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Cramer A, Schmidtmann J, Benard P, Kaestner A, Engelhardt M, Peiffer S, Carminati A. Ferrihydrite coating reduces microplastic induced soil water repellency. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023. [PMID: 37162184 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00077j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Addition of microplastics (MP) to soil has the potential to increase soil water repellency. However, coating of MP with soil abundant substances e.g., iron compounds, can reduce this effect. Here, we tested if pre-coating or in situ coating of MP with ferrihydrite (Fh) reduces soil water repellency. We applied hotspots of pristine and coated MP (20-75 μm, PS and PET) to sand and imaged capillary rise via neutron radiography. Capillary rise experiments in wetting-drying cycles were conducted using water and Fh suspension. Pristine MP hotspots were not wettable. Capillary rise of water into coated MP hotspots differed in wettability depending on polymer type. While coated PS was still non-wettable, water imbibed into the coated PET hotspot. Capillary rise of Fh suspensions in wetting and drying cycles also showed varying results depending on polymer type. MP hotspots were still non-wettable and local water content increased only marginally. Our results indicate that Fh coating of MP changes MP surface wettability depending on polymer type and therefore counteracts the hydrophobic properties of pristine MP. However, MP coating is likely to be slowed down by the initial hydrophobicity of pristine MP. Dynamics of MP coating and increasing wettability are key factors for biotic and abiotic degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Cramer
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Physics of Soil and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Johanna Schmidtmann
- Department of Hydrology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Pascal Benard
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Physics of Soil and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Anders Kaestner
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Engelhardt
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefan Peiffer
- Department of Hydrology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Physics of Soil and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Zürich, Switzerland.
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2
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Gaetano LC, Abdala F, Seoane FD, Tartaglione A, Schulz M, Otero A, Leardi JM, Apaldetti C, Krapovickas V, Steimbach E. A new cynodont from the Upper Triassic Los Colorados Formation (Argentina, South America) reveals a novel paleobiogeographic context for mammalian ancestors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6451. [PMID: 35468982 PMCID: PMC9038739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Probainognathia is a derived lineage of cynodonts which encompass Mammalia as their crown-group. The rich record of probainognathians from the Carnian of Argentina contrasts with their Norian representation, with only one named species. Here we describe a new probainognathian, Tessellatia bonapartei gen. et sp. nov., from the Norian Los Colorados Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin of Argentina. The new taxon, represented by a partial cranium with associated lower jaws, was analyzed through neutron and X-rays micro-tomography (μCT). The high-resolution neutron μCT data allowed the identification of a unique character combination, including features inaccessible through traditional techniques. We constructed the largest phylogenetic data matrix of non-mammalian cynodonts. The new species and its sister taxon, the Brazilian Therioherpeton cargnini, are recovered as probainognathians, closely related to Mammaliamorpha. We conducted the first quantitative paleobiogeographic analysis of non-mammalian cynodonts, focusing in probainognathians. The results indicate that Probainognathia and Mammaliamorpha originated in southwestern Gondwana (in the Brazilian Paraná Basin), which was an important center of diversification during the Triassic. Finally, the Chinese Lufeng Basin is identified as the ancestral area of Mammaliaformes. These new findings, besides adding to the knowledge of the poorly represented Norian cynodonts from the Los Colorados Formation, are significant to improve our understanding of probainognathian diversity, evolution, and paleobiogeographic history.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Gaetano
- Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber" (IDEAN, UBA-CONICET), C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
| | - F Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.,Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo, T4000JFE, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - F D Seoane
- Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber" (IDEAN, UBA-CONICET), C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Tartaglione
- Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II), Technische Universität München, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - M Schulz
- Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II), Technische Universität München, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - A Otero
- División Paleontología de Vertebrados (Anexo Laboratorios), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J M Leardi
- Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber" (IDEAN, UBA-CONICET), C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Apaldetti
- Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, J5400DNQ, San Juan, Argentina
| | - V Krapovickas
- Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber" (IDEAN, UBA-CONICET), C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Steimbach
- Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber" (IDEAN, UBA-CONICET), C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Characterizing pearls structures using X-ray phase-contrast and neutron imaging: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12118. [PMID: 30108321 PMCID: PMC6092347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Some cultured and natural pearls can be reliably distinguished by visual inspection and by the use of lens and microscope. However, assessing the origin of the pearls could be not straightforward since many different production techniques can now be found in the pearl market, for example in salt or freshwater environments, with or without a rigid nucleus. This wide range of products requires the use of new effective scientific techniques. Indeed, X-ray radiography has been used by gemologists since last century as the only safe and non-destructive way to visually inspect the interior of a pearl, and recently, also X-ray computed micro-tomography was used to better visualize the inner parts of the gems. In this study we analyzed samples of natural and cultured pearls by means of two non-destructive techniques: the X-ray Phase-Contrast Imaging (PCI) and the Neutron Imaging (NI). PCI and NI results will be combined for the first time, to better visualize the pearls internal morphology, thus giving relevant indications on the pearl formation process.
