1
|
Zhang Y, Jiang Z, Chen L, Lei T, Zheng X. Repurposing lipid-lowering drugs on asthma and lung function: evidence from a genetic association analysis. J Transl Med 2024; 22:615. [PMID: 38961500 PMCID: PMC11223406 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the correlation between asthma risk and genetic variants affecting the expression or function of lipid-lowering drug targets. METHODS We conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses using variants in several genes associated with lipid-lowering medication targets: HMGCR (statin target), PCSK9 (alirocumab target), NPC1L1 (ezetimibe target), APOB (mipomersen target), ANGPTL3 (evinacumab target), PPARA (fenofibrate target), and APOC3 (volanesorsen target), as well as LDLR and LPL. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between lipid-lowering drugs and asthma through MR. Finally, we assessed the efficacy and stability of the MR analysis using the MR Egger and inverse variance weighted (IVW) methods. RESULTS The elevated triglyceride (TG) levels associated with the APOC3, and LPL targets were found to increase asthma risk. Conversely, higher LDL-C levels driven by LDLR were found to decrease asthma risk. Additionally, LDL-C levels (driven by APOB, NPC1L1 and HMGCR targets) and TG levels (driven by the LPL target) were associated with improved lung function (FEV1/FVC). LDL-C levels driven by PCSK9 were associated with decreased lung function (FEV1/FVC). CONCLUSION In conclusion, our findings suggest a likely causal relationship between asthma and lipid-lowering drugs. Moreover, there is compelling evidence indicating that lipid-lowering therapies could play a crucial role in the future management of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Zichao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Lingli Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Xiangrong Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Z, Li J, Zhou B, Ji X, Yuan J, Yan J, Nan X, Guo D. Efficacy and safety of oral Chinese patent medicines in the treatment of coronary heart disease combined with hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of 78 trials. Chin Med 2023; 18:162. [PMID: 38093294 PMCID: PMC10717272 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of commonly used oral Chinese patent medicines for the treatment of coronary heart disease combined with hyperlipidemia in clinical practice through a network meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, and CNKI databases were searched for all published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the treatment of coronary heart disease combined with hyperlipidemia using Chinese patent medicines. NoteExpress software was used to screen the literature obtained from the databases according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. A network meta-analysis was performed using R 4.2.1. Subgroup analyses of outcome indicators were made based on conventional treatment (CT) methods. The incidence of adverse events in the included RCTs was statistically analyzed. A funnel plot was drawn using RevMan 5.4.1 software for the assessment of bias in the total clinical effectiveness rate. Finally, the quality of evidence for interventions with statistically significant differences was evaluated using the GRADE system. RESULTS A total of 78 RCTs were included, involving 7,955 cases and 8 types of Chinese patent medicines, which were Tongxinluo Capsule, Naoxintong Capsule, Compound Danshen Dripping Pill, Shexiangbaoxin Pill, Songling Xuemaikang Capsule, Xuezhikang Capsule, Yindan Xinnaotong Capsule, and Zhibitai Capsule. A total of 24 RCTs reported the incidence of adverse events, but no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse events was found between the experimental and control groups in each study (P > 0.05). There was no obvious publication bias in all studies, but the overall quality of evidence in the included RCTs was low. Comparison of different intervention measures showed that Naoxintong Capsule + CT improved the cardiac index and cardiac output, and lowered the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels. Tongxinluo Capsule + CT raised high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and reduced triglyceride levels. Xuezhikang Capsule + CT improved the total clinical effectiveness rate. Subgroup analyses showed that differences in CT did not cause heterogeneity in the results. CONCLUSION Compared with the use of CT alone, the combined use of Chinese patent medicines with CT can effectively improve the symptoms in patients with both coronary heart disease and hyperlipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yang
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Jixin Li
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Bogeng Zhou
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Xuan Ji
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Jianying Yuan
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Junchen Yan
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Xilei Nan
