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Yang M, Yu L, Jiang D, Deng C, Wang Z, Xu X, Wang J, Wu S, Zhang F, Hu X. Calcium stress reduces the reproductive capacity and pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation reaction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169531. [PMID: 38145666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The continuous use of chemical pesticides to control nematodes could result in the developing of pesticide-resistant nematodes. Novel nucleic acid pesticides are becoming the focus of pesticide research due to their strong specificity, high efficiency, and environmental friendliness. However, the limited known biochemical targets restrict the development of target pesticides for nematodes. The calcium stress experiments on pine wood nematodes (PWN) showed that 100 mmol/L Ca2+ resulted in longitudinal depression on the PWN body wall, reduced oviposition, and increased corrected mortality. To enrich the biological targets of nematode pesticides, we further investigated the response mechanism of PWN to calcium stress at the molecular level. Differentially expressed gene analysis showed that genes involved in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway were significantly enriched. RNA interference results of 6 key genes belonging to four mitochondrial complex I (BXNDUFA2), III (BXQCR8), IV (BXCOX17), V (BXV-ATPaseB, BXV-ATPaseE, BXV-ATPaseε) in non-stressed nematodes showed reduction in PWN oviposition, population size, feeding ability, and pathogenicity. The BXNDUFA2 gene interference had the highest inhibitory impact by decreasing the oviposition from 31.00 eggs to 6.75 eggs and PWN population size from 8.27 × 103 nematodes to 1.64 × 103 nematodes, respectively. Interestingly, RNA interference of these 6 key genes in calcium-stressed nematodes also led to increased mortality and decreased oviposition of PWN. In summary, calcium stress inhibited the reproductive capacity of PWN by down-regulating key genes BXNDUFA2, BXQCR8, BXV-ATPaseB, BXV-ATPaseE, BXV-ATPaseε, and BXCOX17, thereby reducing the pathogenicity. The current results enrich the RNAi targets in PWN and provide a scientific basis for developing novel nucleic nematicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijiao Yang
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Di Jiang
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zeguang Wang
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xuhuizi Xu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jinda Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Songqing Wu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Feiping Zhang
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xia Hu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Liu F, Su S, Chen J, Xu Q, Song G, Dong Y, Jiang X, Chen D, Fang Y, Li J, Lin C, Su J, Cai S. The nematicide emamectin benzoate increases ROS accumulation in Pinus massoniana and poison Monochamus alternatus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295945. [PMID: 38127873 PMCID: PMC10735008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and transmitted by a vector insect, the Monochamus alternatus. The PWN has caused much extensive damage to pine-dominated forest ecosystems. Trunk injection of emamectin benzoate (EB) has been found to be the most useful protective measure against the PWN, due to its low effective dose and long residence time in the field. However, the interactions between EB and the host or the environment remain largely unknown, which limits the efficacy and stability of EB in practical field settings. In this study, we investigated the impact on PWN from EB injection for both adult and young host plants (Pinus massoniana) by taking a multi-omics (phenomics, transcriptomics, microbiome, and metabolomics) approach. We found that EB injection can significantly reduce the amount of PWN in both living adult and young pine trees. Additionally, EB was able to activate the genetic response of P. massoniana against PWN, promotes P. massoniana growth and development and resistance to Pine wilt disease, which requires the presence of PWN. Further, the presence of EB greatly increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the host plant in a PWN-dependent manner, possibly by affecting ROS-related microbes and metabolites. Moreover, we uncovered the function of EB limiting the consumption of P. massoniana by the JPS. Based on biochemical and gut microbial data, we found that EB can significantly reduces cellulase activity in JPS, whose transcription factors, sugar metabolism, and the phosphotransferase system are also affected. These results document the impact of EB on the entire PWD transmission chain through multi-omics regarding the dominant pine (P. massoniana) in China and provide a novel perspective for controlling PWD outbreaks in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhu Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shunde Su
- Fujian Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Timber Forest Breeding and Cultivation for Mountainous Areas in Southern China, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Fujian Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Timber Forest Breeding and Cultivation for Mountainous Areas in Southern China, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Xu
- Syngenta (China) Investment Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Gaofei Song
- Syngenta (China) Investment Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yuguang Dong
- Syngenta (China) Investment Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | | | - Daoshun Chen
- Shaxian Guanzhuang State-Owned Forest Farm, Sanming, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Institute of Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Su
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shouping Cai
- Fujian Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Timber Forest Breeding and Cultivation for Mountainous Areas in Southern China, Fuzhou, China
