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Altered Extracellular Matrix as an Alternative Risk Factor for Epileptogenicity in Brain Tumors. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102475. [PMID: 36289737 PMCID: PMC9599244 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are one of the most common symptoms of brain tumors. The incidence of seizures differs among brain tumor type, grade, location and size, but paediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas/glioneuronal tumors are often highly epileptogenic. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is known to play a role in epileptogenesis and tumorigenesis because it is involved in the (re)modelling of neuronal connections and cell-cell signaling. In this review, we discuss the epileptogenicity of brain tumors with a focus on tumor type, location, genetics and the role of the extracellular matrix. In addition to functional problems, epileptogenic tumors can lead to increased morbidity and mortality, stigmatization and life-long care. The health advantages can be major if the epileptogenic properties of brain tumors are better understood. Surgical resection is the most common treatment of epilepsy-associated tumors, but post-surgery seizure-freedom is not always achieved. Therefore, we also discuss potential novel therapies aiming to restore ECM function.
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Bongaarts A, de Jong JM, Broekaart DWM, van Scheppingen J, Anink JJ, Mijnsbergen C, Jansen FE, Spliet WGM, den Dunnen WFA, Gruber VE, Scholl T, Hainfellner JA, Feucht M, Borkowska J, Kotulska K, Jozwiak S, Grajkowska W, Buccoliero AM, Caporalini C, Giordano F, Genitori L, Scicluna BP, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, van Vliet EA, Mühlebner A, Mills JD, Aronica E. Dysregulation of the MMP/TIMP Proteolytic System in Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytomas in Patients With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: Modulation of MMP by MicroRNA-320d In Vitro. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:777-790. [PMID: 32472129 PMCID: PMC7304985 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a rare genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, is characterized by the growth of hamartomas in several organs. This includes the growth of low-grade brain tumors, known as subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGA). Previous studies have shown differential expression of genes related to the extracellular matrix in SEGA. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are responsible for remodeling the extracellular matrix and are associated with tumorigenesis. This study aimed to investigate the MMP/TIMP proteolytic system in SEGA and the regulation of MMPs by microRNAs, which are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. We investigated the expression of MMPs and TIMPs using previously produced RNA-Sequencing data, real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry in TSC-SEGA samples and controls. We found altered expression of several MMPs and TIMPs in SEGA compared to controls. We identified the lowly expressed miR-320d in SEGA as a potential regulator of MMPs, which can decrease MMP2 expression in human fetal astrocyte cultures. This study provides evidence of a dysregulated MMP/TIMP proteolytic system in SEGA of which MMP2 could be rescued by microRNA-320d. Therefore, further elucidating microRNA-mediated MMP regulation may provide insights into SEGA pathogenesis and identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Bongaarts
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jody M de Jong
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diede W M Broekaart
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jackelien van Scheppingen
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Mijnsbergen
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floor E Jansen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim G M Spliet
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (WGMS); Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (WFAdD)
| | | | - Victoria E Gruber
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Scholl
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Martha Feucht
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julita Borkowska
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotulska
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sergiusz Jozwiak
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Child Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wieslawa Grajkowska
- Department of Pathology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Flavio Giordano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Genitori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Brendon P Scicluna
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Center for Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Antoinette Y N Schouten-van Meeteren
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James D Mills
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
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3
