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Zmudzka M, Zoladz JA, Majerczak J. The impact of aging and physical training on angiogenesis in the musculoskeletal system. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14228. [PMID: 36348663 PMCID: PMC9637352 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the physiological process of capillary growth. It is strictly regulated by the balanced activity of agents that promote the formation of capillaries (pro-angiogenic factors) on the one hand and inhibit their growth on the other hand (anti-angiogenic factors). Capillary rarefaction and insufficient angiogenesis are some of the main causes that limit blood flow during aging, whereas physical training is a potent non-pharmacological method to intensify capillary growth in the musculoskeletal system. The main purpose of this study is to present the current state of knowledge concerning the key signalling molecules implicated in the regulation of skeletal muscle and bone angiogenesis during aging and physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zmudzka
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Majerczak
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Gawedzka A, Grandys M, Duda K, Zapart-Bukowska J, Zoladz JA, Majerczak J. Plasma BCAA concentrations during exercise of varied intensities in young healthy men-the impact of endurance training. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10491. [PMID: 33391874 PMCID: PMC7759138 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) i.e., leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val) are important amino acids, which metabolism play a role in maintaining system energy homeostasis at rest and during exercise. As recently shown lowering of circulating BCAA level improves insulin sensitivity and cardiac metabolic health. However, little is known concerning the impact of a single bout of incremental exercise and physical training on the changes in blood BCAA. The present study aimed to determine the impact of a gradually increasing exercise intensity—up to maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) on the changes of the plasma BCAA [∑BCAA]pl, before and after 5-weeks of moderate-intensity endurance training (ET). Methods Ten healthy young, untrained men performed an incremental cycling exercise test up to exhaustion to reach VO2max, before and after ET. Results We have found that exercise of low-to-moderate intensity (up to ∼50% of VO2max lasting about 12 min) had no significant effect on the [∑BCAA]pl, however the exercise of higher intensity (above 70% of VO2max lasting about 10 min) resulted in a pronounced decrease (p < 0.05) in [∑BCAA]pl. The lowering of plasma BCAA when performing exercise of higher intensity was preceded by a significant increase in plasma lactate concentration, showing that a significant attenuation of BCAA during incremental exercise coincides with exercise-induced acceleration of glycogen utilization. In addition, endurance training, which significantly increased power generating capabilities at VO2max (p = 0.004) had no significant impact on the changes of [∑BCAA]pl during this incremental exercise. Conclusion We have concluded that an exercise of moderate intensity of relatively short duration generally has no effect on the [∑BCAA]pl in young, healthy men, whereas significant decrease in [∑BCAA]pl occurs when performing exercise in heavy-intensity domain. The impact of exercise intensity on the plasma BCAA concentration seems to be especially important for patients with cardiometabolic risk undertaken cardiac rehabilitation or recreational activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gawedzka
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Institute of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Biochemical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Grandys
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Institute of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Duda
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Institute of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Health Care, State Higher Vocational School in Tarnow, Tarnow, Poland
| | - Justyna Zapart-Bukowska
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Institute of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy A Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Institute of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Majerczak
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University School of Physical Education in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
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Majerczak J, Grandys M, Frołow M, Szkutnik Z, Zakrzewska A, Niżankowski R, Duda K, Chlopicki S, Zoladz JA. Age-Dependent Impairment in Endothelial Function and Arterial Stiffness in Former High Class Male Athletes Is No Different to That in Men With No History of Physical Training. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012670. [PMID: 31512551 PMCID: PMC6817998 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Physical activity is generally considered to exert positive effects on the cardiovascular system in humans. However, surprisingly little is known about the delayed effect of professional physical training performed at a young age on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in aging athletes. The present study aimed to assess the impact of long‐lasting professional physical training (endurance and sprint) performed at a young age on the endothelial function and arterial stiffness reported in older age in relation to glycocalyx injury, prostacyclin and nitric oxide production, inflammation, basal blood lipid profile, and glucose homeostasis. Methods and Results This study involved 94 male subjects with varied training backgrounds, including young athletes (mean age ∼25 years), older former high class athletes (mean age ∼60 years), and aged‐matched untrained control groups. Aging increased arterial stiffness, as reflected by an enhancement in pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and stiffness index (P<10−4), as well as decreased endothelial function, as judged by the attenuation of flow‐mediated vasodilation (FMD) in the brachial artery (P=0.03). Surprisingly, no effect of the training performed at a young age on endothelial function and arterial stiffness was observed in the former athletes. Moreover, no effect of training performed at a young age (P>0.05) on blood lipid profile, markers of inflammation, and glycocalyx shedding were observed in the former athletes. Conclusions Our study clearly shows that aging, but not physical training history, represents the main contributing factor responsible for decline in endothelial function and increase in arterial stiffness in former athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Majerczak
- Department of Neurobiology Poznan University of Physical Education Poznan Poland.,Department of Muscle Physiology Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry Faculty of Rehabilitation University School of Physical Education Krakow Poland
| | - Marcin Grandys
- Department of Muscle Physiology Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry Faculty of Rehabilitation University School of Physical Education Krakow Poland