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Jia J, Chen L, Yu W, Cai S, Su S, Xiao X, Tang X, Jiang X, Chen D, Fang Y, Wang J, Luo X, Li J, Huang Y, Su J. The novel nematicide chiricanine A suppresses Bursaphelenchus xylophilus pathogenicity in Pinus massoniana by inhibiting Aspergillus and its secondary metabolite, sterigmatocystin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1257744. [PMID: 38023855 PMCID: PMC10663349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1257744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Pine wilt disease (PWD) is responsible for extensive economic and ecological damage to Pinus spp. forests and plantations worldwide. PWD is caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and transmitted into pine trees by a vector insect, the Japanese pine sawyer (JPS, Monochamus alternatus). Host infection by PWN will attract JPS to spawn, which leads to the co-existence of PWN and JPS within the host tree, an essential precondition for PWD outbreaks. Through the action of their metabolites, microbes can manipulate the co-existence of PWN and JPS, but our understanding on how key microorganisms engage in this process remains limited, which severely hinders the exploration and utilization of promising microbial resources in the prevention and control of PWD. Methods In this study we investigated how the PWN-associated fungus Aspergillus promotes the co-existence of PWN and JPS in the host trees (Pinus massoniana) via its secondary metabolite, sterigmatocystin (ST), by taking a multi-omics approach (phenomics, transcriptomics, microbiome, and metabolomics). Results We found that Aspergillus was able to promote PWN invasion and pathogenicity by increasing ST biosynthesis in the host plant, mainly by suppressing the accumulation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in plant tissues that could counter PWN. Further, ST accumulation triggered the biosynthesis of VOC (volatile organic compounds) that attracts JPS and drives the coexistence of PWN and JPS in the host plant, thereby encouraging the local transmission of PWD. Meanwhile, we show that application of an Aspergillus inhibitor (chiricanine A treatment) results in the absence of Aspergillus and decreases the in vivo ST amount, thereby sharply restricting the PWN development in host. This further proved that Aspergillus is vital and sufficient for promoting PWD transmission. Discussion Altogether, these results document, for the first time, how the function of Aspergillus and its metabolite ST is involved in the entire PWD transmission chain, in addition to providing a novel and long-term effective nematicide for better PWD control in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Jia
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Long Chen
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shouping Cai
- Fujian Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Timber Forest Breeding and Cultivation for Mountainous Areas in Southern China, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shunde Su
- Fujian Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Timber Forest Breeding and Cultivation for Mountainous Areas in Southern China, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangxi Xiao
- Fujian Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Timber Forest Breeding and Cultivation for Mountainous Areas in Southern China, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinghao Tang
- Fujian Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Timber Forest Breeding and Cultivation for Mountainous Areas in Southern China, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangqing Jiang
- Silviculture Department, Shaxian Guanzhuang State-Owned Forest Farm, Sanming, China
| | - Daoshun Chen
- Silviculture Department, Shaxian Guanzhuang State-Owned Forest Farm, Sanming, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Institute of Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Luo
- Forest Fire Prevention Office, Forestry Bureau of Yuoxi County, Sanming, China
| | - Jian Li
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunpeng Huang
- Fujian Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Timber Forest Breeding and Cultivation for Mountainous Areas in Southern China, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Su
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Cao J, Hao X, Li Y, Tan R, Cui Z, Li L, Zhang Y, Cao J, Min M, Liang L, Xu Z, Ma W, Ma L. Exploring the role of detoxification genes in the resistance of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus to different exogenous nematicidal substances using transcriptomic analyses. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105527. [PMID: 37532336 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Pine wood nematode, PWN) has become a worldwide forest disease due to its rapid infection ability, high lethality and difficulty in control. The main means of countering B. xylophilus is currently chemical control, but nematicides can present problems such as environmental pollution and drug resistance. The development of novel environmentally-friendly nematicides has thus become a focus of recent research. In this study, BxUGT3 and BxUGT34, which might be related to detoxification, were investigated by comparing transcriptomic and WGCNA approaches. Three other genes with a similar expression pattern, BxUGT13, BxUGT14, and BxUGT16, were found by gene family analysis. Further bioassays and qPCR assays confirmed that these five genes showed significant changes in transcript levels upon exposure to α-pinene and carvone, demonstrating that they respond to exogenous nematicidal substances. Finally, RNAi and bioassays showed that B. xylophilus with silenced BxUGT16 had increased mortality in the face of α-pinene and carvone stress, suggesting that BxUGT16 plays an important role in detoxification. Taken together, this study used novel molecular research methods, explored the detoxification mechanism of B. xylophilus at a transcriptomic level, and revealed a molecular target for the development of novel biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Cao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 15004, China.