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Proteome of larval metamorphosis induced by epinephrine in the Fujian oyster Crassostrea angulata. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:675. [PMID: 32993483 PMCID: PMC7525975 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Fujian oyster Crassostrea angulata is an economically important species that has typical settlement and metamorphosis stages. The development of the oyster involves complex morphological and physiological changes, the molecular mechanisms of which are as yet unclear. Results In this study, changes in proteins were investigated during larval settlement and metamorphosis of Crassostrea angulata using epinephrine induction. Protein abundance and identity were characterized using label-free quantitative proteomics, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/ MS), and Mascot methods. The results showed that more than 50% (764 out of 1471) of the quantified proteins were characterized as differentially expressed. Notably, more than two-thirds of the differentially expressed proteins were down-regulated in epinephrine-induced larvae. The results showed that “metabolic process” was closely related to the development of settlement and metamorphosis; 5 × 10− 4 M epinephrine induced direct metamorphosis of larvae and was non-toxic. Calmodulin and MAPK pathways were involved in the regulation of settlement of the oyster. Expression levels of immune-related proteins increased during metamorphosis. Hepatic lectin-like proteins, cadherins, calmodulin, calreticulin, and cytoskeletal proteins were involved in metamorphosis. The nervous system may be remodeled in larval metamorphosis induced by epinephrine. Expression levels of proteins that were enriched in the epinephrine signaling pathway may reflect the developmental stage of the larvae, that may reflect whether or not larvae were directly involved in metamorphosis when the larvae were treated with epinephrine. Conclusion The study provides insight into proteins that function in energy metabolism, immune responses, settlement and metamorphosis, and shell formation in C. angulata. The results contribute valuable information for further research on larval settlement and metamorphosis. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Matchett EF, Wang S, Crawford BD. Paralogues of Mmp11 and Timp4 Interact during the Development of the Myotendinous Junction in the Zebrafish Embryo. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7040022. [PMID: 31816958 PMCID: PMC6955687 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the myotendinous junction (MTJ) undergoes dramatic physical and biochemical remodeling during the first 48 h of development in zebrafish, transforming from a rectangular fibronectin-dominated somite boundary to a chevron-shaped laminin-dominated MTJ. Matrix metalloproteinase 11 (Mmp11, a.k.a. Stromelysin-3) is both necessary and sufficient for the removal of fibronectin at the MTJ, but whether this protease acts directly on fibronectin and how its activity is regulated remain unknown. Using immunofluorescence, we show that both paralogues of Mmp11 accumulate at the MTJ during this time period, but with Mmp11a present early and later replaced by Mmp11b. Moreover, Mmp11a also accumulates intracellularly, associated with the Z-discs of sarcomeres within skeletal muscle cells. Using the epitope-mediated MMP activation (EMMA) assay, we show that despite having a weaker paired basic amino acid motif in its propeptide than Mmp11b, Mmp11a is activated by furin, but may also be activated by other mechanisms intracellularly. One or both paralogues of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-4 (Timp4) are also present at the MTJ throughout this process, and yeast two-hybrid assays reveal distinct and specific interactions between various domains of these proteins. We propose a model in which Mmp11a activity is modulated (but not inhibited) by Timp4 during early MTJ remodeling, followed by a phase in which Mmp11b activity is both inhibited and spatially constrained by Timp4 in order to maintain the structural integrity of the mature MTJ.
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5
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Stage-dependent cardiac regeneration in Xenopus is regulated by thyroid hormone availability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3614-3623. [PMID: 30755533 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803794116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite therapeutic advances, heart failure is the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but why cardiac regenerative capacity is lost in adult humans remains an enigma. Cardiac regenerative capacity widely varies across vertebrates. Zebrafish and newt hearts regenerate throughout life. In mice, this ability is lost in the first postnatal week, a period physiologically similar to thyroid hormone (TH)-regulated metamorphosis in anuran amphibians. We thus assessed heart regeneration in Xenopus laevis before, during, and after TH-dependent metamorphosis. We found that tadpoles display efficient cardiac regeneration, but this capacity is abrogated during the metamorphic larval-to-adult switch. Therefore, we examined the consequence of TH excess and deprivation on the efficiently regenerating tadpole heart. We found that either acute TH treatment or blocking TH production before resection significantly but differentially altered gene expression and kinetics of extracellular matrix components deposition, and negatively impacted myocardial wall closure, both resulting in an impeded regenerative process. However, neither treatment significantly influenced DNA synthesis or mitosis in cardiac tissue after amputation. Overall, our data highlight an unexplored role of TH availability in modulating the cardiac regenerative outcome, and present X. laevis as an alternative model to decipher the developmental switches underlying stage-dependent constraint on cardiac regeneration.
