Functional differentiation of two general odorant-binding proteins to sex pheromones in Spodoptera frugiperda

Key amino acids in odorant-binding protein OBP7 enable Bradysia odoriphaga to recognize host plant volatiles

Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) is a devastating underground pest that can cause serious economic losses. Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are crucial components of the insect olfactory system, playing key roles in locating host plants, oviposition sites, and mates. Therefore, they are considered potential targets for pest control. Here, we obtained one OBP gene (BodoOBP7) from the antennal transcriptome of B. odoriphaga, and observed that the expression level of BodoOBP7 was primarily in the antennae of both sexes, with significantly higher expression level in females than in males. Fluorescence competitive binding assays indicated that BodoOBP7 exhibited strong binding affinities for the six host plant volatiles, including propyl disulfide, dipropyl trisulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, 2-tridecanone, 2-undecanone and alpha-ionone. Subsequently, homology modeling, molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that four key amino acid residues (Phe79, Phe99, Ile96, Leu100) participate in the binding of BodoOBP7 with six host plant volatiles. Our results demonstrate that BodoOBP7 is involved in olfactory recognition in B. odoriphaga. These findings may enhance our understanding of the interaction mechanisms between host plants and B. odoriphaga, potentially offering new perspectives for the development of effective green control strategies.

Functional Role of Odorant-Binding Proteins in Response to Sex Pheromone Component Z8-14:Ac in Grapholita molesta (Busck)

The plum fruit moth (PFM), Grapholita funebrana, and the oriental fruit moth (OFM), G. molesta, are closely related fruit moth species that severely damage fruit trees in Rosaceae. Both species share common primary sex pheromone components Z8-12:Ac and E8-12:Ac. The secondary sex pheromone components of PFMs consist of Z8-12:OH, Z8-14:Ac, and Z10-14:Ac, while those of OFMs include Z8-12:OH and 12:OH. Previous researchers have proved that the inclusion of Z8-14:Ac and Z10-14:Ac did not augment PFM catches but inhibited OFM catches in orchards in Europe, thereby maintaining the species-specificity of the PFM sex attractant. However, which of these components, Z8-14:Ac or Z10-14:Ac, plays the major role in inhibiting OFM attraction remains unclear. In the current study, electroantennogram (EAG) assays indicated that both OFM and PFM males exhibited a moderate EAG response to Z8-14:Ac and Z10-14:Ac. Rubber septa loaded with varying ratios of Z8-14:Ac (1% to 30%) or Z10-14:Ac (5% to 110%) combined with a constant dose of Z8-12:Ac and E8-12:Ac produced diverse trapping effects. Sex attractants containing Z8-14:Ac did not significantly affect the trapping of PFM males but drastically reduced the capture of OFM males, with the reduction reaching up to 96.54%. Attractants containing more than 10% of Z10-14:Ac simultaneously reduced the number of OFM and PFM males captured. Z8-14:Ac was indispensable for maintaining the specificity of sex pheromones. Fluorescence competitive binding assays of recombinant GmolPBP2 showed the lowest Ki value (0.66 ± 0.02 μM) among the PBPs/GOBPs from OFMs, suggesting that it is the most likely target for Z8-14:Ac. Molecular dynamic simulation and site-directed mutagenesis assays confirmed that the Phe12 residue, which forms a π-alkyl interaction with Z8-14:Ac, was crucial for GmolPBP2 binding to Z8-14:Ac. In conclusion, Z8-14:Ac is vital to the specificity of PFM sex pheromones inhibiting OFM attractants when added to Z8-12:Ac and E8-12:Ac. This could be potentially used to develop species-specific sex attractants for the PFM.

Molecular recognition between volatile molecules and odorant binding proteins 7 by homology modeling, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation

BACKGROUND

Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in insects are key to detection and recognition of external chemical signals associated with survival. OBP7 in Spodoptera frugiperda's larval stage (SfruOBP7) may search for host plants by sensing plant volatiles, which are important sources of pest attractants and repellents. However, the atomic-level basis of binding modes remains elusive.

RESULTS

SfruOBP7 structure was constructed through homology modeling, and complex models of six plant volatiles ((E)-2-hexenol, α-pinene, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, lauric acid, O-cymene and 1-octanol) and SfruOBP7 were obtained through molecular docking. To study the detailed interactions between the six plant volatile molecules and SfruOBP7, we conducted three 300 ns molecular dynamics simulations for each study object. The correlation coefficients between binding free energy obtained by molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area together with solvated interaction energy methods and experimental values are 0.90 and 0.88, respectively, showing a good correlation. By comparing binding free energy along with interaction patterns between SfruOBP7 and the six volatile molecules, hotspot residues of SfruOBP7 when binding with different volatile molecules were determined. Hydrophobic interactions stemming from van der Waals interactions play a significant role in SfruOBP7 and these plant volatile systems.