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150040, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bołdys A, Bułdak Ł, Maligłówka M, Surma S, Okopień B. Potential Therapeutic Strategies in the Treatment of Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1789. [PMID: 37893507 PMCID: PMC10608225 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic-associated Fatty Liver Disease is one of the outstanding challenges in gastroenterology. The increasing incidence of the disease is undoubtedly connected with the ongoing obesity pandemic. The lack of specific symptoms in the early phases and the grave complications of the disease require an active approach to prompt diagnosis and treatment. Therapeutic lifestyle changes should be introduced in a great majority of patients; but, in many cases, the adherence is not satisfactory. There is a great need for an effective pharmacological therapy for Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease, especially before the onset of steatohepatitis. Currently, there are no specific recommendations on the selection of drugs to treat liver steatosis and prevent patients from progression toward more advanced stages (steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and cancer). Therefore, in this Review, we provide data on the clinical efficacy of therapeutic interventions that might improve the course of Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. These include the drugs used in the treatment of obesity and hyperlipidemias, as well as affecting the gut microbiota and endocrine system, and other experimental approaches, including functional foods. Finally, we provide advice on the selection of drugs for patients with concomitant Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ding H, Zhang H, Lu Y, Jiang X, Liu Q, Hu Y, Sun H, Ma A. Effects of the polypeptide from peanut meal mixed fermentation on lipid metabolism and intestinal flora of hyperlipidemic mice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4351-4359. [PMID: 36782346 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperlipidemia is one of the metabolic disorders posing great threat to human health. Our previous studies have shown that the nutritional properties of peanut meal after fermentation are markedly improved, and can effectively improve hyperlipidemia caused by high-fat diet in mice. In this study, in order to facilitate the further utilization of peanut meal, the effect of peanut polypeptide (PP) from peanut meal mixed fermentation on lipid metabolism in mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD) and its possible mechanism were investigated. Fifty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into five groups: normal control group (N), high-fat model group (M), PP low-dose group (PL), PP high-dose group (PH), and atorvastatin positive control group (Y). RESULTS The results show that PP supplementation can effectively reduce the body weight of mice, decrease the serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and leptin levels (P < 0.05), increase the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (P < 0.05), up-regulate the expression levels of ileal tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin (P < 0.05), reduce the hepatocyte injury and lipid accumulation caused by high-fat diet and increase the species richness of intestinal flora. CONCLUSION PP can significantly improve hyperlipidemia and regulate intestinal flora disorders caused by hyperlipidemia. The possible mechanism may be related to the reduction of serum leptin levels and up-regulating the expression levels of the ileal tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin. This study provides evidence for its regulatory role in lipid metabolism and intestinal function, and provides a research basis for the potential nutritional benefits of underutilized food by-products. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Ding
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Yaqian Lu
- Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | | | - Qing Liu
- Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingfen Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Microbe Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Aiguo Ma
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Petrosyan AS, Rud' RS, Polyakov PP, Kade AK, Zanin SA. The Pathogenetic Basis of the Action of Bempedoic Acid. RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CARDIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2022-12-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The modern cardiology has a wide range of medications which affect various pathogenetic links of atherosclerosis, but even the best of them still obtain disadvantages causing intolerance and medicine discontinuation. The development of new hypolipidemic medications will allow not only to introduce alternative therapies into the cardiology practice, but also to completely execute the strategy of residual risk reduction by utilizing rational combinations of medications. One of such alternatives could be bempedoic acid, which can have a positive effect on a number of endpoints as the results of third phase trials have shown. These effects are also confirmed in Mendelian randomization studies. The mechanism of action of bempedoic acid is presumably associated with inhibition of the activity of ATP citrate lyase – the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of citrate into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. Acetyl-CoA, in turn, is used by the cell to synthesize cholesterol and fatty acids. Thus, bempedoic acid affects in the same metabolic pathway as statins, but at an earlier stage. According to this, it is possible that medications of these classes will have similar side effects and pleiotropic effects associated with modulation of the mevalonic pathway, such as prenylation regulatory proteins (small GTPases) or reduction of coenzyme Q synthesis. However, there are also some specific features of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bempedoic acid to be