| | - Marzena Frołow
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Zbigniew Szkutnik
- Faculty of Applied Mathematics AGH-University of Science and Technology Krakow Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zakrzewska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Rafał Niżankowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Krzysztof Duda
- Department of Muscle Physiology Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry Faculty of Rehabilitation University School of Physical Education Krakow Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Jerzy A Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry Faculty of Rehabilitation University School of Physical Education Krakow Poland
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Przyborowski K, Kassassir H, Wojewoda M, Kmiecik K, Sitek B, Siewiera K, Zakrzewska A, Rudolf AM, Kostogrys R, Watala C, Zoladz JA, Chlopicki S. Effects of a single bout of strenuous exercise on platelet activation in female ApoE/LDLR -/- mice. Platelets 2017; 28:657-667. [PMID: 28067100 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2016.1254764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Strenuous physical exercise leads to platelet activation that is normally counterbalanced by the production of endothelium-derived anti-platelet mediators, including prostacyclin (PGI2) and nitric oxide (NO). However, in the case of endothelial dysfunction, e.g. in atherosclerosis, there exists an increased risk for intravascular thrombosis during exercise that might be due to an impairment in endothelial anti-platelet mechanisms. In the present work, we evaluated platelet activation at rest and following a single bout of strenuous treadmill exercise in female ApoE/LDLR-/- mice with early (3-month-old) and advanced (7-month-old) atherosclerosis compared to female age-matched WT mice. In sedentary and post-exercise groups of animals, we analyzed TXB2 generation and the expression of platelet activation markers in the whole blood ex vivo assay. We also measured pre- and post-exercise plasma concentration of 6-keto-PGF1α, nitrite/nitrate, lipid profile, and blood cell count. Sedentary 3- and 7-month-old ApoE/LDLR-/- mice displayed significantly higher activation of platelets compared to age-matched wild-type (WT) mice, as evidenced by increased TXB2 production, expression of P-selectin, and activation of GPIIb/IIIa receptors, as well as increased fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor (vWf) binding. Interestingly, in ApoE/LDLR-/- but not in WT mice, strenuous exercise partially inhibited TXB2 production, the expression of activated GPIIb/IIIa receptors, and fibrinogen binding, with no effect on the P-selectin expression and vWf binding. Post-exercise down-regulation of the activated GPIIb/IIIa receptor expression and fibrinogen binding was not significantly different between 3- and 7-month-old ApoE/LDLR-/- mice; however, only 7-month-old ApoE/LDLR-/- mice showed lower TXB2 production after exercise. In female 4-6-month-old ApoE/LDLR-/- but not in WT mice, an elevated pre- and post-exercise plasma concentration of 6-keto-PGF1α was observed. In turn, the pre- and post-exercise plasma concentrations of nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) were decreased in ApoE/LDLR-/- as compared to that in age-matched WT mice. In conclusion, we demonstrated overactivation of platelets in ApoE/LDLR-/- as compared to WT mice. However, platelet activation in ApoE/LDLR-/- mice was not further increased by strenuous exercise, but was instead attenuated, a phenomenon not observed in WT mice. This phenomenon could be linked to compensatory up-regulation of PGI2-dependent anti-platelet mechanisms in ApoE/LDLR-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Przyborowski
- a Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
| | - H Kassassir
- b Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders , Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - M Wojewoda
- a Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
| | - K Kmiecik
- a Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
| | - B Sitek
- a Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
| | - K Siewiera
- b Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders , Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - A Zakrzewska
- a Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
| | - A M Rudolf
- a Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
| | - R Kostogrys
- c Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology , Agricultural University of Krakow , Krakow , Poland
| | - C Watala
- b Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders , Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - J A Zoladz
- d Department of Muscle Physiology, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation , University School of Physical Education , Krakow , Poland
| | - S Chlopicki
- a Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland.,e Chair of Pharmacology , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
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Effects of chronic nitric oxide synthase inhibition on V'O 2max and exercise capacity in mice. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 390:235-244. [PMID: 27915453 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute inhibition of NOS by L-NAME (Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) is known to decrease maximal oxygen consumption (V'O2max) and impair maximal exercise capacity, whereas the effects of chronic L-NAME treatment on V'O2max and exercise performance have not been studied so far. In this study, we analysed the effect of L-NAME treatment, (LN2 and LN12, respectively) on V'O2max and exercise capacity (in maximal incremental running and prolonged sub-maximal incremental running tests), systemic NO bioavailability (plasma nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-)) and prostacyclin (PGI2) production in C57BL6/J mice. Mice treated with L-NAME for 2 weeks (LN2) displayed higher V'O2max and better running capacity than age-matched control mice. In LN2 mice, NO bioavailability was preserved, as evidenced by maintained NO2- plasma concentration. PGI2 production was activated (increased 6-keto-PGF1α plasma concentration) and the number of circulating erythrocytes (RBC) and haemoglobin concentration were increased. In mice treated with L-NAME for 12 weeks (LN12), NO bioavailability was decreased (lower NO2- plasma concentration), and 6-keto-PGF1α plasma concentration and RBC number were not elevated compared to age-matched control mice. However, LN12 mice still performed better during the maximal incremental running test despite having lower V'O2max. Interestingly, the LN12 mice showed poorer running capacity during the prolonged sub-maximal incremental running test. To conclude, short-term (2 weeks) but not long-term (12 weeks) treatment with L-NAME activated robust compensatory mechanisms involving preservation of NO2- plasma concentration, overproduction of PGI2 and increased number of RBCs, which might explain the fully preserved exercise capacity despite the inhibition of NOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Kraków, Poland; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16, 31-531 Kraków, Poland.
