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Zhang H, Mu R, Wang Z, Peng S, Yang XY, Qin X. Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Inhibition of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase: Effects on Streptococcus mutans Carbohydrate Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:3682-3695. [PMID: 39037832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Dental caries is a chronic oral infectious disease, and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) plays an important role in the formation of dental caries. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA) exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity; however, its target and mechanism of action of CA on S. mutans needs to be further explored. In this study, it was verified that CA could inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of S. mutans. Further proteomic analysis identified 33, 55, and 78 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in S. mutans treated with CA for 1, 2, and 4 h, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis showed that CA interfered with carbohydrate metabolism, glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, and the TCA cycle, as well as amino acid metabolism of S. mutans. Protein interactions suggested that pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) plays an important role in the antibacterial effect of CA. Moreover, the upstream and downstream pathways related to PDH were verified by various assays, and the results proved that CA not only suppressed the glucose and sucrose consumption and inhibited glucosyltransferase (GTF) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities but also decreased the ATP production. Interestingly, the protein interaction, qRT-PCR, and molecular docking analysis showed that PDH might be the target of CA to fight S. mutans. In summary, the study shows that CA interferes with the carbohydrate metabolism of bacteria by inhibiting glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle via binding to PDH, which verifies that PDH is a potential target for the development of new drugs against S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Guangdong 519041, China
| | - Ran Mu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Fifth Clinical Institute, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Guangdong 519041, China
| | - Zhengxiao Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Guangdong 519041, China
| | - Shuting Peng
- School of Biological Engineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Guangdong 519041, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- School of Biological Engineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Guangdong 519041, China
| | - Xiaofei Qin
- School of Biological Engineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Guangdong 519041, China
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2
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Zhou H, Li QX, Zeng L, Cao C, Zhang T, Zhou Y, He H. Uracil hydrazones: design, synthesis, antimicrobial activities, and putative mode of action. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:414-425. [PMID: 37708309 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crop diseases caused by plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria have led to substantial losses in global food production. Chemical pesticides have been widely used as a primary means to mitigate these issues. Nevertheless, the persistent and excessive use of pesticides has resulted in the emergence of microbial resistance. Moreover, the improper application and excessive utilization of pesticides can contribute to environmental pollution and the persistence of pesticide residues. Consequently, the development of novel and highly effective bactericides and fungicides to combat plant pathogens holds immense practical importance. RESULTS A series of uracil hydrazones IV-B was deliberately designed and evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacy. The results of bioassays indicated that most IV-B exhibited >80% inhibition against the fungal species Monilia fructigena and Sclerotium rolfsii, as well as the bacterial species Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, and Ralstonia solanacearum, at 50 μg/mL in vitro. In vivo, IV-B20 showed 89.9% of curative and 71.8% of protective activities against C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis at 100 μg/mL superior to thiodiazole copper and copper hydroxide. IV-B20 also showed excellent protective activity against M. fructigena (96.3% at 200 μg/mL) and S. rolfsii (80.4% at 1000 μg/mL), which were greater than chlorothalonil and equivalent to thifluzamide. Mechanistic studies revealed that IV-B20 induced oxidative damage in pathogenic bacteria and promoted the leakage of cellular contents. CONCLUSION This study suggests that IV-B20 with uracil hydrazone skeleton has great potential as an antimicrobial candidate. These findings lay a foundation for practical application in agriculture. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Congwang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tuotuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongwu He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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Caparon M, Xu W, Bradstreet T, Zou Z, Hickerson S, Zhou Y, He H, Edelson B. Reprogramming Short-Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism Mitigates Tissue Damage for Streptococcus pyogenes Necrotizing Skin Infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3689163. [PMID: 38196634 PMCID: PMC10775361 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3689163/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Disease Tolerance (DT) is a host response to infection that limits collateral damage to host tissues while having a neutral effect on pathogen fitness. Previously, we found that the pathogenic lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes manipulates DT using its aerobic mixed-acid fermentation (ARMAF) pathway via the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) to alter expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. However, the microbe-derived molecules that mediate communication with the host's DT pathways remain elusive. Here, we show that ARMAF inhibits accumulation of IL-10-producing inflammatory cells including neutrophils and macrophages, leading to delayed bacterial clearance and wound healing. Expression of IL-10 is inhibited through streptococcal production of the short chain fermentation end-products acetate and formate, via manipulation of host acetyl-CoA metabolism, altering non-histone regulatory lysine acetylation. A bacterial-specific PDH inhibitor reduced tissue damage during murine infection, suggesting that reprogramming carbon flow provides a novel therapeutic strategy to mitigate tissue damage during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Xu
- Washington University School of Medicine
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Chan AHY, Ho TCS, Irfan R, Hamid RAA, Rudge ES, Iqbal A, Turner A, Hirsch AKH, Leeper FJ. Design of thiamine analogues for inhibition of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes: Systematic investigation through Scaffold-Hopping and C2-Functionalisation. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106602. [PMID: 37201323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), the bioactive form of vitamin B1, is an essential coenzyme needed for processes of cellular metabolism in all organisms. ThDP-dependent enzymes all require ThDP as a coenzyme for catalytic activity, although individual enzymes vary significantly in substrate preferences and biochemical reactions. A popular way to study the role of these enzymes through chemical inhibition is to use thiamine/ThDP analogues, which typically feature a neutral aromatic ring in place of the positively charged thiazolium ring of ThDP. While ThDP analogues have aided work in understanding the structural and mechanistic aspects of the enzyme family, at least two key questions regarding the ligand design strategy remain unresolved: 1) which is the best aromatic ring? and 2) how can we achieve selectivity towards a given ThDP-dependent enzyme? In this work, we synthesise derivatives of these analogues covering all central aromatic rings used in the past decade and make a head-to-head comparison of all the compounds as inhibitors of several ThDP-dependent enzymes. Thus, we establish the relationship between the nature of the central ring and the inhibitory profile of these ThDP-competitive enzyme inhibitors. We also demonstrate that introducing a C2-substituent onto the central ring to explore the unique substrate-binding pocket can further improve both potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H Y Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Terence C S Ho
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rimsha Irfan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rawia A A Hamid
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Emma S Rudge
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Amjid Iqbal
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Science Unit, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alex Turner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Anna K H Hirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Finian J Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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Chan AHY, Ho TCS, Parle DR, Leeper FJ. Furan-based inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase: SAR study, biochemical evaluation and computational analysis. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1755-1763. [PMID: 36723268 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) is a mechanism for cancer cells to manifest the Warburg effect. However, recent evidence suggests that whether PDHc activity is suppressed or activated depends on the type of cancer. The PDHc E1 subunit (PDH E1) is a thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent enzyme, catalysing the first and rate-limiting step of PDHc; thus, there is a need for selective PDH E1 inhibitors. There is, however, inadequate understanding of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and a lack of inhibitors specific for mammalian PDH E1. Our group have reported TPP analogues as TPP-competitive inhibitors to study the family of TPP-dependent enzymes. Most of these TPP analogues cannot be used to study PDHc in cells because (a) they inhibit all members of the family and (b) they are membrane-impermeable. Here we report derivatives of thiamine/TPP analogues that identify elements distinctive to PDH E1 for selectivity. Based on our SAR findings, we developed a series of furan-based thiamine analogues as potent, selective and membrane-permeable inhibitors of mammalian PDH E1. We envision that our SAR findings and inhibitors will aid work on using chemical inhibition to understand the oncogenic role of PDHc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H Y Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Terence C S Ho
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Daniel R Parle