considered. In particular, once entered the body, it must be activated via esterification by very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase-1. The enzyme isoform required for this process is expressed in a tissue-specific manner and, for example, is absent in skeletal myocytes. In addition, citrate, oxaloacetate, and acetyl-CoA are important regulators of many intracellular processes: metabolism, growth and proliferation, mechanotransduction, posttranslational modifications of histones and other proteins. The levels of all three substances are altered by bempedoic acid, although no firm conclusions about the effects of these changes can be drawn at this time. The mentioned features probably have a significant impact on the clinical profile of bempedoic acid and underlie the differences from statins already observed in third phase trials, including, for example, a reduced risk of the onset or worsening of diabetes mellitus while taking bempedoic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. S. Rud'
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu N, Chen C, Wang J, Huang J, Yao D, Li C. Atorvastatin Ester Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Hyperlipidemia Rats via the PPAR-signaling Pathway and HMGCR Expression in the Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11107. [PMID: 34681767 PMCID: PMC8538474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin ester (Ate) is a structural trim of atorvastatin that can regulate hyperlipidemia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the lipid-lowering effect of Ate. Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were fed a high-fat diet for seven months and used as a hyperlipidemia model. The lipid level and liver function of the hyperlipidemia rats were studied by the levels of TG, TC, LDL, HDL, ALT, and AST in serum after intragastric administration with different doses of Ate. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of the rat liver and gastrocnemius muscle. The lipid deposits in the liver of rats were observed by staining with ORO. The genes in the rat liver were sequenced by RNA-sequencing. The results of the RNA-sequencing were further examined by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Biochemical test results indicated that Ate could obviously improve the metabolic disorder and reduce both the ALT and AST levels in serum of the hyperlipidemia rats. Pathological results showed that Ate could improve HFD-induced lipid deposition and had no muscle toxicity. The RNA-sequencing results suggested that Ate affected liver lipid metabolism and cholesterol, metabolism in the hyperlipidemia-model rats may vary via the PPAR-signaling pathway. The western blotting and qRT-PCR results demonstrated the Ate-regulated lipid metabolism in the hyperlipidemia model through the PPAR-signaling pathway and HMGCR expression. In brief, Ate can significantly regulate the blood lipid level of the model rats, which may be achieved by regulating the PPAR-signaling pathway and HMGCR gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Chunyun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Jinhui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, China; (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, China; (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Dahong Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Chunli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peters LJF, Jans A, Bartneck M, van der Vorst EPC. Immunomodulatory Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3185. [PMID: 34300351 PMCID: PMC8306310 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which remain the number one contributor to mortality worldwide. Although current therapies can slow down disease progression, no treatment is available that can fully cure or reverse atherosclerosis. Nanomedicine, which is the application of nanotechnology in medicine, is an emerging field in the treatment of many pathologies, including CVDs. It enables the production of drugs that interact with cellular receptors, and allows for controlling cellular processes after entering these cells. Nanomedicine aims to repair, control and monitor biological and physiological systems via nanoparticles (NPs), which have been shown to be efficient drug carriers. In this review we will, after a general introduction, highlight the advantages and limitations of the use of such nano-based medicine, the potential applications and targeting strategies via NPs. For example, we will provide a detailed discussion on NPs that can target relevant cellular receptors, such as integrins, or cellular processes related to atherogenesis, such as vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Furthermore, we will underline the (ongoing) clinical trials focusing on NPs in CVDs, which might bring new insights into this research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linsey J. F. Peters
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Jans
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Matthias Bartneck
