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Liang Z, Lou Y, Zheng Z, Guo Q, Liu S. Diet-derived circulating antioxidants and risk of epilepsy: A study combining metabolomics and mendelian randomization. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26813. [PMID: 38463786 PMCID: PMC10920176 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies offer inconclusive results on the association between diet-derived circulating antioxidants and epilepsy. Objective This study aims to assess oxidative stress presence in epilepsy patients' circulation and investigate the causal link between diet-derived circulating antioxidants and epilepsy. Methods Untargeted metabolomics analysis was conducted on plasma samples from 62 epileptic patients and 20 healthy individuals to evaluate oxidative stress based on metabolite alterations in epilepsy patients' circulation. Two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis examined the causation between diet-derived circulating antioxidants (measured by absolute levels and relative metabolite concentrations) and epilepsy, utilizing the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method as the primary outcome, with complementary MR analysis methods (MR Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and simple mode). Results Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed elevated circulating oxidizing metabolites (palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and myristic acid) and reduced reducing metabolites (glutamine) in epilepsy patients, providing robust evidence of oxidative stress. The IVW analysis indicated significantly reduced epilepsy risk (odds ratio: 0.552; 95% confidence interval: 0.335-0.905, P = 0.018) with genetically determined higher absolute circulating β-carotene. However, other diet-derived circulating antioxidants (lycopene, retinol, ascorbic acid, and selenium) and antioxidant metabolites (α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and retinol) did not significantly associate with epilepsy risk. Additional MR analysis methods and heterogeneity assessments confirmed the results' robustness. Conclusion This study provides compelling evidence of oxidative stress in epilepsy patients' circulation. However, the majority of diet-derived circulating antioxidants (lycopene, retinol, ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and selenium) are unlikely to causally associate with reduced epilepsy risk, except for β-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yingyue Lou
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhaoshi Zheng
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Songyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Yang MT, Chou IC, Wang HS. Role of vitamins in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 139:109062. [PMID: 36577336 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.109062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that presents as recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Pharmacotherapy is the main treatment for epilepsy, but at least 30% of patients with epilepsy have pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Therefore, non-pharmacological treatments are still required. In addition to electrophysiological aberrations contributing to epileptogenesis and pathophysiology in epilepsy, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic derangement have been investigated as drug targets in the treatment of epilepsy. Vitamins have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, which can be beneficial for the treatment of epilepsy. Herein, we comprehensively review the role of vitamins in epilepsy. Certain epilepsies are vitamin-dependent or vitamin-responsive. Most studies on vitamins in epilepsy are of low evidence level or limited to animal studies. Nevertheless, vitamin supplementation should be considered in epilepsy therapy. Additionally, certain anti-seizure medications may alter the serum levels of certain vitamins. Monitoring the serum levels of vitamins and supplementing vitamins when needed are suggested during the follow-up of patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tao Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - I-Ching Chou
- Division of Pediatrics Neurology, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Shyong Wang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Wieser M, Beckmann KM, Kutter APN, Mauri N, Richter H, Zölch N, Bektas RN. Ketamine administration in idiopathic epileptic and healthy control dogs: Can we detect differences in brain metabolite response with spectroscopy? Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1093267. [PMID: 36686158 PMCID: PMC9853535 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1093267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In recent years ketamine has increasingly become the focus of multimodal emergency management for epileptic seizures. However, little is known about the effect of ketamine on brain metabolites in epileptic patients. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive technique to estimate brain metabolites in vivo. Our aim was to measure the effect of ketamine on thalamic metabolites in idiopathic epileptic (IE) dogs using 3 Tesla MRS. We hypothesized that ketamine would increase the glutamine-glutamate (GLX)/creatine ratio in epileptic dogs with and without antiseizure drug treatment, but not in control dogs. Furthermore, we hypothesized that no different responses after ketamine administration in other measured brain metabolite ratios between the different groups would be detected. Methods In this controlled prospective experimental trial IE dogs with or without antiseizure drug treatment and healthy client-owned relatives of the breeds Border Collie and Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, were included. After sedation with butorphanol, induction with propofol and maintenance with sevoflurane in oxygen and air, a single voxel MRS at the level of the thalamus was performed before and 2 min after intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg ketamine. An automated data processing spectral fitting linear combination model algorithm was used to estimate all commonly measured metabolite ratios. A mixed ANOVA with the independent variables ketamine administration and group allocation was performed for all measured metabolites. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Twelve healthy control dogs, 10 untreated IE and 12 treated IE dogs were included. No significant effects for GLX/creatine were found. However, increased glucose/creatine ratios were found (p < 0.001) with no effect of group allocation. Furthermore, increases in the GABA/creatine ratio were found in IEU dogs. Discussion MRS was able to detect changes in metabolite/creatine ratios after intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg ketamine in dogs and no evidence was found that excitatory effects are induced in the thalamus. Although it is beyond the scope of this study to investigate the antiseizure potential of ketamine in dogs, results of this research suggest that the effect of ketamine on the brain metabolites could be dependent on the concentrations of brain metabolites before administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Wieser
- Section of Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Manuela Wieser ✉
| | | | - Annette P. N. Kutter
- Section of Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nico Mauri
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Vetimage Diagnostik AG, Oberentfelden, Switzerland
| | - Henning Richter
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Zölch
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rima Nadine Bektas
- Section of Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Teafatiller T, Subramanian S, Marquez FE, Kitazawa M, Subramanian VS. Valproic acid upregulates sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 functional expression in neuronal cells. Life Sci 2022; 308:120944. [PMID: 36096242 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal uptake of ascorbic acid (AA) in humans occurs via the human sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 (hSVCT2). Recent studies show that a significantly lower level of vitamin C is present in the blood of epileptic patients. Consequently, focused studies investigating the involved molecular mechanisms for hSVCT2 regulation are vital to enhance vitamin C body homeostasis. Currently, little is known about the role of valproic acid (VPA), a drug utilized to treat epilepsy and a class I histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), on AA uptake in neuronal systems. Thus, this study aims to examine the effect of VPA on hSVCT2 functional expression in neuronal cells. VPA treatment upregulated the AA uptake and this increased AA uptake was associated with a significant increase in hSVCT2 expression and SLC23A2 promoter activity in SH-SY5Y cells. Knockdown of HDAC2, a predominant isoform in neuronal systems, significantly increased hSVCT2 functional expression. VPA treatment in mice displayed increased mouse (m)SVCT2 protein, mRNA and heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) expression in the brain. In addition, Yin Yang-1 (YY1), a transcription factor that drives the SLC23A2 promoter activity, protein and mRNA expression levels were markedly upregulated in VPA-treated SH-SY5Y cells and mice brain. Together, our findings suggest that VPA upregulates the functional expression of SVCT2 via HDAC2 and transcriptional mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Teafatiller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Sreya Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Felerico E Marquez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Veedamali S Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America.
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Perspectives on the Molecular Mediators of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Strategies in the Context of Neuroprotection and Neurolongevity: An Extensive Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7743705. [PMID: 36062188 PMCID: PMC9439934 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7743705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecules with at least one unpaired electron in their outermost shell are known as free radicals. Free radical molecules are produced either within our bodies or by external sources such as ozone, cigarette smoking, X-rays, industrial chemicals, and air pollution. Disruption of normal cellular homeostasis by redox signaling may result in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Although ROS (reactive oxygen species) are formed in the GI tract, little is known about how they contribute to pathophysiology and disease etiology. When reactive oxygen species and antioxidants are in imbalance in our bodies, they can cause cell structure damage, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and other obesity-related disorders, as well as protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, glial cell activation, and subsequent cellular apoptosis. Neuron cells are gradually destroyed in neurodegenerative diseases. The production of inappropriately aggregated proteins is strongly linked to oxidative stress. This review's goal is to provide as much information as possible about the numerous neurodegenerative illnesses linked to oxidative stress. The possibilities of multimodal and neuroprotective therapy in human illness, using already accessible medications and demonstrating neuroprotective promise in animal models, are highlighted. Neuroprotection and neurolongevity may improve from the use of bioactive substances from medicinal herbs like Allium stadium, Celastrus paniculatus, and Centella asiatica. Many neuroprotective drugs' possible role has been addressed. Preventing neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in several animal models.