| | - Xin Hao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 15004, China.
| | - Yang Li
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 15004, China
| | - Ruina Tan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 15004, China
| | - Zhixin Cui
- Kuntouhe Forestry Field, Ningcheng County, Chifeng 024228, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lu Li
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 15004, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 15004, China
| | - Jingyu Cao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 15004, China
| | - Mengru Min
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 15004, China
| | - Liwei Liang
- Liaoning Institute of Poplar Research, Gaizhou 115213, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 15004, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Ling Ma
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 15004, China.
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Li Y, Wu B, Hao X, Diao J, Cao J, Tan R, Ma W, Ma L. Functional analysis of 3 genes in xenobiotic detoxification pathway of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus against matrine. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 190:105334. [PMID: 36740342 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causative agent of pine wilt disease. It has caused devastating damage to ecosystems worldwide, owing to the characteristic of being widely spread and uncontrollable. However, the current methods of control are mainly based on pesticides, which can cause irreversible damage to the ecosystem. Therefore, the search for new drug targets and the development of environmentally friendly nematicides is especially valuable. In this study, three key genes of the xenobiotic detoxification pathways were cloned from B. xylophilus, which were subsequently subjected to bioinformatic analysis. The bioassay experiment was carried out to determine the concentration of matrine required for further tests. Subsequently, enzyme activity detection and three gene expression pattern analysis were performed on matrine treated nematodes. Finally, RNA interference was conducted to verify the functions carried out by the three genes in combating matrine. The results indicated that cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase of B. xylophilus were activated by matrine, which induced high expression of BxCYP33C4, BxGST1, and BxGST3. After RNA interference of three genes of B. xylophilus, the sensitivity of B. xylophilus to matrine was increased and the survival rate of nematodes was reduced to various degrees in comparison to the control group. Overall, the results fully demonstrated that BxCYP33C4, BxGST1, and BxGST3 are valuable drug targets for B. xylophilus. Furthermore, the results suggested that matrine has value for development and exploitation in the prevention and treatment of B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Bi Wu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xin Hao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Jian Diao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Jingxin Cao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Ruina Tan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Ling Ma
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China.
