Hydrolysable tannins, gallic acid, and ellagic acid in walnut reduced 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction in T-Cells cultured from the spleen of mice

A review on polyphenols and their potential application to reduce food allergenicity

This review summarized recent studies about the effects of polyphenols on the allergenicity of allergenic proteins, involving epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, proanthocyanidins, quercetin, ferulic acid and rosmarinic acid, etc. Besides, the mechanism of polyphenols for reducing allergenicity was discussed and concluded. It was found that polyphenols could noncovalently (mainly hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding) and covalently (mainly alkaline, free-radical grafting, and enzymatic method) react with allergens to induce the structural changes, resulting in the masking or/and destruction of epitopes and the reduction of allergenicity. Oral administration in murine models showed that the allergic reaction might be suppressed by regulating immune cell function, changing the levels of cytokines, suppressing of MAPK, NF-κb and allergens-presentation pathway and improving intestine function, etc. The outcome of reduced allergenicity and suppressed allergic reaction was affected by many factors such as polyphenol types, polyphenol concentration, allergen types, pH, oral timing and dosage. Moreover, the physicochemical and functional properties of allergenic proteins were improved after treatment with polyphenols. Therefore, polyphenols have the potential to produce hypoallergenic food. Further studies should focus on active concentrations and bioavailability of polyphenols, confirming optimal intake and hypoallergenic of polyphenols based on clinical trials.

Wood Waste from Fruit Trees: Biomolecules and Their Applications in Agri-Food Industry

In the European Union (EU), a total of 11,301,345 hectares are dedicated to the cultivation of fruit trees, mainly olive orchards, grapevines, nut trees (almond, walnut, chestnut, hazelnut, and pistachio), apple and pear trees, stone fruit trees (peach, nectarine, apricot, cherry, and plum), and citrus fruit trees (orange, clementine, satsuma, mandarin, lemon, grapefruit, and pomelo). Pruning these trees, together with plantation removal to a lesser extent, produces a huge amount of wood waste. A theoretical calculation of the wood waste in the European Union estimates approximately 2 and 25 million tons from wood plantation removal and pruning, respectively, per year. This wood waste is usually destroyed by in-field burning or crushing into the soil, which result in no direct economic benefits. However, wood from tree pruning, which is enriched in high added-value molecules, offers a wide spectrum of possibilities for its valorization. This review focuses on the contribution of wood waste to both sustainability and the circular economy, considering its use not only as biomass but also as a potential source of bioactive compounds. The main bioactive compounds found in wood are polyphenols, terpenes, polysaccharides, organic compounds, fatty acids, and alkaloids. Polyphenols are the most ubiquitous compounds in wood. Large amounts of hydroxytyrosol (up to 25 g/kg dw), resveratrol (up to 66 g/kg dw), protocatechuic acid (up to 16.4 g/kg), and proanthocyanins (8.5 g/kg dw) have been found in the wood from olive trees, grapevines, almond trees and plum trees, respectively. The bioactivity of these compounds has been demonstrated at lower concentrations, mainly in vitro studies. Bioactive compounds present antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, biostimulant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anticarcinogenic properties, among others. Therefore, wood extracts might have several applications in agriculture, medicine, and the food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetics industries. For example, olive tree wood extract reduced thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in vitro; grapevine tree wood extract acts a preservative in wine, replacing SO₂; chestnut tree wood extract has antifungal properties on postharvest pathogens in vitro; and stone tree wood extracts are used for aging both wines and brandies. Moreover, the use of wood waste contributes to the move towards both a more sustainable development and a circular economy.

The Potential of Walnut Seeds (Canarium indicum L.) in Repairing The Genotoxicity Effect of Mercury on Mice Erythrocytes

Hydrargyrum (familiar as mercury) is a persistent transition metal element. They are known as bio-accumulative properties that are dangerous to the environment and has serious damaging effects on biota, including genetic changes or mutagenesis. Moreover, it can accumulate indirectly in the human body due to the consumption of products that have contaminated. Whereas, ellagic acid has reported as one of 13 flavonoid compounds that have potential as an anti-mutagen and anti-cancer in the walnuts seeds. This study was aimed to ensure the potential extent of ellagic acid extracts in walnut seeds to reducing and repairing the genotoxicity effects of mercury. Therefore, using the experimental method, this study was divided into several test treatments. Two controls treatment as a comparison of the presence of micronucleus with group tests that given a 20 ppm mercury dosage. Then continued with the addition of walnut seed extract with various dosage (10, 15, and 20 ppm) by oral injection continuously for two weeks as a recovery process to reducing and repairing the genotoxicity effect of mercury. The significant results showed that there are differences between pre and post-treatment. It indicated that the extract has the potential for improving and reducing the genotoxicity effect of mercury. The data were evaluated and obtained the total micronucleus from the smear of peripheral blood of mice by comparing the total micronucleus before and after giving of walnut extract.