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Mengeling BJ, Goodson ML, Furlow JD. RXR Ligands Modulate Thyroid Hormone Signaling Competence in Young Xenopus laevis Tadpoles. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2576-2595. [PMID: 29762675 PMCID: PMC6692881 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate thyroid hormone (TH) signaling through thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) is essential for vertebrate development. Amphibian metamorphosis is initiated and sustained through the action of TH on TRs, which are conserved across vertebrates. TRs heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) on thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) in the genome; however, in most cell line and adult animal studies, RXR ligands do not affect expression of TR target genes. We used a quantitative, precocious metamorphosis assay to interrogate the effects of the RXR agonist bexarotene (Bex) and the RXR antagonist UVI 3003 (UVI) on T3-induced resorption phenotypes in Xenopus laevis tadpoles 1 week postfertilization. Bex potentiated gill and tail resorption, and UVI abrogated T3 action. These results held in transgenic tadpoles bearing a TRE-driven luciferase reporter. Therefore, we used poly-A-primed RNA sequencing transcriptomic analysis to determine their effects on T3-induced gene expression. We also assayed the environmental pollutant tributyltin (TBT), which is an RXR agonist. We found that the proteases that carry out resorption were potentiated by Bex and TBT but were not significantly inhibited by UVI. However, several transcription factors from multiple families (sox4, fosl2, mxd1, mafb, nfib) were all inhibited by UVI and potentiated by Bex and TBT. All required T3 for induction. Time course analysis of gene expression showed that although the agonists could potentiate within 12 hours, the antagonist response lagged. These data indicate that the agonists and antagonist are not necessarily functioning through the same mechanism and suggest that RXR liganding may modulate TH competence in metamorphic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Mengeling
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michael L Goodson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - J David Furlow
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
- Correspondence: J. David Furlow, PhD, Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616.
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7
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Shen M, Di G, Li M, Fu J, Dai Q, Miao X, Huang M, You W, Ke C. Proteomics Studies on the three Larval Stages of Development and Metamorphosis of Babylonia areolata. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6269. [PMID: 29674673 PMCID: PMC5908917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ivory shell, Babylonia areolata, is a commercially important aquaculture species in the southeast coast of mainland China. The middle veliger stage, later veliger stage, and juvenile stage are distinct larval stages in B. areolata development. In this study, we used label-free quantification proteomics analysis of the three developmental stages of B. areolata. We identified a total of 5,583 proteins, of which 1,419 proteins expression level showed significant differential expression. The results of gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that the number of proteins involved in metabolic and cellular processes were the most abundant. Those proteins mostly had functions such as binding, catalytic activity and transporter activity. The results of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that the number of proteins involved in the ribosome, carbon metabolism, and lysosome pathways were the most abundant, indicating that protein synthesis and the immune response were active during the three stages of development. This is the first study to use proteomics and real-time PCR to study the early developmental stages of B. areolata, which could provide relevant data on gastropod development. Our results provide insights into the novel aspects of protein function in shell formation, body torsion, changes in feeding habits, attachment and metamorphosis, immune-related activities in B. areolata larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, 570206, China
| | - Guilan Di
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China. .,College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jingqiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiulian Miao
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Miaoqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Weiwei You
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Caihuan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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8
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Ishizuya-Oka A. How thyroid hormone regulates transformation of larval epithelial cells into adult stem cells in the amphibian intestine. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:98-103. [PMID: 28232053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the amphibian intestine during metamorphosis, a small number of larval epithelial cells dedifferentiate into adult stem cells that newly form the adult epithelium analogous to the mammalian counterpart, while most of them undergo apoptosis. Because this larval-to-adult intestinal remodeling can be experimentally induced by thyroid hormone (TH) both in vivo and in vitro, TH response genes identified in the Xenopus intestine provide us valuable clues to investigating how adult stem cells and their niche are formed during postembryonic development. Their expression and functional analyses by using the culture and recent transgenic (Tg) techniques have shed light on key signaling pathways essential for intestinal stem cell development. The present review focuses on such recent findings and discusses the evolutionally conserved roles of TH in development or maintenance of the stem cells which are common to the terrestrial vertebrate intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ishizuya-Oka
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan.