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huotan Jiedu Tongluo Decoction Inhibits Balloon-Injury-Induced Carotid Artery Intimal Hyperplasia in the Rat through the PERK-eIF2 α-ATF4 Pathway and Autophagy Mediation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5536237. [PMID: 34335815 PMCID: PMC8318774 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5536237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In-stent restenosis (ISR) is the main factor affecting the outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and its main pathological feature is neointimal hyperplasia. Huotan Jiedu Tongluo decoction (HTJDTLD) is an effective traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription for the treatment of vascular stenosis diseases. However, the precise anti-ISR mechanism of HTJDTLD remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether HTJDTLD can inhibit the excessive activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and reduce the level of autophagy factors through regulating the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of the intima of blood vessels damaged by balloon injury (BI) and preventing the occurrence of ISR. In this study, a 2F Fogarty balloon was used to establish a common carotid artery (CCA) BI model in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Then, HTJDTLD (16.33 g/kg/d) or atorvastatin (1.19 mg/kg/d) was administered by gavage. Four weeks later, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson staining of the injured CCA were performed to observe the histological changes in the CCA. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to assess the proliferation and dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the CCA. Western blotting and RT-PCR were used to measure the expression of ERS- and autophagy-related proteins and mRNAs in the CCA. The results indicated that HTJDTLD significantly alleviated BI-induced carotid artery intimal hyperplasia and fibrosis and reduced the neointimal area (NIA) and NIA/medial area (MA) ratio. In addition, HTJDTLD inhibited the proliferation and dedifferentiation of VSMCs, reduced the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and increased the smooth-muscle-α-actin- (SMα-actin-) positive area. HTJDTLD also significantly reduced the expression of the ERS-related factors: GRP78, p-PERK/PERK, p-eIF2α/eIF2α, ATF4, and CHOP. In addition, the expression of the autophagy-related factors, Beclin1, LC3B, and ATG12, was significantly decreased. In addition, in vitro experiments showed that HTJDTLD inhibited the above-mentioned ERS signal molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and rat aortic smooth muscle cells (A7R5) induced by tunicamycin (TM) and played a crucial role in protecting cells from damage. HTJDTLD may be a very promising drug for the treatment of ISR.
Collapse
|
9
|
Maligłówka M, Bułdak Ł, Okopień B, Bołdys A. The consequences of PCSK9 inhibition in selected tissues. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.9127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is one of nine members of the proprotein
convertase family. These serine proteases play a pivotal role in the post-translational
modification of proteins and the activation of hormones, enzymes, transcription factors and
growth factors. As a result, they participate in many physiological processes like embryogenesis,
activity of central nervous system and lipid metabolism. Scientific studies show
that the family of convertases is also involved in the pathogenesis of viral and bacterial
infections, osteoporosis, hyperglycaemia, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders
and cancer. The inhibition of PCSK9 by two currently approved for use monoclonal
antibodies (alirocumab, evolocumab) slows down the degradation of low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol receptors (LDLRs). This leads to increased density of LDLRs on the surface
of hepatocytes, resulting in decreased level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)
in the bloodstream, which is connected with the reduction of cardiovascular risk. PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) were created for the patients who could not achieve appropriate level
of LDL-C using current statin and ezetimibe therapy. It seems that high therapeutic efficacy
of PCSK9i will make them more common in the clinical use. The pleiotropic effects
of previously mentioned lipid-lowering therapies were the reasons for literature review of
possible positive and negative effects of PCSK9 inhibition beyond cholesterol metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Maligłówka
- Katedra Farmakologii, Klinika Chorób Wewnętrznych i Farmakologii Klinicznej, Wydział Nauk Medycznych Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach
| | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Katedra Farmakologii, Klinika Chorób Wewnętrznych i Farmakologii Klinicznej, Wydział Nauk Medycznych Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach
| | - Bogusław Okopień
- Katedra Farmakologii, Klinika Chorób Wewnętrznych i Farmakologii Klinicznej, Wydział Nauk Medycznych Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach
| | - Aleksandra Bołdys
- Katedra Farmakologii, Klinika Chorób Wewnętrznych i Farmakologii Klinicznej, Wydział Nauk Medycznych Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gülcan HO, Orhan IE. General Perspectives for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999201016154400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Atherosclerosis, a cardiovascular disease, is at the top of the list among the diseases leading
to death. Although the biochemical and pathophysiological cascades involved within the development
of atherosclerosis have been identified clearly, its nature is quite complex to be treated with
a single agent targeting a pathway. Therefore, many natural and synthetic compounds have been
suggested for the treatment of the disease. The majority of the drugs employed target one of the
single components of the pathological outcomes, resulting in many times less effective and longterm
