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Malhotra H, Garg V, Singh G, Dutt R. Ethanol extract of Ziziphus nummularia ameliorates formaldehyde-induced arthritis in rats by regulating oxidative stress biomarkers and haematological profile. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:2463-2476. [PMID: 38739176 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder that mainly affects bone and cartilage architecture. The continuous use of NSAIDs and DMARDs is associated with severe toxic effects. Therefore, the current study was designed to scrutinize herb-based therapy for the treatment of RA. AIM To evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of ethanol extract of Ziziphus nummularia using formaldehyde-induced arthritic model in rats and elucidate the possible mechanism for anti-arthritic activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-arthritic activity of ETZN was studied at three oral doses, i.e., 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg. Selected doses were studied using various clinical parameters viz. paw volume, inflammatory index, motility test, stair test, anti-nociceptive efficacy, walking track analysis, and motor activity) from day 1 to day 10. On the last day, the animals were killed for the evaluation of hematological parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, and histological and radiographic studies of the hind paw. RESULTS Treatment with ETZN 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg markedly elicited a significant reduction in paw volume, inflammatory index, and nociceptive action compared to diseased animals. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity was confirmed by increased latency of pain threshold in thermal and mechanical algesia models. The anti-arthritic activity is mainly attributed to a reduction in oxidative stress biomarkers as well as restoration of haematological profile in treated animals when compared to diseased animals. Lastly, the anti-arthritic potential was confirmed by histological and radiological analysis which revealed a marked reduction in inflammatory cells and bone destruction as compared to diseased animals. CONCLUSION The study revealed that ETZN exhibits significant anti-arthritic activity via modulation of oxidative stress biomarkers, restoration of hematological profile, and reduction in bone erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Malhotra
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India
| | - Vandana Garg
- Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
| | - Govind Singh
- Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Katole NT, Kale JS, Salankar HV. Evaluation of the Antinociceptive Action of Simvastatin in Mice. Cureus 2022; 14:e26910. [PMID: 35983393 PMCID: PMC9376206 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Statins are well-established agents for dyslipidemia and have successfully been used for the prevention of coronary artery diseases for a long time; this is attributed not only to their lipid-lowering action but also to their pleiotropic actions. Recently many pleiotropic actions of statins have been explored, but very few studies were done to explore statins' antinociceptive action; therefore, the current study was planned to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of Simvastatin in different pain models in mice. Materials and Methods: Antinociceptive activity of Simvastatin was evaluated by using Eddy's hot plate method (central analgesic model), acetic acid-induced writhing method (peripheral analgesic model), and biphasic formalin-induced paw licking method. Twenty-four mice were divided into four groups (n = 6 in each): Vehicle control group, simvastatin 5mg/kg, simvastatin 20mg/kg, and positive control group. Results: In the hot plate method, as compared to the vehicle control group, Simvastatin 20mg/kg group showed a significant rise in the reaction time to the corresponding time interval (p<0.001). While the simvastatin 5mg/kg group did not show any significant analgesic activity in the hot plate test. In the acetic acid writhing method, both test groups show a significant delay in the onset of writhing and a decrease in the number of writhes as compared to the vehicle control group (P<0.001). While in the formalin test, both groups show dose-dependent analgesic activity in both the early and late phases. Conclusion: Simvastatin exhibits analgesic activity in both central as well as peripheral models of analgesia, but central analgesia shows only at higher concentrations. Similarly, it inhibits inflammatory pain more predominantly than neurogenic, and hence simvastatin can be used in inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis particularly when there is coexisting dyslipidemia.