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Bonnet U. The sour side of vitamin C might mediate neuroprotective, anticonvulsive and antidepressant-like effects. Med Hypotheses 2019; 131:109320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Choudhary N, Singh V. Insights about multi-targeting and synergistic neuromodulators in Ayurvedic herbs against epilepsy: integrated computational studies on drug-target and protein-protein interaction networks. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10565. [PMID: 31332210 PMCID: PMC6646331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, that comprises a wide spectrum of neuronal disorders and accounts for about one percent of global disease burden affecting people of all age groups, is recognised as apasmara in the traditional medicinal system of Indian antiquity commonly known as Ayurveda. Towards exploring the molecular level complex regulatory mechanisms of 63 anti-epileptic Ayurvedic herbs and thoroughly examining the multi-targeting and synergistic potential of 349 drug-like phytochemicals (DPCs) found therein, in this study, we develop an integrated computational framework comprising of network pharmacology and molecular docking studies. Neuromodulatory prospects of anti-epileptic herbs are probed and, as a special case study, DPCs that can regulate metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are inspected. A novel methodology to screen and systematically analyse the DPCs having similar neuromodulatory potential vis-à-vis DrugBank compounds (NeuMoDs) is developed and 11 NeuMoDs are reported. A repertoire of 74 DPCs having poly-pharmacological similarity with anti-epileptic DrugBank compounds and those under clinical trials is also reported. Further, high-confidence PPI-network specific to epileptic protein-targets is developed and the potential of DPCs to regulate its functional modules is investigated. We believe that the presented schema can open-up exhaustive explorations of indigenous herbs towards meticulous identification of clinically relevant DPCs against various diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Choudhary
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, 176206, India
| | - Vikram Singh
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, 176206, India.
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8
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Ballaz SJ, Rebec GV. Neurobiology of vitamin C: Expanding the focus from antioxidant to endogenous neuromodulator. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104321. [PMID: 31229562 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) is a water-soluble vitamin (C) found in all bodily organs. Most mammals synthesize it, humans are required to eat it, but all mammals need it for healthy functioning. AA reaches its highest concentration in the brain where both neurons and glia rely on tightly regulated uptake from blood via the glucose transport system and sodium-coupled active transport to accumulate and maintain AA at millimolar levels. As a prototype antioxidant, AA is not only neuroprotective, but also functions as a cofactor in redox-coupled reactions essential for the synthesis of neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine and norepinephrine) and paracrine lipid mediators (e.g., epoxiecoisatrienoic acids) as well as the epigenetic regulation of DNA. Although redox capacity led to the promotion of AA in high doses as potential treatment for various neuropathological and psychiatric conditions, ample evidence has not supported this therapeutic strategy. Here, we focus on some long-neglected aspects of AA neurobiology, including its modulatory role in synaptic transmission as demonstrated by the long-established link between release of endogenous AA in brain extracellular fluid and the clearance of glutamate, an excitatory amino acid. Evidence that this link can be disrupted in animal models of Huntington´s disease is revealing opportunities for new research pathways and therapeutic applications (e.g., epilepsy and pain management). In fact, we suggest that improved understanding of the regulation of endogenous AA and its interaction with key brain neurotransmitter systems, rather than administration of AA in excess, should be the target of future brain-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago J Ballaz
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuqui, Ecuador.
| | - George V Rebec
- Program in Neuroscience, Department Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA.
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9
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Rachitha P, Krupashree K, Jayashree G, Kandikattu HK, Amruta N, Gopalan N, Rao M, Khanum F. Chemical composition, antioxidant potential, macromolecule damage and neuroprotective activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis. J Tradit Complement Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.11.002 pmid: 30302329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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10
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Mendes-da-Silva RF, Francisco EDS, Araújo Guedes RC. Pilocarpine/ascorbic acid interaction in the immature brain: Electrophysiological and oxidative effects in well-nourished and malnourished rats. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:414-421. [PMID: 30232044 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) administration has been associated with neuroprotection against oxidative stress, although at high doses it can facilitate oxidation and acts like a proconvulsing drug. The pilocarpine-induced epilepsy model has been widely studied. However, less is known about the effects of sub-convulsive doses of pilocarpine on brain activity in immature animals under normal or deficient nutritional conditions. Herein, we investigated the effects of chronic pilocarpine administration in a sub-convulsive dose, with or without AA, on the excitability-related phenomenon denominated as cortical spreading depression (CSD) and levels of lipid peroxidation-induced malondialdehyde in well-nourished and malnourished rats. At postnatal days 7-28, rats received no gavage treatment (naïve group), saline (vehicle group), 45 mg/kg/d of pilocarpine and/or 120 mg/kg/d of AA. CSD propagation and malondialdehyde levels were analyzed at 34-40 days. The pilocarpine group presented with lower CSD velocities, while AA groups exhibited higher CSD velocities and augmented malondialdehyde levels compared with controls. The co-administration of AA partially antagonized the pilocarpine CSD effects, but did not revert it to control levels. Malnutrition increased CSD amplitude and velocity in comparison to the well-nourished condition. The electrocorticogram (ECoG) amplitude increased after CSD (ECoG potentiation) when compared with the baseline amplitude before CSD. However, no intergroup difference was observed in this CSD-related ECoG potentiation. The results support the hypothesis of a pilocarpine/ascorbic acid interaction in the immature rat brain and might help further the understanding of this interaction on neuronal electrical activity and oxidative stress.