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9
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Iesato A, Nakamura T, Izumi H, Uehara T, Ito KI. PATZ1 knockdown enhances malignant phenotype in thyroid epithelial follicular cells and thyroid cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82754-82772. [PMID: 29137300 PMCID: PMC5669926 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the involvement of PATZ1 in carcinogenesis and dedifferentiation of thyroid cancer. Immunohistochemistry on clinical specimens indicated nuclear PATZ1 expression in all normal thyroid glands and adenomatous goiter, while nuclear PATZ1 expression decreased along with the dedifferentiation of thyroid cancer. Knockdown of nuclear PATZ1 by siRNA in an immortalized normal follicular epithelial cell line (Nthy-ori 3-1) altered cellular morphology and significantly increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In addition, the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP9, and MMP11 was increased by PATZ1 knockdown in Nthy-ori 3-1 cells. When PATZ1 was silenced in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) cell lines (TPC-1 and FTC-133), proliferation, cellular motility, and expression of uPA and MMPs were significantly increased. Forced expression of exogenous PATZ1 decreased proliferation, cellular motility, and the expression of uPA and MMPs in ATC cell lines (ACT-1 and FRO). In thyroid cancer cell lines, PATZ1 functioned as a tumor suppressor regardless of p53 status. Moreover, the ratio of nuclear PATZ1 positive tumors was significantly decreased in ATC irrespective of p53 status. Our study demonstrates that PATZ1 knockdown enhances malignant phenotype both in thyroid follicular epithelial cells and thyroid cancer cells, suggesting that PATZ1 functions as a tumor suppressor in thyroid follicular epithelial cells and is involved in the dedifferentiation of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asumi Iesato
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Teruo Nakamura
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroto Izumi
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ito
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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10
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Hasebe T, Fujimoto K, Kajita M, Ishizuya-Oka A. Essential Roles of Thyroid Hormone-Regulated Hyaluronan/CD44 Signaling in Adult Stem Cell Development During Xenopus laevis
Intestinal Remodeling. Stem Cells 2017; 35:2175-2183. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hasebe
- Department of Biology; Nippon Medical School; Musashino Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenta Fujimoto
- Department of Biology; Nippon Medical School; Musashino Tokyo Japan
| | - Mitsuko Kajita
- Department of Molecular Biology; Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School; Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
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11
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Rempe RG, Hartz AMS, Bauer B. Matrix metalloproteinases in the brain and blood-brain barrier: Versatile breakers and makers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1481-507. [PMID: 27323783 PMCID: PMC5012524 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16655551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases are versatile endopeptidases with many different functions in the body in health and disease. In the brain, matrix metalloproteinases are critical for tissue formation, neuronal network remodeling, and blood-brain barrier integrity. Many reviews have been published on matrix metalloproteinases before, most of which focus on the two best studied matrix metalloproteinases, the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, and their role in one or two diseases. In this review, we provide a broad overview of the role various matrix metalloproteinases play in brain disorders. We summarize and review current knowledge and understanding of matrix metalloproteinases in the brain and at the blood-brain barrier in neuroinflammation, multiple sclerosis, cerebral aneurysms, stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and brain cancer. We discuss the detrimental effects matrix metalloproteinases can have in these conditions, contributing to blood-brain barrier leakage, neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, demyelination, tumor angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. We also discuss the beneficial role matrix metalloproteinases can play in neuroprotection and anti-inflammation. Finally, we address matrix metalloproteinases as potential therapeutic targets. Together, in this comprehensive review, we summarize current understanding and knowledge of matrix metalloproteinases in the brain and at the blood-brain barrier in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf G Rempe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Björn Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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12
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Comprehensive and Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Metamorphosis-Related Proteins in the Veined Rapa Whelk, Rapana venosa. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060924. [PMID: 27314339 PMCID: PMC4926457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Larval metamorphosis of the veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) is a pelagic to benthic transition that involves considerable structural and physiological changes. Because metamorphosis plays a pivotal role in R. venosa commercial breeding and natural populations, the endogenous proteins that drive this transition attract considerable interest. This study is the first to perform a comprehensive and quantitative proteomic analysis related to metamorphosis in a marine gastropod. We analyzed the proteomes of competent R. venosa larvae and post-larvae, resulting in the identification of 5312 proteins, including 470 that were downregulated and 668 that were upregulated after metamorphosis. The differentially expressed proteins reflected multiple processes involved in metamorphosis, including cytoskeleton and cell adhesion, ingestion and digestion, stress response and immunity, as well as specific tissue development. Our data improve understanding of the physiological traits controlling R. venosa metamorphosis and provide a solid basis for further study.