treatments. In most cases, treatment options prevent further worsening of the symptoms rather
than a radical treatment. Consequently, the current review has been prepared to focus on the validated
and non-validated targets of atherosclerosis as well as the alternative treatment options such
as hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, acyl-CoA cholesterol
acyl transferase (ACAT) inhibitors, lipoprotein lipase stimulants, bile acid sequestrants, and some
antioxidants. Related to the topic, both synthetic compounds designed employing medicinal chemistry
skills and natural molecules becoming more popular in drug development are scrutinized in this
mini review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin Ozan Gülcan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TR. North Cyprus, via Mersin 10,Turkey
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara- 06300,Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ji C, Pan Y, Xu S, Yu C, Ji J, Chen M, Hu F. Propolis ameliorates restenosis in hypercholesterolemia rabbits with carotid balloon injury by inhibiting lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13577. [PMID: 33729587 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neointima formation and atherosclerosis are the main complications after the endovascular intervention and vascular surgery, and there are no effective drugs. Propolis is a kind of resin substance produced by honeybees and has numerous health-beneficial effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of propolis (125 and 250 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 , 6 weeks) on carotid restenosis in hypercholesterolemia rabbits. Propolis significantly ameliorated the degree of carotid restenosis, inhibited neointima hyperplasia, reduced serum lipids profile, and enhanced the anti-oxidative activities in hypercholesterolemia rabbits. Furthermore, propolis reduced the plasma levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibited the expression of CD68, TLR4, NF-κB p65, MMP-9, and TNF-α in the carotid arteries. The results indicate that propolis has a protective effect on carotid restenosis in rabbits, which is associated with regulating blood lipids, inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation, and its anti-inflammatory activity may be related to inhibit TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Restenosis is a primary challenge in angioplasty and atherosclerotic treatment. Hyperlipidemia can induce inflammation and accelerate the formation of restenosis. Recently, natural products have been widely used to prevent intimal hyperplasia of common cardiovascular diseases. Propolis is currently a popular functional food, but the role of propolis on carotid restenosis after angioplasty and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study showed that propolis inhibits the effect of carotid restenosis in hypercholesterolemia rabbits. The results of this study may provide a basis for propolis to prevent and treat vascular restenosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ji
- Huai'an Bee Products Engineering Research Center, Huai'an, China
| | - Yongming Pan
- Comparative Medical Research Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Xu
- Comparative Medical Research Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Comparative Medical Research Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ji
- Huai'an Bee Products Engineering Research Center, Huai'an, China
| | - Minli Chen
- Comparative Medical Research Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin F, Tan YQ, He XH, Guo LL, Wei BJ, Li JP, Chen Z, Chen HW, Wang J. Huoxue Huatan Decoction Ameliorates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Hyperlipidemic Rats via PGC-1α-PPARα and PGC-1α-NRF1-mtTFA Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:546825. [PMID: 33041792 PMCID: PMC7522555 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.546825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to eluc\idate the preventive and therapeutic effects and the underlying mechanisms of Huoxue Huatan Decoction (HXHT) on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in hyperlipidemic rats. Methods An I/R model was established in hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. After 4–8 weeks of HXHT treatment, the physical signs of rats were observed. Lipid metabolism, myocardial enzyme spectrum, cardiac function, myocardial histomorphology, and mitochondrial biosynthesis were investigated by a biochemical method, ultrasonography, electron microscopy, pathological examination, real-time PCR, and Western blot. Results HXHT can affect lipid metabolism at different time points and significantly reduce the levels of cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipid-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipid-cholesterol (LDL-C) in hyperlipidemic rats (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); it can significantly reduce the levels of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reduce the myocardial infarct size and myocardial ischemic area, and improve cardiac function. The results of myocardial histomorphology showed that HXHT could protect myocardial cells, relieve swelling, reduce the number of cardiac lipid droplets, and improve myocardial mitochondrial function. HXHT could significantly increase the levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), increase CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels, and decrease the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05); it