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Jaswal V, Palanivelu J, C R. Effects of the Gut microbiota on Amygdalin and its use as an anti-cancer therapy: Substantial review on the key components involved in altering dose efficacy and toxicity. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 14:125-132. [PMID: 29872744 PMCID: PMC5986699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is popularly used due to side-effects and failure of approved methods, for diseases like Epilepsy and Cancer. Amygdalin, a cyanogenic diglycoside is commonly administered for cancer with other CAM therapies like vitamins and seeds of fruits like apricots and bitter almonds, due to its ability to hydrolyse to hydrogen cyanide (HCN), benzaldehyde and glucose. Over the years, several cases of cyanide toxicity on ingestion have been documented. In-vitro and in-vivo studies using various doses and modes of administration, like IV administration studies that showed no HCN formation, point to the role played by the gut microbiota for the commonly seen poisoning on consumption. The anaerobic Bacteriodetes phylum found in the gut has a high β-glucosidase activity needed for amygdalin hydrolysis to HCN. However, there are certain conditions under which these HCN levels rise to cause toxicity. Case studies have shown toxicity on ingestion of variable doses of amygdalin and no HCN side-effects on consumption of high doses. This review shows how factors like probiotic and prebiotic consumption, other CAM therapies, obesity, diet, age and the like, that alter gut consortium, are responsible for the varying conditions under which toxicity occurs and can be further studied to set-up conditions for safe oral doses. It also indicates ways to delay or quickly treat cyanide toxicity due to oral administration and, reviews conflicts on amygdalin's anti-cancer abilities, dose levels, mode of administration and pharmacokinetics that have hindered its official acceptance at a therapeutic level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramalingam C
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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12
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Chemical composition, antioxidant potential, macromolecule damage and neuroprotective activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis. J Tradit Complement Med 2018; 8:483-496. [PMID: 30302329 PMCID: PMC6174265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal medicines are known to mitigate radical induced cell damage. Hence identification and scientific validation of herbal medicines contribute to better use in Ayurvedic/Unani research. In the present study, we investigated antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties of Convolvulus pluricaulis (C. pluricaulis). C. pluricaulis exhibited antioxidant potential evident by free radical scavenging activities. C. pluricaulis pretreatment inhibited H2O2 induced macromolecule damage such as plasmid DNA damage and AAPH induced oxidation of bovine serum albumin and lipid peroxidation of rat hepatic tissues. Further to identify the neuroprotective properties of C. pluricaulis, SHSY5Y cells were treated with H2O2 with or without pretreatment of C. pluricaulis. The C. pluricaulis pretreatment at 50 μg/ml dose exhibited 50% cell survival against 100 μM H2O2 challenge for 24 h and it also decreased the lactate dehydrogenase leakage. Further C. pluricaulis pretreatment restored and regulated the antioxidant and apoptosis markers such as SOD, CAT, p53, and caspase-3 and inhibited, reactive oxygen species generation and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. C. pluricaulis possess a high content of flavonoids and polyphenols and GC-MS and FTIR analysis showed a wide variety of compounds which may contribute to the observed effects.