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13
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Zhao L, Liu L, Wang S, Wang H, Jiang J. Transcriptome profiles of metamorphosis in the ornamented pygmy frog Microhyla fissipes clarify the functions of thyroid hormone receptors in metamorphosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27310. [PMID: 27254593 PMCID: PMC4890586 DOI: 10.1038/srep27310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anuran metamorphosis is an excellent system in which to study postembryonic development. Studies on Xenopus (Mesobatrachia) show that thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) regulate metamorphosis in a ligand-dependent manner by coordinating the action of hundreds of genes. However, whether this mechanism is conserved among amphibians is still unknown. To understand the molecular mechanism of this universal phenomenon, we report the transcriptional profiles of the three key developmental stages in Microhyla fissipes (Neobatrachia): premetamorphosis (PM), metamorphic climax (MC) and completion of metamorphosis (CM). In total, 2,293 differentially expressed genes were identified from comparisons of transcriptomes, and these genes showed stage-specific expression patterns. Unexpectedly, we found that TRα was highly expressed in Xenopus laevis and Bufo gargarizans at premetamorphosis but showed low expression in M. fissipes. In contrast, TRβ was highly expressed during metamorphosis in M. fissipes and X. laevis. This result may imply that TRβ is essential for initiating metamorphosis, at least in M. fissipes. Thus, our work not only identifies genes that are likely to be involved in Neobatrachia metamorphosis but also clarifies the roles of unliganded TRα in regulating tadpole growth and timing of metamorphosis, which may be conserved in anurans, and the role of liganded TRβ in launching metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Zhao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lusha Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shouhong Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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Huan P, Wang H, Liu B. A Label-Free Proteomic Analysis on Competent Larvae and Juveniles of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135008. [PMID: 26247880 PMCID: PMC4527670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current understandings on the molecular mechanisms underlying bivalve metamorphosis are still fragmentary, and a comprehensive description is required. In this study, using a large-scale label-free proteomic approach, we described and compared the proteomes of competent larvae (CL) and juveniles (JU) of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. A total of 788 proteins were identified: 392 in the CL proteome and 636 in the JU proteome. Gene Ontology analysis of the proteome from each sample revealed active metabolic processes in both stages. Further quantitative analyses revealed 117 proteins that were differentially expressed between the two samples. These proteins were divided into eight groups: cytoskeleton and cell adhesion, protein synthesis and degradation, immunity and stress response, development of particular tissues, signal regulation, metabolism and energy supply, transport, and other proteins. A certification experiment using real-time PCR assay confirmed 20 of 30 examined genes exhibited the same trends at the mRNA and protein levels. The differentially expressed proteins may play roles in tissue remodeling, signal transduction, and organ development during and after metamorphosis. Novel roles were proposed for some differentially expressed proteins, such as chymotrypsin. The results of this work provide an overview of metamorphosis and post-metamorphosis development of C. gigas at the protein level. Future studies on the functions of the differentially expressed proteins will help to obtain a more in-depth understanding of bivalve metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Huan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Baozhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
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Ishizuya-Oka A, Hasebe T. Establishment of intestinal stem cell niche during amphibian metamorphosis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 103:305-27. [PMID: 23347524 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385979-2.00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the amphibian intestine during metamorphosis, most of the larval epithelial cells undergo apoptosis, whereas a small number of them survive. These cells dedifferentiate into stem cells through interactions with the microenvironment referred to as "stem cell niche" and generate the adult epithelium analogous to the mammalian counterpart. Since all processes of the larval-to-adult intestinal remodeling can be experimentally induced by thyroid hormone (TH) both in vivo and in vitro, the amphibian intestine provides us a valuable opportunity to study how adult stem cells and their niche are formed during postembryonic development. To address this issue, a number of expression and functional analyses of TH response genes have been intensely performed in the Xenopus laevis over the past two decades, by using organ culture and transgenic techniques. We here review recent progress in this field, focusing on key signaling pathways involved in establishment of the stem cell niche and discuss their evolutionarily conserved roles in the vertebrate intestine.