could increase the mRNA and protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and increase the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (P < 0.01). Conclusion HXHT can reduce myocardial I/R injury in hyperlipidemic rats. The protective mechanisms may involve a reduction in blood lipids, enhancement of PGC-1α–PPARα pathway activity, and, subsequently, an increase in fatty acid β-oxidation, which may provide the required input for mitochondrial energy metabolism. HXHT can additionally enhance PGC-1α–NRF1–mtTFA pathway activity and, subsequently, increase the antioxidant capacity, promote mtDNA synthesis, and reduce mitochondrial damage. The two pathways use PGC-1α as the intersection point to protect mitochondrial structure and function, reduce I/R-induced injury, and improve cardiac function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lin
- Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu-Qing Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan-Hui He
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Li Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ben-Jun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Department of Lanzhou Province and Dunhuang Medical Transformation, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heng-Wen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Suárez-Rivero JM, Pastor-Maldonado CJ, de la Mata M, Villanueva-Paz M, Povea-Cabello S, Álvarez-Córdoba M, Villalón-García I, Suárez-Carrillo A, Talaverón-Rey M, Munuera M, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Atherosclerosis and Coenzyme Q 10. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205195. [PMID: 31635164 PMCID: PMC6834161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of cardiac deaths worldwide. Classically, atherosclerosis has been explained as a simple arterial lipid deposition with concomitant loss of vascular elasticity. Eventually, this condition can lead to consequent blood flow reduction through the affected vessel. However, numerous studies have demonstrated that more factors than lipid accumulation are involved in arterial damage at the cellular level, such as inflammation, autophagy impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, and/or free-radical overproduction. In order to consider the correction of all of these pathological changes, new approaches in atherosclerosis treatment are necessary. Ubiquinone or coenzyme Q10 is a multifunctional molecule that could theoretically revert most of the cellular alterations found in atherosclerosis, such as cholesterol biosynthesis dysregulation, impaired autophagy flux and mitochondrial dysfunction thanks to its redox and signaling properties. In this review, we will show the latest advances in the knowledge of the relationships between coenzyme Q10 and atherosclerosis. In addition, as atherosclerosis phenotype is closely related to aging, it is reasonable to believe that coenzyme Q10 supplementation could be beneficial for both conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Suárez-Rivero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Carmen J Pastor-Maldonado
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Mario de la Mata
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Irene Villalón-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Alejandra Suárez-Carrillo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Manuel Munuera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
van der Vorst EPC, Peters LJF, Müller M, Gencer S, Yan Y, Weber C, Döring Y. G-Protein Coupled Receptor Targeting on Myeloid Cells in Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:531. [PMID: 31191301 PMCID: PMC6540917 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of the majority of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is a lipid-driven, inflammatory disease of the large arteries. Gold standard therapy with statins and the more recently developed proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors have improved health conditions among CVD patients by lowering low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Nevertheless, a substantial part of these patients is still suffering and it seems that 'just' lipid lowering is insufficient. The results of the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) have now proven that inflammation is a key driver of atherosclerosis and that targeting inflammation improves CVD outcomes. Therefore, the identification of novel drug targets and development of novel therapeutics that block atherosclerosis-specific inflammatory pathways have to be promoted. The inflammatory processes in atherosclerosis are facilitated by a network of immune cells and their subsequent responses. Cell networking is orchestrated by various (inflammatory) mediators which interact, bind and induce signaling. Over the last years, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) emerged as important players in recognizing these mediators, because of their diverse functions in steady state but also and specifically during chronic inflammatory processes - such as atherosclerosis. In this review, we will therefore highlight a selection of these receptors or receptor sub-families mainly expressed on myeloid cells and their role in atherosclerosis. More specifically, we will focus on chemokine receptors, both classical and atypical, formyl-peptide receptors, the chemerin receptor 23 and the calcium-sensing receptor. When information is available, we will also describe the consequences of their targeting which may hold promising options for future treatment of CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research/Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Linsey J. F. Peters