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. .,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Finian J Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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Komkov AV, Sukhanova AА, Menchikov LG, Zavarzin IV. о-Aminopyrimidine Aldehydes and Ketones: Synthesis and use as Precursors to Fused Pyrimidines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Harnessing Rare Actinomycete Interactions and Intrinsic Antimicrobial Resistance Enables Discovery of an Unusual Metabolic Inhibitor. mBio 2022; 13:e0039322. [PMID: 35608300 PMCID: PMC9239090 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00393-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial natural products have historically been a deep source of new medicines, but their slowed discovery in recent decades has put a premium on developing strategies that enhance the likelihood of capturing novel compounds. Here, we used a straightforward approach that capitalizes on the interactive ecology of “rare” actinomycetes. Specifically, we screened for interactions that triggered the production of antimicrobials that inhibited the growth of a bacterial strain with exceptionally diverse natural antimicrobial resistance. This strategy led to the discovery of a family of antimicrobials we term the dynaplanins. Heterologous expression enabled identification of the dynaplanin biosynthetic gene cluster, which was missed by typical algorithms for natural product gene cluster detection. Genome sequencing of partially resistant mutants revealed a 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase E2 subunit as the likely molecular target of the dynaplanins, and this finding was supported by computational modeling of the dynaplanin scaffold within the active site of this enzyme. Thus, this simple strategy, which leverages microbial interactions and natural antibiotic resistance, can enable discovery of molecules with unique antimicrobial activity. In addition, these results indicate that primary metabolism may be a direct target for inhibition via chemical interference in competitive microbial interactions.
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He L, Cheng H, Chen F, Song S, Zhang H, Sun W, Bao X, Zhang H, He C. Oxidative Stress-Mediated Antibacterial Activity of the Total Flavonoid Extracted from the Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA). Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020071. [PMID: 35202325 PMCID: PMC8874552 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes endocarditis, pneumonia, and skin diseases in humans and livestock. (2) Methods: The antibacterial effect of the total flavonoid against MRSA (ATCC43300) extracted from the Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (A. pilosa Ledeb) was evaluated by the microdilution method. The oxidative stresses in MRSA were evaluated by the levels of intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative stress-related genes. The DNA oxidative damage was tested by the 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and DNA gel electrophoresis. The differentially expressed proteins were determined by the method of SDS-PAGE and NanoLC-ESI-MS/MS, while the mRNAs of differential proteins were determined by Real-Time PCR. The changes of ultra-structures in MRSA were observed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). (3) Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the total flavonoid against MRSA was recorded as 62.5 μg/mL. After treatment with the total flavonoid, the levels of intracellular H2O2 and ROS were increased and the gene expressions against oxidative stress (SodA, katA, TrxB) were decreased (p < 0.01), while the gene expression for oxidative stress (PerR) was increased (p < 0.01). The level of intracellular 8-OHdG in MRSA was increased (p < 0.01) and the DNA was damaged. The results of TEM also showed that the total flavonoid could destroy the ultra-structures in the bacteria. (4) Conclusions: The total flavonoid extracted from the A. pilosa Ledeb can induce the oxidative stress that disturbed the energy metabolism and protein synthesis in MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liren He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.H.); (H.C.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Han Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.H.); (H.C.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Fuxin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China;
| | - Suquan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.H.); (H.C.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Weidong Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.H.); (H.C.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xiaowei Bao
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;
| | - Haibin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.H.); (H.C.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Chenghua He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.H.); (H.C.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-8439-5227; Fax: +86-025-8439-8669
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Chan AHY, Ho TCS, Agyei-Owusu K, Leeper FJ. Synthesis of pyrrothiamine, a novel thiamine analogue, and evaluation of derivatives as potent and selective inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8855-8858. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01819e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrothiamine, a new thiamine analogue with the S replaced by CH, has been synthesised and is a moderate inhibitor of a range of thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzymes. Its ester 19 is a potent and selective inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H. Y. Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Terence C. S. Ho
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kwasi Agyei-Owusu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Finian J. Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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