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Hasebe T, Buchholz DR, Shi YB, Ishizuya-Oka A. Epithelial-connective tissue interactions induced by thyroid hormone receptor are essential for adult stem cell development in the Xenopus laevis intestine. Stem Cells 2011; 29:154-61. [PMID: 21280164 DOI: 10.1002/stem.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the amphibian intestine during metamorphosis, stem cells appear and generate the adult absorptive epithelium, analogous to the mammalian one, under the control of thyroid hormone (TH). We have previously shown that the adult stem cells originate from differentiated larval epithelial cells in the Xenopus laevis intestine. To clarify whether TH signaling in the epithelium alone is sufficient for inducing the stem cells, we have now performed tissue recombinant culture experiments using transgenic X. laevis tadpoles that express a dominant-positive TH receptor (dpTR) under a control of heat shock promoter. Wild-type (Wt) or dpTR transgenic (Tg) larval epithelium (Ep) was isolated from the tadpole intestine, recombined with homologous or heterologous nonepithelial tissues (non-Ep), and then cultivated in the absence of TH with daily heat shocks to induce transgenic dpTR expression. Adult epithelial progenitor cells expressing sonic hedgehog became detectable on day 5 in both the recombinant intestine of Tg Ep and Tg non-Ep (Tg/Tg) and that of Tg Ep and Wt non-Ep (Tg/Wt). However, in Tg/Wt intestine, they did not express other stem cell markers such as Musashi-1 and never generated the adult epithelium expressing a marker for absorptive epithelial cells. Our results indicate that, while it is unclear why some larval epithelial cells dedifferentiate into adult progenitor/stem cells, TR-mediated gene expression in the surrounding tissues other than the epithelium is required for them to develop into adult stem cells, suggesting the importance of TH-inducible epithelial-connective tissue interactions in establishment of the stem cell niche in the amphibian intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hasebe
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Ishizuya-Oka A. Amphibian organ remodeling during metamorphosis: Insight into thyroid hormone-induced apoptosis. Dev Growth Differ 2011; 53:202-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2010.01222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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18
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Zhou J, Tao P, Fisher JF, Shi Q, Mobashery S, Schlegel HB. QM/MM Studies of the Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) Inhibition Mechanism of (S)-SB-3CT and its Oxirane Analogue. J Chem Theory Comput 2010; 6:3580-3587. [PMID: 21076643 DOI: 10.1021/ct100382k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SB-3CT, (4-phenoxyphenylsulfonyl)methylthiirane, is a potent, mechanism-based inhibitor of the gelatinase sub-class of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of zinc proteases. The gelatinase MMPs are unusual in that there are several examples where both enantiomers of a racemic inhibitor have comparable inhibitory abilities. SB-3CT is one such example. Here, the inhibition mechanism of the MMP2 gelatinase by the (S)-SB-3CT enantiomer and its oxirane analogue is examined computationally, and compared to the mechanism of (R)-SB-3CT. Inhibition of MMP2 by (R)-SB-3CT was shown previously to involve enzyme-catalyzed C-H deprotonation adjacent to the sulfone, with concomitant opening by β-elimination of the sulfur of the three-membered thiirane ring. Similarly to the R enantiomer, (S)-SB-3CT was docked into the active site of MMP2, followed by molecular dynamics simulation to prepare the complex for combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations. QM/MM calculations with B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) for the QM part (46 atoms) and the AMBER force field for the MM part were used to compare the reaction of (S)-SB-3CT and its oxirane analogue in the active site of MMP2 (9208 atoms). These calculations show that the barrier for the proton abstraction coupled ring opening reaction of (S)-SB-3CT in the MMP2 active site is 4.4 kcal/mol lower than its oxirane analogue, and the ring opening reaction energy of (S)-SB-3CT is only 1.6 kcal/mol less exothermic than its oxirane analogue. Calculations also show that the protonation of the ring-opened products by water is thermodynamically much more favorable for the alkoxide obtained from the oxirane, than for the thiolate obtained from the thiirane. In contrast to (R)-SB-3CT and the R-oxirane analogue, the double bonds of the ring-opened products of (S)-SB-3CT and its S-oxirane analogue have the cis-configuration. Vibrational frequency and intrinsic reaction path calculations on a reduced size QM/MM model (2747 atoms) provide additional insight into the mechanism. These calculations yield 5.9 and 6.7 for the deuterium kinetic isotope effect for C-H bond cleavage in the transition state for the R and S enantiomers of SB-3CT, in good agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave Detroit, Michigan 48202