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Sahebnasagh A, Saghafi F, Azimi S, Salehifar E, Hosseinimehr SJ. Pharmacological Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Kidney Injury Induced by Radiotherapy: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:607-619. [PMID: 34429052 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210824123212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
More than half of cancer patients need radiotherapy during the course of their treatment. Despite the beneficial aspects, the destructive effects of radiation beams on normal tissues lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell injury. Kidneys are affected during radiotherapy of abdominal malignancies. Radiation nephropathy eventually leads to the release of factors triggering systemic inflammation. Currently, there is no proven prophylactic or therapeutic intervention for the management of radiation-induced nephropathy. This article reviews the biomarkers involved in the pathophysiology of radiation-induced nephropathy and its underlying molecular mechanisms. The efficacy of compounds with potential radio-protective properties on amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress is also discussed. By outlining the approaches for preventing and treating this critical side effect, we evaluate the potential treatment of radiation-induced nephropathy. Available preclinical and clinical studies on these compounds are also scrutinized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleh Sahebnasagh
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd. Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saghafi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd. Iran
| | - Saeed Azimi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Ebrahim Salehifar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Sari. Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari. Iran
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Grune C, Zens C, Czapka A, Scheuer K, Thamm J, Hoeppener S, Jandt KD, Werz O, Neugebauer U, Fischer D. Sustainable preparation of anti-inflammatory atorvastatin PLGA nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120404. [PMID: 33647413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the anti-inflammatory lipophilic drug atorvastatin was encapsulated in poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) using a sustainable method in comparison to the standard emulsion-diffusion-evaporation technique. For the sustainable method the organic solvent ethyl acetate was fully replaced by 400 g/mol poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 400). Both techniques led to the formation of nanoparticles with comparable sizes of about 170 to 247 nm depending on the polymer type, with monomodal size distribution and negative zeta potential. All nanoparticles demonstrated a high biocompatibility in a shell-less hen's egg model and displayed an anti-inflammatory effect in human monocytes. The use of PEG 400 resulted in plasticizing effects and a lower crystallinity of the PLGA nanoparticles as determined by differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy, which correlated with a faster drug release. Interestingly, the particles prepared by the sustainable method showed a crystallinity and drug release kinetics similar to nanoparticles made of PEG-PLGA using the standard method. Conclusively, the sustainable method is a fast and easy to perform technique suitable to prepare atorvastatin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles avoiding toxic and environmentally damaging drawbacks frequently associated with classical organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Grune
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Clara Zens
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Czapka
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Karl Scheuer
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS), Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Thamm
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus D Jandt
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS), Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; Pharmaceutical Technology, Department for Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Nipate SS, Yelmar PS. Therapeutic potential of ethyl acetate fraction of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. leaves in a rat model of gout. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2019; 17:455-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gazerani P. Identification of novel analgesics through a drug repurposing strategy. Pain Manag 2019; 9:399-415. [DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2018-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of new indications for approved or failed drugs is a process called drug repositioning or drug repurposing. The motivation includes overcoming the productivity gap that exists in drug development, which is a high-cost–high-risk process. Repositioning also includes rescuing drugs that have safely entered the market but have failed to demonstrate sufficient efficiency for the initial clinical indication. Considering the high prevalence of chronic pain, the lack of sufficient efficacy and the safety issues of current analgesics, repositioning seems to be an attractive approach. This review presents example of drugs that already have been repositioned and highlights new technologies that are available for the identification of additional compounds to stimulate the curiosity of readers for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Gazerani
- Biomedicine, Department of Health Science & Technology, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 3 B, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
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Oxidative stress as a possible mechanism of statin-induced myopathy. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 26:667-674. [PMID: 29574631 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Statins, inhibitors of hydroxy methyl glutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase, are the most widely used drugs for treating hypercholesterolemia. However, statins can cause disabling myopathy as their main adverse effect. Several molecular mechanisms underlie the statin-induced myopathy including the decrease in the levels of essential mevalonate and cholesterol derivatives. This review discusses a further mechanism involving the loss of other anti-oxidant defenses besides ubiquinone (Co-Q) in skeletal muscles which produce a significant amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, to maintain their function, skeletal muscles need a high level of anti-oxidants.
