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Sharma R, Kaphle HP. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy among married women in Putalibajar municipality, Nepal. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1158406. [PMID: 37359874 PMCID: PMC10286819 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1158406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intimate partner violence during pregnancy (IPVDP) is increasingly being recognized as a significant problem in the developing world due to its adverse health consequences on both pregnant women and children. The objective of the study is to measure the magnitude of intimate partner violence during pregnancy and the factors associated with IPVDP. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 263 married women in their extended postpartum period between October 2019 and March 2020 in Putalibajar municipality, Nepal. A face-to-face interview was conducted and data were collected using an interview schedule. A Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed to examine the association between IPVDP and the independent variables. Results Among the 263 women interviewed, 30% experienced IPV during pregnancy, the most common type of violence was controlling behavior (20.2%) followed by emotional (18.6%), sexual (10.6%), economic (6.1%), and physical violence (5.3%). It was observed that IPV was more likely to occur among women whose husbands consumed alcohol (AOR = 3.171; CI 95%: 1.588-9.167), women whose husbands consumed tobacco (AOR =3.815; CI 95%: 2.157-7.265), women who sometimes received family support during pregnancy (AOR =2.948; CI 95%: 1.115-7.793) and women who did not decide on marriage timing (AOR =2.777; CI 95%: 1.331-5.792). Conclusion Three out of ten pregnant women experienced IPVDP. To prevent violence, and ensure women's empowerment, formulating strict laws and discouraging the element of a violent milieu is important.
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Utaile MM, Ahmed AA, Yalew AW. Multilevel analysis of factors for intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Gammo Goffa Zone, South Ethiopia: A community based study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1122041. [PMID: 36998288 PMCID: PMC10043311 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1122041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundIntimate partner violence during pregnancy is a public health problem that can affect both maternal and fetal life. However, its prevalence and associated factors have not been well studied and understood in Ethiopia. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the individual and community-level factors associated with intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Gammo Goffa Zone, South Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,535 randomly selected pregnant women from July to October 2020. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered, standardized WHO multi-country study questionnaire and analyzed using STATA 14. A two level mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with intimate partner violence during pregnancy.ResultsThe prevalence of intimate partner violence during pregnancy was found to be 48% (95% CI: 45–50%). Factors affecting violence during pregnancy were identified at the community and individual levels. Access to health facilities (AOR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.85), women feeling isolated from the community (AOR= 1.96; 95% CI: 1.04, 3.69), and strict gender role differences (AOR= 1.45; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.04) were among higher-level factors found to be significantly associated with intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Low decision-making power was found to increase the odds of experiencing IPV during pregnancy (AOR= 2.51; 95% CI: 1.28, 4.92). Similarly, maternal education, maternal occupation, living with the partner's family, current pregnancy intended by the partner, dowry payment, and presence of marital conflict were among the individual- level factors found to increase the odds of experiencing intimate partner violence during pregnancy.ConclusionsThe prevalence of intimate partner violence during pregnancy was high in the study area. Both individual and community-level factors had significant implications on maternal health programs related to violence against women. Socio-demographic and socio-ecological characteristics were identified as associated factors. Since it is a multifaceted problem, special emphasis has to be given to multi-sectoral approaches involving all responsible bodies to mitigate the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Mamo Utaile
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Mesfin Mamo Utaile
| | - Ahmed Ali Ahmed
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Worku Yalew
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Shafiei S, Chegeni M, Afrashteh S, Shoraka HR, Bazrafshan A, Bagherinezhad Z, Ghazanfarpour M, Sharifi H. Prevalence of Violence in Iranian Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Matern Child Health J 2022; 26:1983-2019. [PMID: 35947277 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-022-03463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Violence against pregnant women is a significant public health problem, resulting in disability and various physical and mental health disorders. This systematic review and meta-analysis explored the prevalence of physical, verbal, sexual, psychological, emotional, economic, and other types of violence among pregnant women in Iran. METHODS Bibliographic databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus, and also Iranian databases including Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, and Civilica were searched from 2002 to September 16, 2020. Following a random-effects meta-analysis, we estimated the pooled prevalence of exposure to different types of violence among Iranian pregnant women. Overall, 61 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed in this systematic review. RESULTS The prevalence of physical violence was 19.0% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 14.0, 24.0), verbal violence was 42.0% (95% CI: 24.0, 61.0), sexual violence was 26.0% (95% CI: 20.0, 32.0), psychological violence was 37.0% (95% CI: 28.0, 46.0), emotional violence was 51.0% (95% CI: 40.0, 62.0), economic 39.0% (95% CI: 19.0, 60.0), and the prevalence of other types of violence was 54.0% (95% CI: 46.0, 62.0). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that Iranian pregnant women are often exposed to different types of violence. Therefore, screening for violence in this vulnerable group seems necessary due to the sensitive nature of pregnancy and its importance in maternal health. This alarming rate of violence calls for adopting upstream policies and interventions to reduce violent practices against pregnant women in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Shafiei
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital , Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Maryam Chegeni
- Department of Public Health, Khomein University of Medical Sciences,, Khomein, Iran
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Sima Afrashteh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Shoraka
- Department of Public Health, Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Science, Esfarayen, Iran
| | - Azam Bazrafshan
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | | | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Jatta JW, Baru A, Fawole OI, Ojengbede OA. Intimate partner violence among pregnant women attending antenatal care services in the rural Gambia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255723. [PMID: 34352019 PMCID: PMC8341542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) refers to any behavior by either a current or ex-intimate partner or would-be rejected lover that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm. It is the most common form of violence in women's lives. According to a World Health Organization report, about 1 in 3 women worldwide experience at least one form of IPV from an intimate partner at some point in her life. In the Gambia, about 62% of pregnant women experience at least one form of violence from an intimate partner. IPV has severe physical and mental health consequences on a woman ranging from minor bodily injury to death. It also increases the risk of low birth weight, premature delivery, and neonatal death. METHODS A health facility-based cross-sectional study design was carried out to assess the magnitude and factors associated with intimate partner violence among pregnant women seeking antenatal care in the rural Gambia. The study enrolled 373 pregnant women, and a multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the respondents. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to obtain information from the study participants. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS Ver.22. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed to determine the presence and strength of associated factors with IPV. RESULT The study reveals that the prevalence of IPV in The Gambia is 67%, with psychological violence (43%) being the most common form of IPV reported by the respondents. The multivariate logistic regression result reveals that being aged 35 years or older [AOR 5.1(95% CI 1.5-17.8)], the experience of parents quarreling during childhood [AOR 1.7(95% CI 1.0-2.75)], and having cigarette smoking partners [AOR 2.3 (95% CI 1.10-4.6)] were significantly associated with IPV during pregnancy. CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated that all forms of IPV in rural Gambia are frequent. Women older than 35 years, had experienced parents quarreling, had a partner who smoked, and a partner who fight with others were more likely report IPV compared to other pregnant women in the study. We recommend that IPV screening should be included as an integral part of routine antenatal care services in The Gambia. Community-based interventions that include indigenous leaders, religious leaders, and other key stakeholders are crucial to create awareness on all forms of IPV and address the risk factors found to influence the occurrence of IPV in rural Gambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Jatta
- Institute of Life and Earth Science (Including Health and Agriculture), Pan African University, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Slum and Rural Health Initiative Network, Research and Collaboration Department, SRHIN/Africa, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ararso Baru
- Institute of Life and Earth Science (Including Health and Agriculture), Pan African University, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Slum and Rural Health Initiative Network, Research and Collaboration Department, SRHIN/Africa, Ibadan, Nigeria
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
| | - Olufunmilayo I. Fawole
- Institute of Life and Earth Science (Including Health and Agriculture), Pan African University, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oladosu A. Ojengbede