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Tao P, Fisher JF, Shi Q, Mobashery S, Schlegel HB. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) inhibition: DFT and QM/MM studies of the deprotonation-initialized ring-opening reaction of the sulfoxide analogue of SB-3CT. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:1030-7. [PMID: 20039633 DOI: 10.1021/jp909327y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
(4-Phenoxyphenylsulfonyl)methylthiirane (SB-3CT) is the selective inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2). The inhibition mechanism of MMP2 by SB-3CT involves C-H deprotonation with concomitant opening of the three-membered heterocycle. In this study, the energetics of the deprotonation-induced ring-opening of (4-phenoxyphenylsulfinyl)methylthiirane, the sulfoxide analogue of SB-3CT, are examined computationally using DFT and QM/MM calculations. A model system, 2-(methylsulfinylmethyl)thiirane, is used to study the stereoelectronic and conformational effects of reaction barriers in methanol. For the model system in methanol solution (using the polarizable continuum model), the reaction barriers range from 17 to 23 kcal/mol with significant stereoelectronic effects. However, the lowest barriers of the (R,R) and (S,R) diastereomers are similar. Two diastereomers of the sulfoxide analogue of SB-3CT are studied in the active site of MMP2 by QM/MM methods with an accurate partial charge fitting procedure. The ring-opening reactions of these two diastereomers have similar reaction energetics. Both are exothermic from the reactant to the ring-opening product (thiolate). The protonation of the thiolate by a water molecule is endothermic in both cases. However, the deprotonation/ring-opening barriers in the MMP2 active site using QM/MM methods for the (R,R) and (S,R) inhibitions are quite different (23.3 and 28.5 kcal/mol, respectively). The TSs identified in QM/MM calculations were confirmed by vibrational frequency analysis and following the reaction path. The (R,R) diastereomer has a hydrogen bond between the sulfoxide oxygen and the backbone NH of Leu191, while the (S,R) has a hydrogen bond between the sulfoxide oxygen and a water molecule. The dissimilar strengths of these hydrogen bonds as well as minor differences in the TS structures contribute to the difference between the barriers. Compared to SB-3CT, both diastereomers of the sulfoxide analogue have higher reaction barriers and have less exothermic reaction energies. This agrees well with the experiments, where SB-3CT is a more effective inhibitor of MMP2 than its sulfoxide analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Tao P, Fisher JF, Shi Q, Vreven T, Mobashery S, Schlegel HB. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 inhibition: combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics studies of the inhibition mechanism of (4-phenoxyphenylsulfonyl)methylthiirane and its oxirane analogue. Biochemistry 2009; 48:9839-47. [PMID: 19754151 DOI: 10.1021/bi901118r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition mechanism of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) by the selective inhibitor (4-phenoxyphenylsulfonyl)methylthiirane (SB-3CT) and its oxirane analogue is investigated computationally. The inhibition mechanism involves C-H deprotonation with concomitant opening of the three-membered heterocycle. SB-3CT was docked into the active site of MMP2, followed by molecular dynamics simulation to prepare the complex for combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations. QM/MM calculations with B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) for the QM part and the AMBER force field for the MM part were used to examine the reaction of these two inhibitors in the active site of MMP2. The calculations show that the reaction barrier for transformation of SB-3CT is 1.6 kcal/mol lower than its oxirane analogue, and the ring-opening reaction energy of SB-3CT is 8.0 kcal/mol more exothermic than that of its oxirane analogue. Calculations also show that protonation of the ring-opened product by water is thermodynamically much more favorable for the alkoxide obtained from the oxirane than for the thiolate obtained from the thiirane. A six-step partial charge fitting procedure is introduced for the QM/MM calculations to update atomic partial charges of the quantum mechanics region and to ensure consistent electrostatic energies for reactants, transition states, and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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McLin VA, Henning SJ, Jamrich M. The role of the visceral mesoderm in the development of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:2074-91. [PMID: 19303014 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract forms from the endoderm (which gives rise to the epithelium) and the mesoderm (which develops into the smooth muscle layer, the mesenchyme, and numerous other cell types). Much of what is known of GI development has been learned from studies of the endoderm and its derivatives, because of the importance of epithelial biology in understanding and treating human diseases. Although the necessity of epithelial-mesenchymal cross talk for GI development is uncontested, the role of the mesoderm remains comparatively less well understood. The transformation of the visceral mesoderm during development is remarkable; it differentiates from a very thin layer of cells into a complex tissue comprising smooth muscle cells, myofibroblasts, neurons, immune cells, endothelial cells, lymphatics, and extracellular matrix molecules, all contributing to the form and function of the digestive system. Understanding the molecular processes that govern the development of these cell types and elucidating their respective contribution to GI patterning could offer insight into the mechanisms that regulate cell fate decisions in the intestine, which has the unique property of rapid cell renewal for the maintenance of epithelial integrity. In reviewing evidence from both mammalian and nonmammalian models, we reveal the important role of the visceral mesoderm in the ontogeny of the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie A McLin