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Ryss AY, Subbotin SA. New Records of Wood- and Bark-Inhabiting Nematodes from Woody Plants with a Description of Bursaphelenchus zvyagintsevi sp. n. (Aphelenchoididae: Parasitaphelenchinae) from Russia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:382. [PMID: 36679095 PMCID: PMC9860568 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wood- and bark-inhabiting parasitic nematodes are of great economic importance. Nematodes can cause wilt diseases in conifers and deciduous trees. In 2014-2022, during nematology surveys conducted in different regions of Russia and Belarus, adults and dauer juveniles of nematodes were collected from wood, bark and beetle vectors. Using traditional morphological taxonomic characters integrated with molecular criteria, we identified in the studied samples the following nematode species: Aphelenchoides heidelbergi, Bursaphelenchus eremus, B. fraudulentus, B. michalskii, B. mucronatus, B. willibaldi, Deladenus posteroporus, Diplogasteroides nix and Laimaphelenchus hyrcanus, several unidentified species: Aphelenchoides sp.1 and sp.2, Cryptaphelenchus sp.1, sp.2 and sp.3, Laimaphelenchus sp.1, Micoletzkya sp.1, Parasitaphelenchus sp.1, Parasitorhabditis sp.1, three unidentified tylenchid nematodes and a new species, Bursaphelenchus zvyagintsevi sp.n. Morphological descriptions and molecular characterization are provided for B. zvyagintsevi sp. n. belonging to the Abietinus group and B. michalskii belonging to the Eggersi group. Findings of Aphelenchoides heidelbergi, Bursaphelenchus eremus, B. michalskii, Deladenus posteroporus, Diplogasteroides nix and Laimaphelenchus hyrcanus are new records for Russia. Phylogenetic positions of studied species were reconstructed using D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The data obtained in this study may help to detect the refugia of opportunistic plant pests and find possible native biocontrol nematode agents of insect vectors causing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y. Ryss
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Emb. 1, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergei A. Subbotin
- Plant Pest Diagnostic Centre, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832, USA
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Hutchison Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Centre of Parasitology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prospect 33, 117071 Moscow, Russia
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Chen J, Hao X, Tan R, Li Y, Wang B, Pan J, Ma W, Ma L. Functional Study on Cytochrome P450 in Response to L(-)-Carvone Stress in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1956. [PMID: 36360193 PMCID: PMC9689654 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN) causes pine wilt disease (PWD), which is one of the most devastating pine diseases worldwide. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) catalyzes the biosynthetic metabolism of terpenoids and plays an important role in the modification of secondary metabolites in all living organisms. We investigated the molecular characteristics and biological functions of Bx-cyp29A3 in B. xylophilus. The bioinformatics analysis results indicated that Bx-cyp29A3 has a transmembrane domain and could dock with L(-)-carvone. The gene expression pattern indicated that Bx-cyp29A3 was expressed in 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/mL L(-)-carvone solutions. The Bx-cyp29A3 expression increased in a dose-dependent manner and peaked at 24 h of exposure when the L(-)-carvone solution concentration was 0.8 mg/mL. However, the gene expression peaked at 0.6 mg/mL after 36 h. Furthermore, RNA interference (RNAi) indicated that Bx-cyp29A3 played an essential role in the response to L(-)-carvone. The mortality rates of the Bx-cyp29A3 knockdown groups were higher than those of the control groups in the 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/mL carvone solutions after 24 h of exposure or 36 h of exposure. In summary, bioinformatics provided the structural characteristics and conserved sequence properties of Bx-cyp29A3 and its encoded protein, which provided a target gene for the study of the P450 family of B. xylophilus. Gene silencing experiments clarified the function of Bx-cyp29A3 in the immune defense of B. xylophilus. This study provides a basis for the screening of new molecular targets for the prevention and management of B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Plant Science, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Hao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruina Tan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bowen Wang
- School of Art and Archaeology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Jialiang Pan
- Center for Biological Disaster Prevention and Control, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ling Ma
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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8
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Faria JMS, Barbosa P, Vieira P, Vicente CSL, Figueiredo AC, Mota M. Phytochemicals as Biopesticides against the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: A Review on Essential Oils and Their Volatiles. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122614. [PMID: 34961085 PMCID: PMC8706428 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of a rapidly changing environment together with the growth in global trade activities has promoted new plant pest pandemic events in forest ecosystems. The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes strong worldwide economic and ecological impacts. Direct control is performed through trunk injection of powerful nematicides, however many of these (hemi)synthetic compounds have raised ecological and human health concerns for affecting non-target species and accumulating in food products. As sustainable alternatives, essential oils (EOs) have shown very promising results. In this work, available literature on the direct activity of EOs against PWN is reviewed, as a contribution to advance the search for safer and greener biopesticides to be used in sustainable PWD pest management strategies. For the first time, important parameters concerning the bioassays performed, the PWNs bioassayed, and the EOs used are summarized and comparatively analyzed. Ultimately, an overview of the chemical composition of the most active EOs allowed to uncover preliminary guidelines for anti-PWN EO efficiency. The analysis of important information on the volatile phytochemicals composing nematicidal EOs provides a solid basis to engineer sustainable biopesticides capable of controlling the PWN under an integrated pest management framework and contributes to improved forest health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. S. Faria
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Paulo Vieira
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Cristina Figueiredo
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, DBV, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
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