-type and mutated GluCl3 were successfully expressed. l-glutamic-acid-induced currents exhibited a rapid onset equal in both channels and EC50 for l-glutamic-acid was in the micromolar range (384.2 μm and 292.7 μm, respectively). Abamectin and milbemycin A4 elicited sustained currents in wild-type GluCl3, but the G326E substitution completely abolished the agonistic activity of macrocyclic lactones. CONCLUSION A target-site mutation in Tu GluCl3 contributes to avermectin resistance in T. urticae. However, given the multitude of channel genes and the potential additive or synergistic effects of mutations, to what extent mutations determine the often extremely strong resistance phenotype in the field deserves further study. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mermans
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Geibel
- Bayer AG, CropScience Division, Monheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Riga M, Bajda S, Themistokleous C, Papadaki S, Palzewicz M, Dermauw W, Vontas J, Leeuwen TV. The relative contribution of target-site mutations in complex acaricide resistant phenotypes as assessed by marker assisted backcrossing in Tetranychus urticae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9202. [PMID: 28835683 PMCID: PMC5569037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying insecticide and acaricide resistance in insects and mites are often complex, including additive effects of target-site insensitivity, increased metabolism and transport. The extent to which target-site resistance mutations contribute to the resistance phenotype is, however, not well studied. Here, we used marker-assisted backcrossing to create 30 congenic lines carrying nine mutations (alone, or in combination in a few cases) associated with resistance to avermectins, pyrethroids, mite growth inhibitors and mitochondrial complex III inhibitors (QoI) in a polyphagous arthropod pest, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Toxicity tests revealed that mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel, chitin synthase 1 and cytochrome b confer high levels of resistance and, when fixed in a population, these mutations alone can result in field failure of acaricide treatment. In contrast, although we confirmed the implication of mutations in glutamate-gated chloride channels in abamectin and milbemectin insensitivity, these mutations do not lead to the high resistance levels that are often reported in abamectin resistant strains of T. urticae. Overall, this study functionally validates reported target-site resistance mutations in T. urticae, by uncoupling them from additional mechanisms, allowing to finally investigate the strength of the conferred phenotype in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Riga
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, 700 13, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sabina Bajda
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 9424, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stavrini Papadaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Palzewicz
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 9424, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, 700 13, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 9424, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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21
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Wang X, Puinean AM, O Reilly AO, Williamson MS, Smelt CLC, Millar NS, Wu Y. Mutations on M3 helix of Plutella xylostella glutamate-gated chloride channel confer unequal resistance to abamectin by two different mechanisms. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 86:50-57. [PMID: 28576654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Abamectin is one of the most widely used avermectins for agricultural pests control, but the emergence of resistance around the world is proving a major threat to its sustained application. Abamectin acts by directly activating glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) and modulating other Cys-loop ion channels. To date, three mutations occurring in the transmembrane domain of arthropod GluCls are associated with target-site resistance to abamectin: A309V in Plutella xylostella GluCl (PxGluCl), G323D in Tetranychus urticae GluCl1 (TuGluCl1) and G326E in TuGluCl3. To compare the effects of these mutations in a single system, A309V/I/G and G315E (corresponding to G323 in TuGluCl1 and G326 in TuGluCl3) substitutions were introduced individually into the PxGluCl channel. Functional analysis using Xenopus oocytes showed that the A309V and G315E mutations reduced the sensitivity to abamectin by 4.8- and 493-fold, respectively. In contrast, the substitutions A309I/G show no significant effects on the response to abamectin. Interestingly, the A309I substitution increased the channel sensitivity to glutamate by one order of magnitude (∼12-fold). Analysis of PxGluCl homology models indicates that the G315E mutation interferes with abamectin binding through a steric hindrance mechanism. In contrast, the structural consequences of the A309 mutations are not so clear and an allosteric modification of the binding site is the most likely mechanism. Overall the results show that both A309V and G315E mutations may contribute to target-site resistance to abamectin and may be important for the future prediction and monitoring of abamectin resistance in P. xylostella and other arthropod pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingliang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Alin M Puinean
- Rothamsted Research, Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Harpenden, UK.
| | - Andrias O O Reilly
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Martin S Williamson
- Rothamsted Research, Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Harpenden, UK.
| | - Charles L C Smelt
- Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Neil S Millar
- Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Yidong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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