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Suzuki KI, Machiyama F, Nishino S, Watanabe Y, Kashiwagi K, Kashiwagi A, Yoshizato K. Molecular features of thyroid hormone-regulated skin remodeling in Xenopus laevis during metamorphosis. Dev Growth Differ 2009; 51:411-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2009.01100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ishizuya-Oka A, Hasebe T, Buchholz DR, Kajita M, Fu L, Shi YB. Origin of the adult intestinal stem cells induced by thyroid hormone in Xenopus laevis. FASEB J 2009; 23:2568-75. [PMID: 19299481 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-128124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the amphibian intestine during metamorphosis, de novo stem cells generate the adult epithelium analogous to the mammalian counterpart. Interestingly, to date the exact origin of these stem cells remains to be determined, making intestinal metamorphosis a unique model to study development of adult organ-specific stem cells. Here, to determine their origin, we made use of transgenic Xenopus tadpoles expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) for recombinant organ cultures. The larval epithelium separated from the wild-type (Wt) or GFP transgenic (Tg) intestine before metamorphic climax was recombined with homologous and heterologous nonepithelial tissues and was cultivated in the presence of thyroid hormone, the causative agent of metamorphosis. In all kinds of recombinant intestine, adult progenitor cells expressing markers for intestinal stem cells such as sonic hedgehog became detectable and then differentiated into the adult epithelium expressing intestinal fatty acid binding-protein, a marker for absorptive cells. Notably, whenever the epithelium was derived from Tg intestine, both the adult progenitor/stem cells and their differentiated cells expressed GFP, whereas neither of them expressed GFP in the Wt-derived epithelium. Our results provide direct evidence that stem cells that generate the adult intestinal epithelium originate from the larval epithelium, through thyroid hormone-induced dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ishizuya-Oka
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, 2-297-2 Kosugi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-0063, Japan.
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Fu L, Das B, Mathew S, Shi YB. Genome-wide identification of Xenopus matrix metalloproteinases: conservation and unique duplications in amphibians. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:81. [PMID: 19222855 PMCID: PMC2656525 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are members of the superfamily of Zn2+ dependent extracellular or membrane-bound endopeptidases which have been implicated to play critical roles in vertebrate development and human pathogenesis. A number of MMP genes have been found to be upregulated in some or all organs during frog metamorphosis, suggesting that different MMPs may have different functions in various organs/tissues. The recent advances in EST (expressed sequence tag) sequencing and the completion of the genome of Xenopus (X.) tropicalis prompted us to systematically analyze the existence of MMPs in the Xenopus genome. Results We examined X. laevis and X. tropicalis ESTs and genomic sequences for MMPs and obtained likely homologs for 20 out of the 25 MMPs known in higher vertebrates. Four of the five missing MMPs, i.e. MMPs 8, 10, 12 and 27, were all encoded on human Chromosome 11 and the other missing MMP, MMP22 (a chicken MMP), was also absent in human genome. In addition, we identified several novel MMPs which appears to be derived from unique duplications over evolution, are present in the genomes of both Xenopus species. Conclusion We identified the homologs of most of the mammalian MMPs in Xenopus and discovered a number of novel MMPs. Our results suggest that MMP genes undergo dynamic changes over evolution. It will be of interest in the future to investigate whether MMP expression and functions during vertebrate development are conserved. The sequence information reported here should facilitate such an endeavor in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, PCRM, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Gapski R, Hasturk H, Van Dyke TE, Oringer RJ, Wang S, Braun TM, Giannobile WV. Systemic MMP inhibition for periodontal wound repair: results of a multi-centre randomized-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:149-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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