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Wojewoda M, Tyrankiewicz U, Gwozdz P, Skorka T, Jablonska M, Orzylowska A, Jasinski K, Jasztal A, Przyborowski K, Kostogrys RB, Zoladz JA, Chlopicki S. Exercise capacity and cardiac hemodynamic response in female ApoE/LDLR(-/-) mice: a paradox of preserved V'O2max and exercise capacity despite coronary atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24714. [PMID: 27108697 PMCID: PMC4842974 DOI: 10.1038/srep24714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed exercise performance, coronary blood flow and cardiac reserve of female ApoE/LDLR−/− mice with advanced atherosclerosis compared with age-matched, wild-type C57BL6/J mice. Exercise capacity was assessed as whole body maximal oxygen consumption (V’O2max), maximum running velocity (vmax) and maximum distance (DISTmax) during treadmill exercise. Cardiac systolic and diastolic function in basal conditions and in response to dobutamine (mimicking exercise-induced cardiac stress) were assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in vivo. Function of coronary circulation was assessed in isolated perfused hearts. In female ApoE/LDLR−/− mice V’O2max, vmax and DISTmax were not impaired as compared with C57BL6/J mice. Cardiac function at rest and systolic and diastolic cardiac reserve were also preserved in female ApoE/LDLR−/− mice as evidenced by preserved fractional area change and similar fall in systolic and end diastolic area after dobutamine. Moreover, endothelium-dependent responses of coronary circulation induced by bradykinin (Bk) and acetylcholine (ACh) were preserved, while endothelium-independent responses induced by NO-donors were augmented in female ApoE/LDLR−/− mice. Basal COX-2-dependent production of 6-keto-PGF1α was increased. Concluding, we suggest that robust compensatory mechanisms in coronary circulation involving PGI2- and NO-pathways may efficiently counterbalance coronary atherosclerosis-induced impairment in V’O2max and exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wojewoda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - U Tyrankiewicz
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - P Gwozdz
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - T Skorka
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - M Jablonska
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - A Orzylowska
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - K Jasinski
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - A Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - K Przyborowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - R B Kostogrys
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - J A Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - S Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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MAJERCZAK J, DUDA K, CHLOPICKI S, BARTOSZ G, ZAKRZEWSKA A, BALCERCZYK A, 5, R. T. SMOLEŃSKI, ZOLADZ JA. Endothelial Glycocalyx Integrity Is Preserved in Young, Healthy Men During a Single Bout of Strenuous Physical Exercise. Physiol Res 2016; 65:281-91. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we aimed to evaluate whether oxidative stress and inflammation induced by strenuous exercise affect glycocalyx integrity and endothelial function. Twenty one young, untrained healthy men performed a maximal incremental cycling exercise – until exhaustion. Markers of glycocalyx shedding (syndecan-1, heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid), endothelial status (nitric oxide and prostacyclin metabolites – nitrate, nitrite, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α), oxidative stress (8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine) and antioxidant capacity (uric acid, non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity) as well as markers of inflammation (sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1) were analyzed in venous blood samples taken at rest and at the end of exercise. The applied strenuous exercise caused a 5-fold increase in plasma lactate and hypoxanthine concentrations (p<0.001), a fall in plasma uric acid concentration and non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (p<10−4), accompanied by an increase (p=0.003) in sVCAM-1 concentration. Plasma 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α concentration increased (p=0.006) at exhaustion, while nitrate and nitrite concentrations were not affected. Surprisingly, no significant changes in serum syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate concentrations were observed. We have concluded, that a single bout of severe-intensity exercise is well accommodated by endothelium in young, healthy men as it neither results in evident glycocalyx disruption nor in the impairment of nitric oxide and prostacyclin production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J. A. ZOLADZ
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
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