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Clogging in staked-in needle pre-filled syringes (SIN-PFS): Influence of water vapor transmission through the needle shield. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:104-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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De Bardi M, Müller R, Grünzweig C, Mannes D, Boillat P, Rigollet M, Bamberg F, Jung TA, Yang K. On the needle clogging of staked-in-needle pre-filled syringes: Mechanism of liquid entering the needle and solidification process. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 128:272-281. [PMID: 29730259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Staked-in-needle prefilled syringes (SIN-PFS) are widely used for the parenteral administration of drug product solutions. During stability studies, clogging of the injection needle was observed in syringes filled with concentrated antibody solution. A prerequisite for this phenomenon is that liquid has entered the needle. In this study, we characterized the mechanism causing the entry and movement of liquid in the needle using neutron imaging without manipulating the container closure integrity of the syringe. The gas pressure difference between inside and outside of the syringe was identified as the major cause of liquid movement. The influence of external factors, such as temperature fluctuation and physical pressure on the stopper, were tested and were confirmed to have a relevant impact on the processes of liquid entering and moving inside the injection needle. In a second step, the solidification process of the liquid segments inside the needle via solvent evaporation was further investigated, and the process was found to be dependent on storage time, environmental climate and interaction between the drug product solution and the needle surface. The presence of air/liquid segments was identified as a further factor for the stochastic behavior of needle clogging. For the first time, this fundamental mechanism behind the needle clogging issue was investigated in depth and the results will help to reduce the defect rate for clogged SIN-PFS products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Bardi
- F. Hoffmann - La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (CH), Switzerland; University of Basel, Physics Department, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel (CH), Switzerland
| | - R Müller
- F. Hoffmann - La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (CH), Switzerland
| | - C Grünzweig
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen (CH), Switzerland
| | - D Mannes
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen (CH), Switzerland
| | - P Boillat
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen (CH), Switzerland
| | - M Rigollet
- F. Hoffmann - La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (CH), Switzerland
| | - F Bamberg
- F. Hoffmann - La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (CH), Switzerland
| | - T A Jung
- University of Basel, Physics Department, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel (CH), Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen (CH), Switzerland
| | - K Yang
- F. Hoffmann - La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (CH), Switzerland.
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Isaksson H, Le Cann S, Perdikouri C, Turunen MJ, Kaestner A, Tägil M, Hall SA, Tudisco E. Neutron tomographic imaging of bone-implant interface: Comparison with X-ray tomography. Bone 2017; 103:295-301. [PMID: 28739417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal implants, in e.g. joint replacements, are generally considered to be a success. As mechanical stability is important for the longevity of a prosthesis, the biological reaction of the bone to the mechanical loading conditions after implantation and during remodelling determines its fate. The bone reaction at the implant interface can be studied using high-resolution imaging. However, commonly used X-ray imaging suffers from image artefacts in the close proximity of metal implants, which limit the possibility to closely examine the bone at the bone-implant interface. An alternative ex vivo 3D imaging method is offered by neutron tomography. Neutrons interact with matter differently than X-rays; therefore, this study explores if neutron tomography may be used to enrich studies on bone-implant interfaces. A stainless steel screw was implanted in a rat tibia and left to integrate for 6weeks. After extracting the tibia, the bone-screw construct was imaged using X-ray and neutron tomography at different resolutions. Artefacts were visible in all X-ray images in the close proximity of the implant, which limited the ability to accurately quantify the bone around the implant. In contrast, neutron images were free of metal artefacts, enabling full analysis of the bone-implant interface. Trabecular structural bone parameters were quantified in the metaphyseal bone away from the implant using all imaging modalities. The structural bone parameters were similar for all images except for the lowest resolution neutron images. This study presents the first proof-of-concept that neutron tomographic imaging can be used for ex-vivo evaluation of bone microstructure and that it constitutes a viable, new tool to study the bone-implant interface tissue remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics, Lund University, Sweden.
| | - Sophie Le Cann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden.
| | | | - Mikael J Turunen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anders Kaestner
- Swiss Spallation Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland.
| | - Magnus Tägil
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lund University, Sweden.
| | | | - Erika Tudisco
- Division of Geotechnical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden.