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Talebpour Amiri F, Hamzeh M, Naeimi RA, Ghasemi A, Hosseinimehr SJ. Radioprotective effect of atorvastatin against ionizing radiation-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:106-113. [PMID: 29268056 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1420926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Kidneys are exposed to ionizing radiation during radiotherapy in patients with abdominal malignancy. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effect of atorvastatin (ATV) against ionizing radiation-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups (10 mice per group); control, irradiation (IR), IR plus ATV (10, 20 and 50 mg/kg) and only ATV (50 mg/kg). ATV groups received ATV for seven days via oral gavage before exposure to IR. Animals were exposed to 2 Gy whole body of X-ray on day 8. After exposure to IR, biochemical, histological and immunohistological assays were performed. RESULTS ATV significantly decreased the level of oxidative stress biomarkers in irradiated mice in comparison with IR alone. A significant reduction in the urea and creatinine levels was observed in ATV plus IR group compared to IR alone. Tubular degeneration, glomerular atrophy, interstitial expansion and fibrosis were observed in irradiated mice. Tubular degeneration and atrophy in the kidneys of IR plus ATV group were less than IR group. In addition, pre-treated animal with ATV significantly showed reduction in caspase-3 immunoreactivity. CONCLUSION ATV has significant protective effect against radiation-induced nephrotoxicity in mice and is a promising medication for protection of patients during radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Talebpour Amiri
- a Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Maedeh Hamzeh
- b Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Ramezan Ali Naeimi
- b Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Arash Ghasemi
- c Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- d Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
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Barbosa CP, Bracht L, Ames FQ, de Souza Silva-Comar FM, Tronco RP, Bersani-Amado CA. Effects of Ezetimibe, Simvastatin, and their Combination on Inflammatory Parameters in a Rat Model of Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis. Inflammation 2016; 40:717-724. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Jaikumkao K, Pongchaidecha A, Thongnak LO, Wanchai K, Arjinajarn P, Chatsudthipong V, Chattipakorn N, Lungkaphin A. Amelioration of Renal Inflammation, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis Underlies the Protective Effect of Low Dosage of Atorvastatin in Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164528. [PMID: 27727327 PMCID: PMC5058561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic. However, its therapeutic use is limited by its nephrotoxicity. The mechanisms of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity are principally from renal inflammation and oxidative stress. Since atorvastatin, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, exerts lipid-lowering effects, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory as well as anti-apoptotic effects, this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of atorvastatin against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Male Sprague Dawley rats were used and nephrotoxicity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin, 100 mg/kg/day, for 15 days. Atorvastatin, 10 mg/kg/day, was administered by orally gavage 30 min before gentamicin injection on day 1 to 15 (pretreatment) or on day 10 to15 (delayed treatment). For only atorvastatin treatment group, it was given on day 1 to 15. At the end of the experiment, kidney weight, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine as well as renal inflammation (NF-κB, TNFαR1, IL-6 and iNOS), renal fibrosis (TGFβ1), ER stress (calpain, GRP78, CHOP, and caspase 12) and apoptotic markers (cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2) as well as TUNEL assay were determined. Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity was confirmed by marked elevations in serum urea and creatinine, kidney hypertrophy, renal inflammation, fibrosis, ER stress and apoptosis and attenuation of creatinine clearance. Atorvastatin pre and delayed treatment significantly improved renal function and decreased renal NF-κB, TNFαR1, IL-6, iNOS and TGFβ1 expressions. They also attenuated calpain, GRP78, CHOP, caspase 12, Bax, and increased Bcl-2 expressions in gentamicin-treated rat. These results indicate that atorvastatin treatment could attenuate gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, substantiated by the reduction of inflammation, ER stress and apoptosis. The effect of atorvastatin in protecting from renal damage induced by gentamicin seems to be more effective when it beginning given along with gentamicin or pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krit Jaikumkao
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Pongchaidecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - La-ongdao Thongnak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Keerati Wanchai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Phatchawan Arjinajarn
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Lungkaphin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- * E-mail: ,