- Institute of Life and Earth Science (Including Health and Agriculture), Pan African University, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Centre for Population and Reproductive Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Raifman S, Puri M, Arcara J, Diamond-Smith N. Is there an association between fertility and domestic violence in Nepal? AJOG GLOBAL REPORTS 2021; 1:100011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xagr.2021.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Mahato PK, Sheppard ZA, van Teijlingen E, De Souza N. Factors associated with contraceptive use in rural Nepal: Gender and decision-making. SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHCARE 2020; 24:100507. [PMID: 32200229 DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2020.100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gender norms and roles influence many decisions related to reproductive health behaviours including contraceptive use. There are very few studies related to gender norms and decision-making in contraceptive use in Nepal, hence this paper addresses these issues in a quantitative study. METHODS A secondary data analysis of a primary study conducted in 2012 as a quantitative cross-sectional study in four villages of a hilly district in Nepal. This study included data that were collected from either the woman or the man in 440 couples of childbearing age with at least one child. The secondary analysis included (adjusted) regression analysis to investigate factors associated with contraception use with the variables of interest being gender roles and decision-making, whilst considering demographic and socio-economic controls. RESULTS The secondary data analysis found gender roles were associated with current/ever use of contraceptives as reported by the respondents. Socio-economic factors such as husband's and wife's education and gender roles such as indicators showing sharing of childcare responsibilities affected contraceptive use positively. However, decision making regarding contraceptive use was not found to be associated with current/ever use of contraceptives. CONCLUSION Gender has a role in the use of contraceptive, however decision-making may not be associated with contraceptive use. Educational, health promotional and family planning programmes are recommended to promote use of contraceptives. It is important that husbands get involved in these programmes to encourage discussions related to contraceptive use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti K Mahato
- Centre for Midwifery, Maternal & Perinatal Health, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth House, 19 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH1 3LH England, UK.
| | | | - Edwin van Teijlingen
- Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK; Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Nepal.
| | - Nisa De Souza
- Singapore Clinical Research Institute, Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
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Experiences and Perceptions of Abused Turkish Women Regarding Violence Against Women. Community Ment Health J 2019; 55:686-692. [PMID: 30353446 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-018-0350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study qualitatively explored abused Turkish women's experiences and perceptions regarding violence against women. The research sample comprised 30 women who were seen by the police and referred to the Family Counseling Center between 2 October 2012 and 30 August 2013 due to domestic violence. Study data were collected using a Demographic Information Datasheet and a Semi-Structured Interview Form. Qualitative data were gathered using face-to-face interviews, which were transcribed verbatim then analyzed and interpreted to determine themes using the conceptual framework. Qualitative analysis yielded five themes: (1) being subjected to all types of violence; (2) everything is an excuse for violence; (3) forgetting what it is like to be a woman; (4) having to continue the marriage against her will; (5) being forced to do some things involuntarily in order to reduce the violence. In the light of these results, it seems that multidisciplinary approaches are required in order to support women both psychologically and socially. Women need to be supported in order to determine their mental health problems and to get the required medical assistance.
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Intimate Partner Violence in Relation to Husband Characteristics and Women Empowerment: Evidence from Nepal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050709. [PMID: 30818838 PMCID: PMC6427227 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess the magnitude of intimate partner violence (IPV) and associated factors among women in Nepal. The secondary data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016 was used. This study was confined to the respondents selected for the domestic violence module. The association between experience of IPV 'ever' and 'in the past year' with selected factors were examined by using Chi-square test, followed by multivariate logistic regression. Complex sample analysis procedure was adopted to adjust for multi-stage sampling design, cluster weight, and sample weight. The result revealed that 26.3% of ever-married women experienced any form of IPV at some point in their lives, while only 13.7% has experienced any form of IPV in the past year. The factors associated with both 'lifetime' and 'past year' experience of IPV includes women witnessing parental violence during their childhood, the husband being drunk frequently, women being afraid of their husband most of the times, and women whose husbands shows marital control behavior. Women's experiencing IPV was associated more with husband related factors than with women's empowerment indicators. Reducing IPV requires a commitment to changing the norms that promote the husband's behavior of controlling his wives and beating her.
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Goodman A, Faruque M, Clark RM. In Bangla There Is No Word for Vagina <br>—Reflections on Language, Sexual Health, and Women’s Access to Healthcare in Resource-Limited Countries. Health (London) 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2016.812127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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