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Le Cann S, Tudisco E, Perdikouri C, Belfrage O, Kaestner A, Hall S, Tägil M, Isaksson H. Characterization of the bone-metal implant interface by Digital Volume Correlation of in-situ loading using neutron tomography. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 75:271-278. [PMID: 28759839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metallic implants are commonly used as surgical treatments for many orthopedic conditions. The long-term stability of implants relies on an adequate integration with the surrounding bone. Unsuccessful integration could lead to implant loosening. By combining mechanical loading with high-resolution 3D imaging methods, followed by image analysis such as Digital Volume Correlation (DVC), we aim at evaluating ex vivo the mechanical resistance of newly formed bone at the interface. X-rays tomography is commonly used to image bone but induces artefacts close to metallic components. Utilizing a different interaction with matter, neutron tomography is a promising alternative but has not yet been used in studies of bone mechanics. This work demonstrates that neutron tomography during in situ loading is a feasible tool to characterize the mechanical response of bone-implant interfaces, especially when combined with DVC. Experiments were performed where metal screws were implanted in rat tibiae during 4 weeks. The screws were pulled-out while the samples were sequentially imaged in situ with neutron tomography. The images were analyzed to quantify bone ingrowth around the implants. DVC was used to track the internal displacements and calculate the strain fields in the bone during loading. The neutron images were free of metal-related artefacts, which enabled accurate quantification of bone ingrowth on the screw (ranging from 60% to 71%). DVC allowed successful identification of the deformation and cracks that occurred during mechanical loading and led to final failure of the bone-implant interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Le Cann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Erika Tudisco
- Division of Geotechnical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden.
| | | | - Ola Belfrage
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lund University, Sweden.
| | - Anders Kaestner
- Swiss Spallation Source, Paul Sheerer Institute, Switzerland.
| | - Stephen Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Tägil
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lund University, Sweden.
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics, Lund University, Sweden.
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Hatzell KB, Eller J, Morelly SL, Tang MH, Alvarez NJ, Gogotsi Y. Direct observation of active material interactions in flowable electrodes using X-ray tomography. Faraday Discuss 2017; 199:511-524. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00243a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding electrical percolation and charging mechanisms in electrochemically active biphasic flowable electrodes is critical for enabling scalable deionization (desalination) and energy storage. Flowable electrodes are dynamic material systems which store charge (remove ions) and have the ability to flow. This flow process can induce structural changes in the underlying material arrangement and result in transient and non-uniform material properties. Carbon-based suspensions are opaque, multi-phase, and three dimensional, and thus prior characterization of the structural properties has been limited to indirect methods (electrochemical and rheology). Herein, a range of mixed electronic and ionically conducting suspensions are evaluated to determine their static structure, function, and properties, utilizing synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM). The high brilliance of the synchrotron light enables deconvolution of the liquid and solid phases. Reconstruction of the solid phase reveals agglomeration cluster volumes between 10 μm3 and 103 μm3 (1 pL) for low loaded samples (5 wt% carbon). The largest agglomeration cluster in the low loaded sample (5 wt%) occupied only 3% of the reconstructed volume whereas samples loaded with 10 wt% activated carbon demonstrated electrically connected clusters that occupied 22% of the imaged region. The highly loaded samples (20 wt%) demonstrated clusters of the order of a microliter, which accounted for 63–85% of the imaged region. These results demonstrate a capability for discerning the structural properties of biphasic systems utilizing SRXTM techniques, and show that discontinuity in the carbon particle networks induces decreased material utilization in low-loaded flowable electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey B. Hatzell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Vanderbilt University
- Nashville
- USA
| | - Jens Eller
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- Villigen PSI
- Switzerland
| | - Samantha L. Morelly
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Maureen H. Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Nicolas J. Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
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