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Madeleine Müller
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Selin Gencer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yi Yan
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Despite intensive scientific research over the past decades, atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. During the recent past it has become clear that atherosclerosis is not merely a lipid-driven disease but a multifactorial process involving chronic inflammation of large arteries. This review article briefly outlines the mechanistic nature of atherosclerosis, presents a synopsis of the current state of the art treatment strategies and finally outlines several therapeutic options, which are in clinical and experimental testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, München, Deutschland. .,Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), München, Deutschland. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Schweden.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang R, Li T, Guo J, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Yao Y, Zeng Z. Fufang-Zhenzhu-Tiaozhi Capsule reduces restenosis via the downregulation of NF-kappaB and inflammatory factors in rabbits. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:272. [PMID: 30497486 PMCID: PMC6267089 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effects of a Chinese herbal medicine Fufang-Zhenzhu Tiaozhi Capsule (FTZ) on restenosis and elucidate the mechanism of action. METHODS A restenosis model was established by balloon rubbing the endothelium of the abdominal aorta followed by high fat diet. Rabbits were divided into blank control group, restenosis group, FTZ group (0.66 mg/kg/day), atorvastatin group (5 mg/kg/day) and FTZ + atorvastatin group (n = 8). Vascular stenosis was analyzed by X-ray. Serum levels of chemokines and cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-12 (IL-12), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were measured by ELISA. The levels of NF-κB, IκB-α, P-IκBα, IKK-α, and P-IKKα/β from injured abdominal arteries were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Restenosis was induced successfully via abdominal artery balloon injuries and high fat diet. Restenosis was significantly decreased in FTZ group compared with restenosis group (P < 0.05). FTZ group had markedly reduced serum lipid levels (P < 0.05). In addition, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, ICAM-1 and MCP-1 decreased by FTZ treatment (P < 0.05). The expression of NF-κB in the atherosclerotic lesions was significantly attenuated in FTZ group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION FTZ could reduce restenosis via reducing NF-κB activity and inflammatory factor expression within the atherosclerotic lesion in a rabbit restenosis model. FTZ may be a new therapeutic agent for restenosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rendan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, 528403, China
| | - Tudi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yusi Yao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihuan Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Okopień B, Bułdak Ł, Bołdys A. Benefits and risks of the treatment with fibrates––a comprehensive summary. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2018; 11:1099-1112. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1537780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bogusław Okopień
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bołdys
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Doonan LM, Fisher EA, Brodsky JL. Can modulators of apolipoproteinB biogenesis serve as an alternate target for cholesterol-lowering drugs? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:762-771. [PMID: 29627384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular defects underlying cardiovascular disease is necessary for the development of therapeutics. The most common method to lower circulating lipids, which reduces the incidence of cardiovascular disease, is statins, but other drugs are now entering the clinic, some of which have been approved. Nevertheless, patients cannot tolerate some of these therapeutics, the drugs are costly, and/or the treatments are approved for only rare forms of disease. Efforts to find alternative treatments have focused on other factors, such as apolipoproteinB (apoB), which transports cholesterol in the blood stream. The levels of apoB are regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated degradation as well as by a post ER degradation pathway in model systems, and we suggest that these events provide novel therapeutic targets. We discuss first how cardiovascular disease arises and how cholesterol is regulated, and then summarize the mechanisms of action of existing treatments for cardiovascular disease. We then review the apoB biosynthetic pathway, focusing on steps that might be amenable to therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynley M Doonan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology and the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Aumeeruddy MZ, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF. A review of the traditional and modern uses of Salvadora persica L. (Miswak): Toothbrush tree of Prophet Muhammad. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 213:409-444. [PMID: 29196134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvadora persica L., also known as Arak (in Arabic) and Peelu (in Urdu), is the most common traditional source of tooth or chewing stick (miswak) highly recommended by Prophet Muhammad. To date, extensive studies have probed primarily into the validation of its traditional uses in oral care. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of updated compilation and critical analysis of other potential ethnopharmacological properties of S. persica. This review therefore aims to provide an up-to-date detailed structured description of the traditional uses of S. persica and a critical analysis of its modern uses, highlighting its phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and bioapplications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar), books, and relevant primary sources were probed, surveyed, analysed, and included in this review. The literature cited in this review dated from 1979 to 2017. RESULTS S. persica was found to possess a plethora of bioactive compounds and broad pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory activity, antiulcer, anticonvulsant, sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antiosteoporosis, and antitumor activities. Studies also revealed the potential use of S. persica as a natural food preservative and a novel functional food ingredient. In addition, improvement in growth and reproductive performances have been observed by the introduction of S. persica in animal feed. Lastly, S. persica has also been used in the green synthesis of nanoparticles showing potential biotechnological applications. CONCLUSION S. persica showed a wide scope of application and its uses have been extended far beyond the initial traditional uses of its roots, stems, and twigs in oral care. We found a number of other ethnopharmacological uses and potential bioapplications of different parts of S. persica that warrants further investigations. Though widely studied using several in vitro and in vivo models, and tested clinically for oral hygiene mainly, several gaps and research priorities have been identified which needs to be addressed in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42250 Konya, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Significant advancements in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia have recently been achieved. However, a considerable level of residual cardiovascular risk still affects patients' outcomes. Atherogenic dyslipidemia is one of the major constituents of residual risk. Fibrates, PPAR alpha agonists, which modify lipid profile and have numerous pleiotropic effects, seem to be drugs of choice in patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia. These drugs are effective both in monotherapy and combined therapy with statins. Areas covered: A review of clinical trials and experimental studies on fibrates and their use in the treatment of lipid disorders has been performed. Expert commentary: Fibrates are an effective and safe group of drugs to treat patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia. In this particular population of patients, they improve cardiovascular outcomes. Benefits of fibrate treatment extend beyond the impact of lipid profile. Significant improvements in carbohydrate metabolism, adipokines levels, thrombosis and inflammation were also noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bogusław Okopień
- a Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice , Medical University of Silesia , Katowice , Poland
| | - Lukasz Buldak
- a Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice , Medical University of Silesia , Katowice , Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bołdys
- a Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice , Medical University of Silesia , Katowice , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Weber C, Badimon L, Mach F, van der Vorst EPC. Therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis: Past, present and future. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1258-1264. [DOI: 10.1160/th16-10-0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SummaryEven two centuries after they were first described, atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis remain among the leading causes of death worldwide. Over the last decades it has become clear that atherosclerosis is not only a lipid-driven disease but also a multifactorial process largely driven by inflammatory mediators, an insight that has instigated additional research and drug development focussing on anti-inflammatory therapies. In this review, we will provide a brief historical overview, followed by a more general synopsis of the range of currently available state-of-the-art therapies for atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Finally, we will highlight some of the promising therapeutic strategies that are currently under intense investigation. We believe that the next years will witness highly interesting developments and clinical trials investigating yet more novel therapies, and at the same time looking into potential combinations of all available therapies. This prospect closes in on the ultimate goal, which is to reduce the residual risk that still persists despite present therapeutic options.
Collapse
|
22
|
Effects of milk casein hydrolyzate supplemented with phytosterols on hypertension and lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic hypertensive rats. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|