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Gao H, Cheng M, Liu H, Ding L. Development and validation of LC-MS/MS methods for the quantification of 101BHG-D01, a novel, long-acting and selective muscarinic receptor antagonist, and its main metabolite M6 in human plasma, urine and feces: Application to a clinical study in healthy Chinese subjects. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 233:115498. [PMID: 37285657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
101BHG-D01 is a novel, long-acting and selective muscarinic receptor antagonist for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and rhinorrhea in rhinitis. To support its clinical study, several liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods for the quantification of 101BHG-D01 and its main metabolite M6 in human plasma, urine and feces were developed. The plasma samples were prepared by protein precipitation, and the urine and fecal homogenate samples were pretreated by direct dilution, respectively. The chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 C18 column with 0.1% formic acid and 10.0 mM ammonium acetate buffer solution in water and methanol as the mobile phase. The MS/MS analysis was performed by using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) under a positive ion electrospray ionization mode. The methods were validated with regards to selectivity, linearity, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), accuracy and precision, matrix effect, extraction recovery, dilution integrity, batch size, carryover and stability. The calibration ranges were as follows: 1.00-800 pg/mL for 101BHG-D01 and 1.00-20.0 pg/mL for M6 in plasma; 0.0500-20.0 ng/mL for 101BHG-D01 and M6 in urine; 0.400-400 ng/mL for 101BHG-D01 and 0.100-100 ng/mL for M6 in feces. There was no endogenous or cross interference observed at the retention time of the analytes and internal standard in various biological matrices. Across these matrices, for the lower limit of quantitation quality control (LLOQ QC) samples, the intra- and inter-batch coefficients of variation were within 15.7%. For other QC samples, the intra- and inter-batch coefficients of variation were within 8.9%. The intra- and inter-batch accuracy deviations for all QC samples were within the range of - 6.2-12.0%. No significant matrix effect was observed from the matrices. The extraction recoveries of these methods at different concentrations were consistent and reproducible. The analytes were stable in different matrices under various storage conditions. The other bioanalytical parameters were also fully validated and met the criteria given in the FDA guidance. These methods were successfully applied to a clinical study in healthy Chinese subjects after a single dose administration of 101BHG-D01 inhalation aerosol. After inhalation, 101BHG-D01 was absorbed into plasma rapidly with the time to reach the maximum drug concentration (Tmax) of 5 min and eliminated slowly with a half-life time about 30 h. The cumulative urinary and fecal excretion rates revealed 101BHG-D01 was mainly excreted in feces, rather than urine. The pharmacokinetic results of the study drug laid a foundation for its further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaye Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Minlu Cheng
- Nanjing Clinical Tech. Laboratories Inc., Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Haijun Liu
- Nanjing Clinical Tech. Laboratories Inc., Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, China.
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Ora J, Coppola A, Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Rogliani P. Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists Under Investigational to Treat Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:559-574. [PMID: 33324119 PMCID: PMC7733406 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s259330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bronchodilators are the cornerstone of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) therapy and long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) as a mono or combination treatment play a pivotal role. Several LAMAs are already available on the market in different formulations, but developing a new compound with a higher M3 receptor selectivity and a lower affinity to M2 receptors to increase the therapeutic effect and minimize the adverse effects is still a goal. Moreover, new formulations could improve adherence to therapy. Areas Covered This systematic review assesses investigational long-acting muscarinic antagonist in Phase I and II clinical trials over the last decade. It offers insights on whether LAMAs and/or their new formulations in clinical development can become effective treatments for COPD in the future. Expert Opinion Research on LAMA seems to have come to a standstill, the few new molecules under study do not show distinctive characteristics compared to the previous ones. Muscarinic antagonist/β2-agonist (MABAs) appear to be the major innovation currently under investigation, and they could theoretically open new research frontiers on the effect between adrenergic and muscarinic interaction in the same cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josuel Ora
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Coppola
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Matera MG, Page CP, Calzetta L, Rogliani P, Cazzola M. Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Bronchodilators Revisited. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:218-252. [PMID: 31848208 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchodilators remain the cornerstone of the treatment of airway disorders such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is therefore considerable interest in understanding how to optimize the use of our existing classes of bronchodilator and in identifying novel classes of bronchodilator drugs. However, new classes of bronchodilator have proved challenging to develop because many of these have no better efficacy than existing classes of bronchodilator and often have unacceptable safety profiles. Recent research has shown that optimization of bronchodilation occurs when both arms of the autonomic nervous system are affected through antagonism of muscarinic receptors to reduce the influence of parasympathetic innervation of the lung and through stimulation of β 2-adrenoceptors (β 2-ARs) on airway smooth muscle with β 2-AR-selective agonists to mimic the sympathetic influence on the lung. This is currently achieved by use of fixed-dose combinations of inhaled long-acting β 2-adrenoceptor agonists (LABAs) and long-acting muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists (LAMAs). Due to the distinct mechanisms of action of LAMAs and LABAs, the additive/synergistic effects of using these drug classes together has been extensively investigated. More recently, so-called "triple inhalers" containing fixed-dose combinations of both classes of bronchodilator (dual bronchodilation) and an inhaled corticosteroid in the same inhaler have been developed. Furthermore, a number of so-called "bifunctional drugs" having two different primary pharmacological actions in the same molecule are under development. This review discusses recent advancements in knowledge on bronchodilators and bifunctional drugs for the treatment of asthma and COPD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Since our last review in 2012, there has been considerable research to identify novel classes of bronchodilator drugs, to further understand how to optimize the use of the existing classes of bronchodilator, and to better understand the role of bifunctional drugs in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Matera
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy (M.G.M.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); and Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy (L.C., P.R., M.C.)