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Kocot J, Luchowska-Kocot D, Kiełczykowska M, Musik I, Kurzepa J. Does Vitamin C Influence Neurodegenerative Diseases and Psychiatric Disorders? Nutrients 2017; 9:E659. [PMID: 28654017 PMCID: PMC5537779 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (Vit C) is considered to be a vital antioxidant molecule in the brain. Intracellular Vit C helps maintain integrity and function of several processes in the central nervous system (CNS), including neuronal maturation and differentiation, myelin formation, synthesis of catecholamine, modulation of neurotransmission and antioxidant protection. The importance of Vit C for CNS function has been proven by the fact that targeted deletion of the sodium-vitamin C co-transporter in mice results in widespread cerebral hemorrhage and death on post-natal day one. Since neurological diseases are characterized by increased free radical generation and the highest concentrations of Vit C in the body are found in the brain and neuroendocrine tissues, it is suggested that Vit C may change the course of neurological diseases and display potential therapeutic roles. The aim of this review is to update the current state of knowledge of the role of vitamin C on neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic sclerosis, as well as psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety and schizophrenia. The particular attention is attributed to understanding of the mechanisms underlying possible therapeutic properties of ascorbic acid in the presented disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kocot
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dorota Luchowska-Kocot
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Kiełczykowska
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Irena Musik
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jacek Kurzepa
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
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Vitamin C in Stem Cell Biology: Impact on Extracellular Matrix Homeostasis and Epigenetics. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:8936156. [PMID: 28512473 PMCID: PMC5415867 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8936156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors and signaling molecules are well-known regulators of stem cell identity and behavior; however, increasing evidence indicates that environmental cues contribute to this complex network of stimuli, acting as crucial determinants of stem cell fate. l-Ascorbic acid (vitamin C (VitC)) has gained growing interest for its multiple functions and mechanisms of action, contributing to the homeostasis of normal tissues and organs as well as to tissue regeneration. Here, we review the main functions of VitC and its effects on stem cells, focusing on its activity as cofactor of Fe+2/αKG dioxygenases, which regulate the epigenetic signatures, the redox status, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, depending on the enzymes' subcellular localization. Acting as cofactor of collagen prolyl hydroxylases in the endoplasmic reticulum, VitC regulates ECM/collagen homeostasis and plays a key role in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells towards osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and tendons. In the nucleus, VitC enhances the activity of DNA and histone demethylases, improving somatic cell reprogramming and pushing embryonic stem cell towards the naive pluripotent state. The broad spectrum of actions of VitC highlights its relevance for stem cell biology in both physiology and disease.
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Koyuncuoğlu T, Vızdıklar C, Üren D, Yılmaz H, Yıldırım Ç, Atal SS, Akakın D, Kervancıoğlu Demirci E, Yüksel M, Yeğen BÇ. Obestatin improves oxidative brain damage and memory dysfunction in rats induced with an epileptic seizure. Peptides 2017; 90:37-47. [PMID: 28223092 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin was shown to alleviate renal, gastrointestinal and haemorrhage-induced brain injury in rats. In order to investigate the neuroprotective effects of obestatin on seizure-induced oxidative brain injury, an epileptic seizure was induced with a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 45mg/kg) in male Wistar rats. Thirty minutes before the PTZ injection, rats were treated with either saline or obestatin (1μg/kg, i.p.). Seizure was video-taped and then evaluated by using Racine's scoring (0-5). For the assessment of memory function, passive-avoidance test was performed before seizure induction, which was repeated on the 3rd day of seizure. The rats were decapitated at the 24th or 72nd hour of seizures and brain tissues were obtained for histopathological examination and for measuring levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen radicals and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Obestatin treatment reduced the average seizure score, decreased the occurrence and duration of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, presenting with a shorter latency to their onset. Increased lipid peroxidation and enhanced generation of oxygen-derived radicals detected at the post-seizure 72nd h were suppressed by the consecutive treatments of obestatin, but no changes were observed by the single obestatin treatment in the 24-h seizure group. Neuronal damage and increased GFAP immunoreactivity, observed in the hippocampal areas and cortex of PTZ-induced rats were alleviated in 3-day obestatin-treated PTZ group. PTZ-induced memory dysfunction was significantly improved in obestatin-treated PTZ group as compared to saline-treated rats. The present data indicate that obestatin ameliorated the severity of PTZ-induced seizures, improved memory dysfunction and reduced neuronal damage by limiting oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caner Vızdıklar
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Turkey
| | - Doğan Üren
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Turkey
| | - Hakan Yılmaz
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Turkey
| | - Çağan Yıldırım
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Turkey
| | - Sefa Semih Atal
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Turkey
| | - Dilek Akakın
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Turkey
| | | | - Meral Yüksel
- Marmara University Vocational School of Health Related Professions, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrak Ç Yeğen
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Turkey.
