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El-Sayed H, Abdelsalam A, Morad MY, Sonbol H, Ibrahim AM, Tawfik E. Phyto-synthesized silver nanoparticles from Sargassum subrepandum: anticancer, antimicrobial, and molluscicidal activities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1403753. [PMID: 38779072 PMCID: PMC11110841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1403753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of nanotechnology, the use of algae to produce nanoparticles is an environmentally friendly, sustainable, and economically viable strategy. In the present study, the brown macroalgae Sargassum subrepandum was utilized to effectively produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Through various characterization techniques, the AgNPs' structural integrity was confirmed. AgNPs exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Fusarium equiseti. AgNPs showed cytotoxic effects on the MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cell line with an IC50 of 12.5 µg/ml. Treatment with AgNPs resulted in a marked reduction in cell viability, alongside evident apoptotic and necrotic morphological changes in the cancer cells. Through molecular docking studies, a deeper understanding of the interaction between AgNPs and crucial proteins related to cancer has been achieved, AgNPs showed a promising molluscicidal action on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, a Schistosoma mansoni intermediate host. The half-lethal dose (LC50) of AgNPs was determined to be 0.84 mg/L. The potential consequences of its administration include potential disruptions to the glycolysis profile, as well as potential impacts on the steroidal hormone's estrogen and testosterone and certain kidney function tests. This study highlights the diverse uses of algae-synthesized AgNPs, ranging from healthcare to environmental management, demonstrating their importance in advancing nano-biotechnological solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba El-Sayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Abdelsalam
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Y. Morad
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Hana Sonbol
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amina M. Ibrahim
- Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman Tawfik
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
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Hussein AAA, Abd El-Latif MB, Saad El-Din MI, El-Shenawy NS, Hammam O, Ibrahim AM. The Molluscicidal Activity of Green Synthesized Copper Oxide-Based Annona squamosa Seed Extract Nanoparticles on the Feeding Behavior, Biochemical, Molecular, and Immunohistochemical Alterations of Biomphalaria alexandrina Snails. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2327-2337. [PMID: 37648936 PMCID: PMC10954926 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Because of their low ecological impact, plant molluscicides have garnered much attention. The work aimed to find out if Annona squamosa (AS) seed extract has a molluscicidal impact on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and enhances this extract by adding CuO nanoparticles (NPs). Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and PANalytical X'Pert PRO X-ray diffractometer (XRD), the presence of the green A. squamosa-based CuO NPs (AS-CuO NPs) was confirmed. After 24 h of exposure, the half-lethal concentration (LC50) of AS-CuO NPs was more toxic to mature B. alexandrina than the aqueous extract of AS seeds (LC50: 119.25 mg/L vs. 169.03 mg/L). The results show that snails exposed to sublethal doses of AS-CuO NPs at LC10 or LC25 (95.4 or 106.7 mg/L, respectively) had much higher glucose levels and alkaline phosphatase activity than those not exposed. Nevertheless, there was no discernible change in the protein content in general or glycogen phosphorylase production. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis showed that snails exposed to A. squamosa-derived CuO NPs LC10 had shrinking digestive tubules and degeneration as well as vacuolation of many digestive, secretory, ova, and sperm cells, with PCNA expressing positively in the hermaphrodite gland and digestive tubule cells. The toxic profile of green CuO NPs produced by A. squamosa may damage the biological activity of B. alexandrina snails; thus, this compound could be used as a molluscicidal base. Furthermore, B. alexandrina proved to be a useful biomarker of nanomaterial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A A Hussein
- Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mona B Abd El-Latif
- Environmental Research Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa I Saad El-Din
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Nahla S El-Shenawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Olfat Hammam
- Pathology Department, Theodore Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amina M Ibrahim
- Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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Ibrahim AM, Youssef AA, Youssef ABA, Nasr SM. Biological, biochemical and genotoxicological alterations of Benzylamine on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and its Schistosoma mansoni larvicidal potential. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 201:105855. [PMID: 38685235 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Biomphalaria spp. snails are freshwater gastropods that responsible for Schistosoma mansoni transmission. Schistosomiasis is a chronic illness that occurred in underdeveloped regions with poor sanitation. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the molluscicidal activity of benzylamine against B. alexandrina snails and it larvicidal effects on the free larval stages of S. mansoni. Results showed that benzylamine has molluscicidal activity against adult B. alexandrina snails after 24 h of exposure with median lethal concentration (LC50) 85.7 mg/L. The present results indicated the exposure of B. alexandrina snails to LC10 or LC25 of benzylamine resulted in significant decreases in the survival, fecundity (eggs/snail/week) and reproductive rates, acetylcholinesterase, albumin, protein, uric acid and creatinine concentrations, levels of Testosterone (T) and 17β Estradiol (E), while alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly increased in comparison with control ones. The present results showed that the sub lethal concentration LC50 (85.7 mg/L) of benzylamine has miracidial and cercaricidal activities, where the Lethal Time (LT50) for miracidiae was 17.08 min while for cercariae was 30.6 min. Also, results showed that were decreased significantly after exposure to sub lethal concentrations compared with control. The present results showed that the expression level of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) genes and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) in B. alexandrina snails exposed to LC10 or LC25 concentrations benzylamine were significantly decreased compared to the control groups. Therefore, benzylamine could be used as effective molluscicide to control schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina M Ibrahim
- Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Alaa A Youssef
- Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abo Bakr A Youssef
- Agricultural Genetics Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sami M Nasr
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medicinal chemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt; School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
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Mohammed SE, Mossalem HS, Gad El-Karim RM, Morsy AT, Ammar AM. Activities of pumpkin seed oil against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and the infective stages of Schistosoma mansoni with special emphasis on genotoxic and histopathological alterations. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e25. [PMID: 38509855 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x24000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a serious health issue in tropical regions, and natural compounds have gained popularity in medical science. This study investigated the potential effects of pumpkin seed oil (PSO) on Biomphalaria [B.] alexandrina snails (Ehrenberg, 1831), Schistosoma [S.] mansoni (Sambon, 1907) miracidium, and cercariae. The chemical composition of PSO was determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A bioassay was performed to evaluate the effects of PSO on snails, miracidia, and cercariae. The results showed no significant mortality of B. alexandrina snails after exposure to PSO, but it caused morphological changes in their hemocytes at 1.0 mg/ml for 24 hours. PSO exhibited larvicidal activity against miracidia after 2 hours of exposure at a LC50 of 618.4 ppm. A significant increase in the mortality rate of miracidia was observed in a dose- and time-dependent manner, reaching a 100% death rate after 10 minutes at LC90 and 15 minutes at LC50 concentration. PSO also showed effective cercaricidal activity after 2 hours of exposure at a LC50 of 290.5 ppm. Histological examination revealed multiple pathological changes in the digestive and hermaphrodite glands. The PSO had genotoxic effects on snails, which exhibited a significant increase [p≤0.05] in comet parameters compared to the control. The findings suggest that PSO has potential as a molluscicide, miracidicide, and cercaricide, making it a possible alternative to traditional molluscicides in controlling schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Mohammed
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H S Mossalem
- Environmental Research and Medical Malacology Division, Theodore Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - R M Gad El-Karim
- Environmental Research and Medical Malacology Division, Theodore Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - A T Morsy
- Respiratory Care Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - A M Ammar