CONCLUSION

The optimized three-dimensional structure of SfruOBP7 and its binding modes with six plant volatiles revealed their interactions, thus providing a means for estimating the binding energies of other plant volatiles. Our study will help to guide the rational design of effective and selective insect attractants. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Different binding properties of odorant-binding protein 8 to insecticides in Orius sauteri

Chemical sensing systems are vital in the growth and development of insects. Orius sauteri (Poppius) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is an important natural enemy of many pests. The molecular mechanism of odorant binding proteins (OBPs) binding with common insecticides is still unknow in O. sauteri. In this study, we expressed in vitro OsauOBP8 and conducted fluorescence competition binding assay to investigate the function of OsauOBP8 to insecticides. The results showed that OsauOBP8 could bind with four common insecticides (phoxim, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin). Subsequently, we used molecular docking to predict and obtained candidate six amino acid residues (K4, K6, K13, R31, K49, K55) and then mutated. The result showed that three key residues (K4, K6, R31) play important role in OsauOBP8 bound to insecticides. Our study identified the key binding sites of OsauOBP8 to insecticides and help to better understand the molecular mechanism of OBPs to insecticides in O. sauteri.

Binding Properties of Odorant-Binding Protein 7 to Host Volatiles in Larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda

The chemosensory system is crucial during the growth and development of the moths. Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most destructive insect pests. However, there is little functional research on odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in the larval stage of S. frugiperda. Here, we obtained SfruOBP7 from transcriptomics and conducted the sequence analysis. We used quantitative real-time PCR to explore the expression profiles of SfruOBP7. The function identification showed that SfruOBP7 has a binding ability to 18 plant volatiles. Further molecular docking and site-directed mutant assay revealed that Lys45 and Phe110 were the key binding sites for SfruOBP7 interacting with linalool. In the behavior assays, linalool could attract the larvae, and dsOBP7-treated larvae lost their attraction to linalool. Our results help to reveal the essential molecular mechanism of the olfactory perception in the larvae and design an attractant based on the host volatiles.

The binding affinity of two general odorant binding proteins in Spodoptera frugiperda to general volatiles and insecticides

Spodoptera frugiperda is a kind of polyphagous pest, and can damage a large number different host plants around the worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of two general odorant binding proteins (GOBPs) binding with general volatiles and insecticides are still blank. In this study, we investigated the function of two GOBPs in S. frugiperda, by expressing two SfruGOBPs and tested the binding affinities by the fluorescence competition binding assays. The results exhibited that SfruGOBP1 has binding affinities to 4 of 38 general volatiles and 3 of 7 insecticides. In contrast, SfruGOBP2 showed a broader ligand-binding spectrum to 21 volatiles and 4 insecticides, suggesting SfruGOBP2 may plays a more important role in perceiving host volatiles than SfruGOBP1. Furthermore, we used molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis assay to explored the key amino acid residues of two SfruGOBP to insecticides ligand. This study provides some valuable information to exploring the olfactory mechanism of two GOBPs bound the host plant volatiles and insecticides in S. frugiperda.

Screening of behaviorally active compounds based on the interaction between two chemosensory proteins and mung bean volatiles in Callosobruchus chinensis

Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are involved in the earliest steps of the olfactory process by binding and transporting odorants and play a crucial role in the insect's search for food and egg-laying sites. In the present study, the tissue expression profiles showed that both CchiCSP3 and CchiCSP5 of Callosobruchus chinensis were highly expressed in the adult antennae. Subsequently, the recombinant CchiCSP3 and CchiCSP5 proteins were analysed using fluorescence competitive binding assays, and both showed binding affinities for the three mung bean volatiles. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis revealed four key amino acid residues in CchiCSP3 (L47, W80, Y81, and L84) and CchiCSP5 (Y28, K46, L49, and I72). Electroantennogram (EAG) and dual-choice biobehavioral assays showed that the antennae of adult C. chinensis were electrophysiologically active in response to stimulation with all three behaviorally active compounds and that octyl 4-methoxycinnamate and β-ionone had a significant luring effect on adult C. chinensis, whereas vanillin had a significant avoidance effect. Our study screened three effective behaviorally active compounds based on the involvement of two CchiCSPs in the recognition of mung bean volatiles, providing an opportunity to develop an alternative control strategy using behavioral disruptors to limit the impact of pests.