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Sarabi ZS, Saeidi MG, Khodashahi M, Rezaie AE, Hashemzadeh K, Khodashahi R, Heidari H. Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Atorvastatin on Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Electron Physician 2016; 8:2700-2706. [PMID: 27757177 PMCID: PMC5053448 DOI: 10.19082/2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disorder with unknown etiology. Atorvastatin is a lipid-lowering agent that affects the inflammatory processes. Objective This study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of atorvastatin on the Disease Activity Index and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations in RA patients. Methods This clinical trial was performed on 38 RA patients, who were referred to the Imam Reza and Ghaem Medical Centers of Mashhad, Iran between 2013 and 2014. Patients were divided into two groups: 1) the intervention group, which received 40 mg of atorvastatin, and 2) the control group. Response to treatment and the clinical status of patients were evaluated using the Disease Activity Score (DAS-28) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at weeks zero, four, eight, and twelve, based on the 2010 ACR/EULAR Criteria by two rheumatologists. Disease activity and laboratory parameters, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), DAS-ESR, DAS- hs-CRP, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and liver function test (LFT) were measured in both groups. Results There was a significant difference in the mean number of swollen joints (p<0.011), ESR (p <0.005), DAS-ESR (P<0.043), LDL (0.036), and HDL (0.016) between the two groups. The changes in trend showed no significant difference in the mean number of tender joints (p =0.38), VAS (p =0.715), CRP (p =0.07), DAS-hs-CRP (p=0.431), total cholesterol (p=0.285), or TG (p =0.331) between the two groups. However, the Disease Activity Index decreased by 48.4% in the intervention group, compared to 35.5% in the control group. Conclusion As the results indicated, atorvastatin has a positive effect on the course of RA. In fact, atorvastatin, as an anti-inflammatory agent, could significantly influence inflammation in RA patients. Therefore, adding a lipid-lowering agent to standard medications in RA may be warranted and could decrease disease activity. Clinical trial registration The trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Website: http://www.irct.ir, Irct ID: IRCT2015122425648N2). Funding The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaleh Shariati Sarabi
- Associate Professor, Rheumatology Department, Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Ghazi Saeidi
- Assistant Professor, Rheumatology Department, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnord, Iran
| | - Mandana Khodashahi
- Assistant Professor, Rheumatology Department, Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Etemad Rezaie
- BSc (Honored), MSc, Medical Student of Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kamila Hashemzadeh
- Assistant Professor, Rheumatology Department, Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rozita Khodashahi
- Infectious Disease Resident, Department of Infectious Diseases. Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Heidari
- Medical Student, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Kumar N, Chaurasia S, Patel RR, Khan G, Kumar V, Mishra B. Atorvastatin calcium encapsulated eudragit nanoparticles with enhanced oral bioavailability, safety and efficacy profile. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 22:156-167. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1108983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sundeep Chaurasia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi R. Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gayasuddin Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brahmeshwar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Therapeutic Effect of Saponin Rich Fraction of Achyranthes aspera Linn. on Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Autoimmune Dis 2015; 2015:943645. [PMID: 26273477 PMCID: PMC4529882 DOI: 10.1155/2015/943645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Achyranthes aspera Linn. (AA) is used in folklore for the treatment of various inflammatory ailments and arthritis like conditions. Anti-inflammatory activity of saponin rich (SR) fraction of AA has been previously reported. The objective of this study was to assess the antiarthritic effect of SR fraction of Achyranthes aspera in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Methods. Arthritis was assessed by arthritis score, paw volume, changes in tibiotarsal joint thickness, hyperalgesic parameters, and spleen and thymus index. Haematological, serum, biochemical, and inflammatory cytokine and in vivo antioxidant parameters were measured on the last day of the study. Results. SR fraction significantly suppressed paw swelling and arthritic score and improved the pain threshold in motility and stair climbing tests. There was a reversal in the levels of altered parameters, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and antioxidant parameters like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide. SR fraction significantly decreased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. Moreover, histopathology revealed a significant reduction in synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and bone destruction in the joints. Conclusion. These observations explain the therapeutic benefit of SR fraction of AA in suppressing the progression of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats.