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Dokmak HAA, Hammam OA, Ibrahim AM. Impact of Schistosoma sp., Infection on Biological, Feeding, Physiological, Histological, and Genotoxicological Aspects of Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus Snails. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:648-663. [PMID: 38302641 PMCID: PMC11001737 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trematode infections of the genus Schistosoma can induce physiological and behavioral changes in intermediate snail hosts. This is because the parasite consumes essential resources necessary for the host's survival, prompting hosts to adapt their behavior to maintain some level of fitness before parasite-induced mortality occurs. METHODS In this study, the reproductive and biochemical parameters of Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus were examined during the cercareal shedding stage of infection with Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium, respectively, compared with controls. RESULTS The study revealed an infection rate of 34.7% for S. mansoni and 30.4% for S. haematobium. In B. alexandrina infected with S. mansoni, a survival rate of 65.2% was recorded, along with a mean prepatent period of 30.3 ± 1.41 days, a mean shedding duration of 14.2 ± 0.16 days, and a mean lifespan of 44.1 ± 0.24 days. Meanwhile, in B. truncatus infected with S. haematobium, a survival rate of 56.4% was observed, with a mean prepatent period of 44.3 ± 1.41 days, a mean shedding duration of 22.6 ± 2.7 days, and a mean lifespan of 66.9 ± 1.6 days. Feeding increased in both infected species of snails, while the net reproductive rate (Ro) of the infected snails decreased. Total antioxidant (TAO) and lipid peroxidation activity increased in the two infected snail species during shedding, while Glutathione-S-transferase levels decreased. Lipid peroxidase activity and nitrogen oxide levels significantly decreased in infected B. alexandrina and increased in infected Bulinus. Steroid hormone levels were elevated in infected Biomphalaria, whereas they were reduced in infected Bulinus. Comet assay parameters showed an increase in the two infected genera after infection compared to control snails, indicating genotoxic damage and histopathological damage was observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that infection with larva species diverse biochemical, hormonal, genotoxic, and histopathological changes in the tissues responsible for fecundity and reproduction in B. alexandrina and B. truncates comparing with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebat-Allah A Dokmak
- Medical Malacology Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Corniche El-Nile St., Imbaba, Giza, 12411, Egypt.
| | - Olfat A Hammam
- Pathology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Corniche El-Nile St., Imbaba, Giza, 12411, Egypt
| | - Amina M Ibrahim
- Medical Malacology Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Corniche El-Nile St., Imbaba, Giza, 12411, Egypt
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Elkady EF, Ayoub HA, Ibrahim AM. Molluscicidal activity of calcium borate nanoparticles with kodom ball-flower structure on hematological, histological and biochemical parameters of Eobania vermiculata snails. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105716. [PMID: 38225073 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Land snails are the most harmful pests in agricultural fields. Eobania vermiculata is a widespread snail species that causes massive damage to all agricultural crops. Thus, the molluscicidal activity of calcium borate nanoparticles (CB-NPs) against Eobania vermiculata was evaluated and compared with metaldehyde (Gastrotox® E 5% G). The amorphous phase of CB-NPs was obtained after thermal treatment at a low temperature (500 °C) which conformed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. CB-NPs are composed of aggregated nano-sheets with an average thickness of 54 nm which enhanced their molluscicidal activity. These nano-sheets displayed meso-porous network architecture with pore diameters of 13.65 nm, and a 9.46 m2/g specific surface area. CB-NPs and metaldehyde (Gastrotox® E 5% G) exhibited molluscicidal effects on Eobania vermiculata snails with median lethal concentrations LC50 of 175.3 and 60.5 mg/l, respectively, after 72 h of exposure. The results also showed significant reductions of Eobania vermiculata snails hemocytes' mean total number, the levels of Testosterone (T) and Estrogen (E), alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, albumin, and protein concentrations, succinate dehydrogenase, glucose, triglycerides and phospholipids levels, while significant increases in the phagocytic index and mortality index, both transaminases (ALT and AST) and glycogen phosphorylase concentration were observed after the exposure to LC50 of CB-NPs or metaldehyde (Gastrotox® E 5% G) compared to the control group. Therefore, CB-NPs could be used as an alternative molluscicide for controlling Eobania vermiculata, but further studies are needed to assess their effects on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haytham A Ayoub
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amina M Ibrahim
- Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