| | - C P Page
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy (M.G.M.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); and Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy (L.C., P.R., M.C.)
| | - L Calzetta
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy (M.G.M.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); and Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy (L.C., P.R., M.C.)
| | - P Rogliani
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy (M.G.M.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); and Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy (L.C., P.R., M.C.)
| | - M Cazzola
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy (M.G.M.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); and Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy (L.C., P.R., M.C.)
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Matera MG, Belardo C, Rinaldi M, Rinaldi B, Cazzola M. Emerging muscarinic receptor antagonists for the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2020; 25:123-130. [PMID: 32312134 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2020.1758059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increased acetylcholine signaling in asthma pathophysiology offers the rationale for the use of LAMAs in the treatment of asthmatic patients. Tiotropium is still the only LAMA approved for use in asthma but there is a real interest in developing novel LAMAs for the treatment of asthma, or at least to extend this indication to other LAMAs already on the market. AREAS COVERED We examined and discussed trials and research that have studied or are evaluating the role of LAMAs already on the market in asthma and possible novel muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. EXPERT OPINION Glycopyrronium and umeclidinium will soon be included in the GINA strategy with the same current indications of tiotropium. It is likely that the choice of the LAMA will be influenced not so much by its pharmacological profile as by the type of triple therapy chosen. It is extremely difficult to identify a new LAMA that is more effective than tiotropium, but is it plausible that new technologies that will allow delivering the drug in a more targeted way and with a lower risk of adverse effects may represent the real progress in the use of LAMAs in asthma in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Matera
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Belardo
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Rinaldi
- Multidisciplnary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialities, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Rinaldi
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome, Italy
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Pirio Richardson S, Jinnah HA. New approaches to discovering drugs that treat dystonia. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:893-900. [PMID: 31159587 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1623785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Dystonia consists of involuntary movements, abnormal posturing, and pain. In adults, dystonia presents in a particular region of the body and causes significant disability due to pain as well as impairment in activities of daily living and employment. The current gold standard treatment, botulinum toxin (BoNT), has limitations - painful, frequent injections due to 'wearing off' of treatment effect; expense; and expected side effects like swallowing difficulty and weakness. There is a clear therapeutic gap in our current treatment options for dystonia and also a clear need for an effective novel treatment. Testing any novel treatment is complicated because most adults with focal dystonia are treated with BoNT. Areas covered: This review focuses on establishing the need for novel therapeutics. It also suggests potential leads from preclinical studies; and, discusses the issue of clinical trial readiness in the dystonia field. Expert opinion: Identifying a novel therapeutic intervention for dystonia patients faces two major challenges. The first is acknowledging the therapeutic gap that currently exists. Second, shifting some of our research aims in dystonia to clinical trial readiness is imperative if we are to be ready to test novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pirio Richardson
- a Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,b Neurology Service, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- c Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics & Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia
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Randáková A, Rudajev V, Doležal V, Boulos J, Jakubík J. Novel long-acting antagonists of muscarinic ACh receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:1731-1743. [PMID: 29498041 PMCID: PMC5913398 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of this study was to develop potent and long-acting antagonists of muscarinic ACh receptors. The 4-hexyloxy and 4-butyloxy derivatives of 1-[2-(4-oxidobenzoyloxy)ethyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-ium were synthesized and tested for biological activity. Antagonists with long-residence time at receptors are therapeutic targets for the treatment of several neurological and psychiatric human diseases. Their long-acting effects allow for reduced daily doses and adverse effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The binding and antagonism of functional responses to the agonist carbachol mediated by 4-hexyloxy compounds were investigated in CHO cells expressing individual subtypes of muscarinic receptors and compared with 4-butyloxy analogues. KEY RESULTS The 4-hexyloxy derivatives were found to bind muscarinic receptors with micromolar affinity and antagonized the functional response to carbachol with a potency ranging from 30 nM at M1 to 4 μM at M3 receptors. Under washing conditions to reverse antagonism, the half-life of their antagonistic action ranged from 1.7 h at M2 to 5 h at M5 receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The 4-hexyloxy derivatives were found to be potent long-acting M1 -preferring antagonists. In view of current literature, M1 -selective antagonists may have therapeutic potential for striatal cholinergic dystonia, delaying epileptic seizure after organophosphate intoxication or relieving depression. These compounds may also serve as a tool for research into cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Randáková
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of PhysiologyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Vladimír Rudajev
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of PhysiologyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Vladimír Doležal
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of PhysiologyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - John Boulos
- Department of Physical SciencesBarry UniversityMiami ShoresFLUSA
| | - Jan Jakubík
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of PhysiologyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