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Kothavade PS, Bulani VD, Deshpande PS, Chowdhury AS, Juvekar AR. The petroleum ether fraction of Celastrus paniculatus Willd. seeds demonstrates anti-arthritic effect in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Artesunate Ameliorates Functional Limitations in Freund’s Complete Adjuvant-Induced Monoarthritis in Rat by Maintaining Oxidative Homeostasis and Inhibiting COX-2 Expression. Inflammation 2014; 38:1028-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
The number of approved new molecular entity drugs has been decreasing as the pharmaceutical company investment in research and development is increasing. As we face this painful crisis, called an innovation gap, there is increasing awareness that development of new uses of existing drugs may be a powerful tool to help overcome this obstacle because it takes too long, costs too much and can be risky to release drugs developed de novo. Consequently, drug repositioning is emerging in different therapeutic areas, including the pain research area. Worldwide, pain is the main reason for seeking healthcare, and pain relief represents an unmet global clinical need. Therefore, development of analgesics with better efficacy, safety and cost effectiveness is of paramount importance. Despite the remarkable advancement in research on cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying pain pathophysiology over the past three decades, target-based therapeutic opportunities have not been pursued to the same extent. Phenotypic screening remains a more powerful tool for drug development than target-based screening so far. It sounds somewhat heretical, but some multi-action drugs, rather than very selective ones, have been developed intentionally. In the present review, we first critically discuss the utility of drug repositioning for analgesic drug development and then show examples of 'old' drugs that have been successfully repositioned or that are under investigation for their analgesic actions. We conclude that drug repositioning should be more strongly encouraged to help build a bridge between basic research and pain relief worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Francisco Silva Bastos
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, sala O4-202, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil,
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Erratum to: Atorvastatin exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties in adjuvant-induced monoarthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-013-0185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The effect of atorvastatin on survival of rat ischemic flap. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2013; 29:187-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2012.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Mathieu S, Palat S, Pereira B, Kemeny JL, Marceau G, Dubray C, Soubrier M. Response to 'Statins accelerate the onset of collagen type II-induced arthritis in mice'. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:402. [PMID: 23472824 PMCID: PMC3672816 DOI: 10.1186/ar4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Xiao Y, Liang L, Pan Y, Lian F, Li L, Lin H, Fu D, Fan J, Yang X, Sun L, Xu H. Inhibitory effects of simvastatin on migration and invasion of rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes by preventing geranylgeranylation of RhoA. Rheumatol Int 2012; 33:389-99. [PMID: 22451024 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-012-2383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of simvastatin on the migration and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its cellular signal mechanisms, FLS from active RA patients were stimulated with 3 % FBS or GM-CSF in the presence or absence of simvastatin. Cells migration and invasion in vitro were measured by the Boyden chamber method. RhoA activity was assessed by a pull-down assay. Matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) activity was evaluated by zymography. Simvastatin inhibits FBS- or GM-CSF-induced migration in a dose-dependent manner by RA FLS, and this inhibitory effect is independent of cell apoptosis. We also found that simvastatin suppressed in vitro invasion, adhesion, MMP-2 activity, cytoskeletal reorganization and RhoA activation. Furthermore, mevalonate or GGPP treatment reversed the inhibitory effect of simvastatin not only on migration and invasion in vitro but also on RhoA activation, and inhibition of RhoA by specific siRNA transfection reduced migration, adhesion and invasion of RA FLS. This study shows that simvastatin reduces RA FLS migration and invasion through the prevention of protein geranylgeranylation and RhoA activation. These findings provide a novel evidence that statin may be benefit for preventing RA arthritic destruction, and also indicate that RhoA may be a new target for the modulation of RA FLS migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Xiao
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Antinociception induced by atorvastatin in different pain models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:125-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Miranda HF, Noriega V, Olavarria L, Zepeda RJ, Sierralta F, Prieto JC. Antinociception and anti-inflammation induced by simvastatin in algesiometric assays in mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 109:438-42. [PMID: 21699658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Statins, belonging to a well-known drug class used for lowering cholesterol through competitive inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, also have other pleiotropic properties, such as anti-inflammatory action. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of simvastatin in five models of nociceptive behaviour. Oral gavage administration of simvastatin induced a dose-dependent inhibition of nociception for 1 day in the acetic acid writhing (ED(50) = 5.59 ± 0.07), tail-flick (ED(50) = 112.96 ± 8.00), hot-plate (ED(50) = 134.87 ± 2.20), formalin hind paw (ED(50) = 19.86 ± 1.12 in phase I and 23.30 ± 2.05 in phase II) and orofacial formalin (ED(50) = 5.54 ± 2.74 in phase I and 11.48 ± 1.88 in phase II) tests. However, after 3 days, the values were in the acetic acid writhing (ED(50) = 6.14 ± 0.51), tail-flick (ED(50) = 154 ± 8.88), hot-plate (ED(50) = 136.14 ± 2.94), formalin hind paw (ED(50) = 15.93 ± 0.42 in phase I and 17.10 ± 1.80 in phase II) and orofacial formalin (ED(50) = 6.79 ± 0.66 in phase I and 5.80 ± 1.49 in phase II) tests. This study demonstrated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of simvastatin in five models of tonic or phasic pain. These actions seem to be related to the inhibition of cytokine and prostanoid release and stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis. A possible clinical role of simvastatin could be related to the potentially beneficial effects in the neuropathic pain, and by their pleiotropic properties, they could play a clinical role in anti-inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo F Miranda
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011; 23:219-26. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e3283448536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gonçalves DO, Calou IBF, Siqueira RP, Lopes AA, Leal LKA, Brito GAC, Tomé AR, Viana GSB. In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of lovastatin in rodents. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:173-81. [PMID: 21243316 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are among the most prescribed drugs in recent clinical practice. They are also known for their pleiotropic actions, which are independent of their lipid-lowering properties. The effect of lovastatin was investigated against carrageenan-induced paw edema in male Wistar rats (200-250 g) and on leukocyte migration, as measured by carrageenan-induced peritonitis in male Swiss mice (20-25 g), which are models of acute inflammation. Lovastatin (administered 1 h prior to carrageenan), at oral doses of 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg, markedly attenuated paw edema formation in rats at the 4th hour after carrageenan injection (25, 43, and 37% inhibition, respectively). Inhibitions of 20, 45 and 80% were observed in the leukocyte migration, as evaluated by carrageenan-induced peritonitis in mice with lovastatin doses of 0.5, 1 and 5 mg/kg, as compared to controls. Furthermore, lovastatin (administered 1 h before initiation) reduced the nociceptive effect of the formalin test in mice, at both phases, at doses of 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg: first phase (51, 65, and 70%, respectively) and second phase (73, 57, and 66% inhibition of licking time, respectively). The anti-nociceptive activity of lovastatin was inhibited by naloxone (3 mg/kg, sc). Lovastatin (0.01, 0.1, and 1 µg/mL) inhibited by 23, 79, and 86%, respectively, the release of myeloperoxidase from human neutrophils. Leukocyte (predominantly neutrophils) infiltration was almost completely reduced by lovastatin treatment, as observed in the model of acute paw edema with hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, lovastatin decreased the number of cells expressing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity. Therefore, the alterations in leukocyte activity and cytokine release could contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity of lovastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Gonçalves
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Kumar VL, Guruprasad B, Wahane VD. Atorvastatin exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties in adjuvant-induced monoarthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2010; 18:303-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-010-0057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lazzerini PE, Capecchi PL, Selvi E, Lorenzini S, Bisogno S, Baldari CT, Galeazzi M, Laghi-Pasini F. Statins and the joint: multiple targets for a global protection? Semin Arthritis Rheum 2010; 40:430-46. [PMID: 20884043 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence exists that the pleiotropic properties of the hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are not restricted to the cardiovascular system, as they can also favorably affect the joints, with intriguing implications for the treatment of many rheumatic diseases. In the view of the increasing interest on this topic, we here review the current state of the art. METHODS The PubMed database was searched for articles published between 1966 and 2010 for key words referring to statins and joint diseases. All relevant English-written articles were reviewed. RESULTS Many pivotal studies clearly demonstrated that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors exert a wide spectrum of beneficial effects on the 3 main compartments of the joint, ie, the synovium, the cartilage, and the subchondral bone. Such (1) anti-inflammatory, (2) immunomodulating, and (3) anabolic effects strongly support a potential role of these drugs in the treatment and/or the prevention of the most important chronic joint diseases. However, although the majority of the in vivo studies with statins on animal models of inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases showed a marked protective activity substantially confirming the in vitro experiments, data arising from clinical trials are less probative and more conflicting. CONCLUSIONS Statins display multiple joint-protective effects. Since oral administration of statins could result in a relatively low drug bioavailability to the joints, alternative routes of administration of the drug (transdermal, intra-articular) and/or specific delivery systems should be developed to establish the entire therapeutic potential of statins in this clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Enea Lazzerini
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences, Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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