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Rocha DCP, Sisnande T, Gavino-Leopoldino D, Guimarães-Andrade IP, Cruz FF, Assunção-Miranda I, Mendonça SC, Leitão GG, Simas RC, Mohana-Borges R, Leitão SG, Allonso D. Antiviral, Cytoprotective, and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke Ethanolic Wood Extract on Chikungunya Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:2232. [PMID: 38005909 PMCID: PMC10674702 DOI: 10.3390/v15112232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya fever, a debilitating disease caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), is characterized by a high fever of sudden onset and an intense arthralgia that impairs individual regular activities. Although most symptoms are self-limited, long-term persistent arthralgia is observed in 30-40% of infected individuals. Currently, there is no vaccine or specific treatment against CHIKV infection, so there is an urgent need for the discovery of new therapeutic options for CHIKF chronic cases. This present study aims to test the antiviral, cytoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities of an ethanol extract (FF72) from Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke wood, chemically characterized using mass spectrometry, which indicated the major presence of dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins. The major saponin in the extract, with a deprotonated molecule ion m/z 897 [M-H]-, was tentatively assigned as a jujubogenin triglycoside, a dammarane-type triterpenoid saponin. Treatment with FF72 resulted in a significant reduction in both virus replication and the production of infective virions in BHK-21-infected cells. The viability of infected cells was assessed using an MTT, and the result indicated that FF72 treatment was able to revert the toxicity mediated by CHIKV infection. In addition, FF72 had a direct effect on CHIKV, since the infectivity was completely abolished in the presence of the extract. FF72 treatment also reduced the expression of the major pro-inflammatory mediators overexpressed during CHIKV infection, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1. Overall, the present study elucidates the potential of FF72 to become a promising candidate of herbal medicine for alphaviruses infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele C. P. Rocha
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (T.S.); (R.M.-B.)
| | - Tháyna Sisnande
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (T.S.); (R.M.-B.)
| | - Daniel Gavino-Leopoldino
- Laboratório de Resposta Celular à Infecções Virais, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (D.G.-L.); (I.P.G.-A.); (I.A.-M.)
| | - Iris Paula Guimarães-Andrade
- Laboratório de Resposta Celular à Infecções Virais, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (D.G.-L.); (I.P.G.-A.); (I.A.-M.)
| | - Fernanda F. Cruz
- Laboratório de Investigação Pulmonar, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Iranaia Assunção-Miranda
- Laboratório de Resposta Celular à Infecções Virais, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (D.G.-L.); (I.P.G.-A.); (I.A.-M.)
| | - Simony C. Mendonça
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (S.C.M.); (G.G.L.)
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Gilda Guimarães Leitão
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (S.C.M.); (G.G.L.)
| | - Rosineide Costa Simas
- Faculdade de Química, Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil;
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (T.S.); (R.M.-B.)
| | - Suzana Guimarães Leitão
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Diego Allonso
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
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Ibrahim AM, Hamed MT, EL-Khadragy MF, Morad MY. Molluscicidal activity of sodium hypochlorite against Biomphlaria alexandrina snails: Immunological and hepato-endocrine alterations with in silico docking study. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2023; 23:e00331. [PMID: 38148891 PMCID: PMC10750182 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2023.e00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease that widely neglected. Schistosoma mansoni reproduce asexually within the freshwater snail, Biomphlaria alexandrina. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a widely used disinfectant, so its effect against gainst B. alexandrina snails was evaluated. The present results showed that NaOCl has a molluscicidal activity against adult B. alexandrina snails at LC50 1.25 ppm. Hemocytes displayed varied morphological forms after being exposed to the LC10 and LC25 concentrations of NaOCl in B. alexandrina snails, and the phagocytic index of B. alexandrina snail's hemocytes significantly increased. The phagocytic potency of exposed hemocytes to charcoal showed ruptured plasma membrane, engulfed particles, vacuolation in the cytoplasm and degeneration of nuclei. When B. alexandrina snails were treated with sublethal concentrations of NaOCl, transaminases (AST & ALT), alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were significantly increased. In contrast, the total protein, albumin concentrations, Testosterone (T) and 17β Estradiol (E) showed a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) as compared to the control groups. The molecular docking interaction showed high efficiency for the ligand, NaOCl against the receptor binding sites of the acid phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, estrogen and testosterone. The present results showed that NaOCl could be used as an effective molluscicide against B. alexandrina snails but more attention should be paid to investigate the side effects on the non-target organisms living in the freshwater environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina M. Ibrahim
- Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T. Hamed
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt
| | - Manal F. EL-Khadragy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa Y. Morad
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt
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