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Naline E, Grassin Delyle S, Salvator H, Brollo M, Faisy C, Victoni T, Abrial C, Devillier P. Comparison of the in vitro pharmacological profiles of long-acting muscarinic antagonists in human bronchus. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 49:46-53. [PMID: 29337266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) have been recommended for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and (more recently) asthma. However, the in vitro pharmacological profiles of the four LAMAs currently marketed (tiotropium, umeclidinium, aclidinium and glycopyrronium) have not yet been compared (relative to ipratropium) by using the same experimental approach. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH With a total of 560 human bronchial rings, we investigated the antagonists' potency, onset and duration of action for inhibition of the contractile response evoked by electrical field stimulation. We also evaluated the antagonists' potency for inhibiting cumulative concentration-contraction curves for acetylcholine and carbachol. KEY RESULTS The onset and duration of action were concentration-dependent. At submaximal, equipotent concentrations, the antagonists' onsets of action were within the same order of magnitude. However, the durations of action differed markedly. After washout, ipratropium's inhibitory activity decreased rapidly (within 30-90 min) but those of tiotropium and umeclidinium remained stable (at above 70%) for at least 9 h. Aclidinium and glycopyrronium displayed less stable inhibitory effects, with a progressive loss of inhibition at submaximal concentrations. In contrast to ipratropium, all the LAMAs behaved as insurmountable antagonists by decreasing the maximum responses to both acetylcholine and carbachol. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The observed differences in the LAMAs' in vitro pharmacological profiles in the human bronchus provide a compelling pharmacological rationale for the differences in the drugs' respective recommended daily doses and frequencies of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Naline
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology-UPRES EA220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France; Department of Airway Diseases, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France.
| | - Stanislas Grassin Delyle
- Department of Airway Diseases, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Mass Spectrometry Platform & INSERM UMR1173, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
| | - Hélène Salvator
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology-UPRES EA220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France; Department of Airway Diseases, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France.
| | - Marion Brollo
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology-UPRES EA220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France.
| | - Christophe Faisy
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology-UPRES EA220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France.
| | - Tatiana Victoni
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology-UPRES EA220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France; Laboratory of Histocompatibility and Cryopresevation, Laboratory of Tissue Repair, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Charlotte Abrial
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology-UPRES EA220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France.
| | - Philippe Devillier
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology-UPRES EA220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France; Department of Airway Diseases, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France.
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Rauly-Lestienne I, Heusler P, Cussac D, Lantoine-Adam F, de Almeida Cyrino FZG, Bouskela E. Contribution of muscarinic receptors to in vitro and in vivo effects of Ruscus extract. Microvasc Res 2017; 114:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mastrodicasa MA, Droege CA, Mulhall AM, Ernst NE, Panos RJ, Zafar MA. Long acting muscarinic antagonists for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review of current and developing drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:161-174. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1276167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Mastrodicasa
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christopher A. Droege
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aaron M. Mulhall
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Neil E. Ernst
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ralph J. Panos
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Muhammad A. Zafar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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van der Sluiszen NNJJM, Vermeeren A, Jongen S, Theunissen EL, van Oers ACM, Van Leeuwen CJ, Maret A, Desforges C, Delarue A, Ramaekers JG. On-the-road driving performance after use of the antihistamines mequitazine and l-mequitazine, alone and with alcohol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3461-9. [PMID: 27488192 PMCID: PMC4989021 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies demonstrated that mequitazine produces mild sedation after single doses. Its enantiomer, l-mequitazine, has a stronger potency for the H1 receptor. The aim of the current study was to assess the effects of l-mequitazine and mequitazine, alone and with alcohol, on driving. METHODS Twenty-five healthy volunteers were treated with l-mequitazine 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg, mequitazine 10 mg and placebo, alone and in combination with alcohol in a double-blind crossover design. Driving performance was assessed using the standardized highway driving test in normal traffic. Its primary measure is the Standard Deviation of the Lateral Position (SDLP). Secondary measures consisted of an auditory word learning test during driving, and subjective measures of driving performance. RESULTS L-mequitazine 2.5 and 5.0 mg showed no effect on SDLP in the highway driving test, while SDLP significantly increased after l-mequitazine 10 mg (alone +1.59 cm; with alcohol +1.41 cm) and mequitazine 10 mg (with alcohol +1.17 cm). Alcohol significantly impaired all performance measures (SDLP +2.63 cm) but did not interact with the effects of treatment. Subjective measures indicated that participants were aware of the impairing effects of alcohol, but not of l-mequitazine and mequitazine. CONCLUSION L-mequitazine can be considered safe to drive in dosages of 2.5 and 5.0 mg. L-mequitazine 10 mg led to mild driving impairment. Alcohol impaired all performance measures and added to the effects of l-mequitazine and mequitazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N J J M van der Sluiszen
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - A Vermeeren
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - S Jongen
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - E L Theunissen
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - A C M van Oers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - C J Van Leeuwen
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - A Maret
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Ramonville, France
| | - C Desforges
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Ramonville, France
| | - A Delarue
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Ramonville, France
| | - J G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
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