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16
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Forte N, Medrihan L, Cappetti B, Baldelli P, Benfenati F. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose enhances tonic inhibition through the neurosteroid-mediated activation of extrasynaptic GABA A receptors. Epilepsia 2016; 57:1987-2000. [PMID: 27735054 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The inhibition of glycolysis exerts potent antiseizure effects, as demonstrated by the efficacy of ketogenic and low-glucose/nonketogenic diets in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP ) channels have been initially identified as the main determinant of the reduction of neuronal hyperexcitability. However, a plethora of other mechanisms have been proposed. Herein, we report the ability of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), a glucose analog that inhibits glycolytic enzymes, of potentiating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic tonic inhibition via neurosteroid-mediated activation of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. METHODS Acute effects of 2-DG on the ATP-sensitive potassium currents, GABAergic tonic inhibition, firing activity, and interictal events were assessed in hippocampal slices by whole-cell patch-clamp and local field potential recordings of dentate gyrus granule cells. RESULTS Acute application of 2-DG activates two distinct outward conductances: a KATP channel-mediated current and a bicuculline-sensitive tonic current. The effect of 2-DG on such GABAergic tonic currents was fully prevented by either finasteride or PK11195, which are specific inhibitors of the neurosteroidogenesis pathway acting via different mechanisms. Moreover, the oxidized form of vitamin C, dehydroascorbic acid, known for its ability to induce neurosteroidogenesis, also activated a bicuculline-sensitive tonic current in a manner indistinguishable from that of 2-DG. Finally, we found that the enhancement of KATP current by 2-DG primarily regulates intrinsic firing rate of granule cells, whereas the increase of the GABAergic tonic current plays a key role in reducing the frequency of interictal events evoked by treatment of hippocampal slices with the convulsive agent 4-aminopyridine. SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrated, for the first time, that 2-DG potentiates the extrasynaptic tonic GABAergic current through activation of neurosteroidogenesis. Such tonic inhibition represents the main conductance responsible for the antiseizure action of this glycolytic inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Forte
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Lucian Medrihan
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cappetti
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Pietro Baldelli
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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17
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Sifi N, Martin-Eauclaire MF, Laraba-Djebari F. K(+) channel blocker-induced neuroinflammatory response and neurological disorders: immunomodulatory effects of astaxanthin. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:623-34. [PMID: 27052008 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Channelopathies due to the brain ion channel dysfunction is considered to be an important mechanism involved in various neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we evaluated the ability of kaliotoxin (KTX) as K(+) channel blocker to induce neuro-inflammatory response and neurodegenerative alteration. We also investigate the effects of astaxanthin (ATX) against KTX disorders. MATERIAL AND TREATMENT NMRI mice were injected with KTX (1 pg/kg, by i.c.v route) with or without pretreatment using ATX (80 mg/kg, o.p route). RESULTS Results showed that KTX was detected in cerebral cortex area due to its binding to the specific receptors (immunofluorescence analysis). It induced an activation of inflammatory cascade characterized by an increase of IL-6, TNFα, NO, MDA levels and NF-κB expression associated to a decrease of GSH level. The neuroinflammatory response is accompanied with cerebral alterations and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. The use of ATX prior to the KTX exerts a preventive effect not only on the neuroinflammation but also on altered tissues and the BBB disruption. CONCLUSIONS Kaliotoxin is able to induce neurological disorders by blocking the K(+) ion channel, and ATX suppresses this alterations with down regulation of IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB expression in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Sifi
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, BP32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria.
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18
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García-Flores LA, Medina S, Oger C, Galano JM, Durand T, Cejuela R, Martínez-Sanz JM, Ferreres F, Gil-Izquierdo Á. Lipidomic approach in young adult triathletes: effect of supplementation with a polyphenols-rich juice on neuroprostane and F2-dihomo-isoprostane markers. Food Funct 2016; 7:4343-4355. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01000h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With adequate training, our juice rich in polyphenolic compounds has been able to influence the excretion values of oxidative stress biomarkers associated with the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Medina
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology. CEBAS-CSIC. Campus de Espinardo 25
- 30100 Espinardo
- Spain
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron
- UMR 5247 CNRS-University of Montpellier – ENSCM
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron
- UMR 5247 CNRS-University of Montpellier – ENSCM
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron
- UMR 5247 CNRS-University of Montpellier – ENSCM
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Roberto Cejuela
- Faculty of Education
- University of Alicante
- Campus de San Vicent del Raspeig
- Alicante
- Spain
| | | | - Federico Ferreres
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology. CEBAS-CSIC. Campus de Espinardo 25
- 30100 Espinardo
- Spain
| | - Ángel Gil-Izquierdo
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology. CEBAS-CSIC. Campus de Espinardo 25
- 30100 Espinardo
- Spain
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19
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1 H NMR metabolomics to study the effects of diazepam on anisatin induced convulsive seizures. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 117:184-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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