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Xu MS, Gu XF, Li C, Pan LX, Zhu ZX, Fan M, Zhao Y, Chen JF, Liu X, Zhang XW. A novel FAK-degrading PROTAC molecule exhibited both anti-tumor activities and efficient MDR reversal effects. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:2174-2185. [PMID: 38844788 PMCID: PMC11420224 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01312-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
FAK (focal adhesion kinase) is widely involved in cancer growth and drug resistance development. Thus, FAK inhibition has emerged as an effective strategy for tumor treatment both as a monotherapy or in combination with other treatments. But the current FAK inhibitors mainly concentrate on its kinase activity, overlooking the potential significance of FAK scaffold proteins. In this study we employed the PROTAC technology, and designed a novel PROTAC molecule F2 targeting FAK based on the FAK inhibitor IN10018. F2 exhibited potent inhibitory activities against 4T1, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-435 cells with IC50 values of 0.73, 1.09, 5.84 and 3.05 μM, respectively. On the other hand, F2 also remarkably reversed the multidrug resistance (MDR) in HCT8/T, A549/T and MCF-7/ADR cells. Both the effects of F2 were stronger than the FAK inhibitor IN10018. To our knowledge, F2 was the first reported FAK-targeted PROTAC molecule exhibiting reversing effects on chemotherapeutic drug resistance, and its highest reversal fold could reach 158 times. The anti-tumor and MDR-reversing effects of F2 might be based on its inhibition on AKT (protein kinase B, PKB) and ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signaling pathways, as well as its impact on EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition). Furthermore, we found that F2 could reduce the protein level of P-gp in HCT8/T cells, thereby contributing to reverse drug resistance from another perspective. Our results will boost confidence in future research focusing on targeting FAK and encourage further investigation of PROTAC with potent in vivo effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shi Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Gu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Cong Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Li-Xuan Pan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zi-Xia Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Meng Fan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jian-Fang Chen
- Nanjing Bestfluorodrug Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201003, China.
| | - Xiong-Wen Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China.
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Dinić J, Podolski-Renić A, Novaković M, Li L, Opsenica I, Pešić M. Plant-Based Products Originating from Serbia That Affect P-glycoprotein Activity. Molecules 2024; 29:4308. [PMID: 39339303 PMCID: PMC11433820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29184308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Our review paper evaluates the impact of plant-based products, primarily derived from plants from Serbia, on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity and their potential in modulating drug resistance in cancer therapy. We focus on the role and regulation of P-gp in cellular physiology and its significance in addressing multidrug resistance in cancer therapy. Additionally, we discuss the modulation of P-gp activity by 55 natural product drugs, including derivatives for some of them, based on our team's research findings since 2011. Specifically, we prospect into sesquiterpenoids from the genera Artemisia, Curcuma, Ferula, Inula, Petasites, and Celastrus; diterpenoids from the genera Salvia and Euphorbia; chalcones from the genera Piper, Glycyrrhiza, Cullen, Artemisia, and Humulus; riccardins from the genera Lunularia, Monoclea, Dumortiera, Plagiochila, and Primula; and diarylheptanoids from the genera Alnus and Curcuma. Through comprehensive analysis, we aim to highlight the potential of natural products mainly identified in plants from Serbia in influencing P-gp activity and overcoming drug resistance in cancer therapy, while also providing insights into future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Dinić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.D.); (A.P.-R.)
| | - Ana Podolski-Renić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.D.); (A.P.-R.)
| | - Miroslav Novaković
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Department of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Igor Opsenica
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12–16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milica Pešić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.D.); (A.P.-R.)
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Discovery of a novel highly potent and low-toxic jatrophane derivative enhancing the P-glycoprotein-mediated doxorubicin sensitivity of MCF-7/ADR cells. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhan ZJ, Li S, Chu W, Yin S. Euphorbia diterpenoids: isolation, structure, bioactivity, biosynthesis, and synthesis (2013-2021). Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2132-2174. [PMID: 36111621 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00047d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2013 to 2021As the characteristic metabolites of Euphorbia plants, Euphorbia diterpenoids have always been a hot topic in related science communities due to their intriguing structures and broad bioactivities. In this review, we intent to provide an in-depth and extensive coverage of Euphorbia diterpenoids reported from 2013 to the end of 2021, including 997 new Euphorbia diterpenoids and 78 known ones with latest progress. Multiple aspects will be summarized, including their occurrences, chemical structures, bioactivities, and syntheses, in which the structure-activity relationship and biosynthesis of this class will be discussed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zha-Jun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Wang Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
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Deng ZF, Bakunina I, Yu H, Han J, Dömling A, Ferreira MJU, Zhang JY. Research Progress on Natural Diterpenoids in Reversing Multidrug Resistance. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:815603. [PMID: 35418870 PMCID: PMC8996378 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.815603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the main impediments in successful chemotherapy in cancer treatment. Overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins is one of the most important mechanisms of MDR. Natural products have their unique advantages in reversing MDR, among which diterpenoids have attracted great attention of the researchers around the world. This review article summarizes and discusses the research progress on diterpenoids in reversing MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Fen Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Irina Bakunina
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Hua Yu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jaehong Han
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria-José U Ferreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jian-Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Yang H, Mamatjan A, Tang D, Aisa HA. Jatrophane diterpenoids as multidrug resistance modulators from Euphorbia sororia. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104989. [PMID: 34022709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Eight new jatrophane diterpenoids, Euphosorophane F-M (1-8), as well as fourteen known jatrophane diterpenoids (9-22) were separated and purified from the fructus of Euphorbia sororia, and the chemical structures were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analysis, 1D, 2D NMR and HRESIMS data included. Their absolute configurations of compounds 1, 2, 9, and 22 were elucidated by X-ray crystallographic analysis. These jatrophane diterpenoids showed lower cytotoxicity and compounds 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 20 revealed promising multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal ability as modulators compared to verapamil (VRP) by MTT assay. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) exhibited that the absence of keto-carbonyl at C-9 and C-14 was essential to MDR reversal activity and the acyloxies substitution at C-5, C-7, C-8, and C-14 also made the activity difference. Euphosorophane I (4) particularly unfold greater potency (EC50 = 1.82 μM) in reversing P-gp-mediated resistance to doxorubicin (DOX). As shown by fluorescence microscopy, 4 promoted intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123 (Rh123) and DOX in a dose-dependentmanner than VRP. Flow cytometry indicated that 4 inhibitedP-glycoprotein (P-gp) -dependentRh123 efflux in drug-resistant MCF-7/ADR cells. 4 stimulated P-gp-ATPase activity in a concentration-dependent way and inhibited DOX transport activity. Western blot and real-time qPCR results further illustrated that 4 exhibited superior MDR reversal effect in MCF-7/ADR cells attributed to the activation of ATPase rather than the upregulation of P-gp expression and mRNA levels. In addition, 4 bond to the drug-binding site of P-gp predicted by the molecular docking analysis. Collectively, these results indicated that 4 efficiently reversed P-gp-mediated MDR via inhibiting the ABCB1 drug efflux function. 4 with the advantage of low toxicity and efficient could be used as an adjuvanttherapy drug for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hequn Yang
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Aytilla Mamatjan
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Dan Tang
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China.
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Fattahian M, Ghanadian M, Ali Z, Khan IA. Jatrophane and rearranged jatrophane-type diterpenes: biogenesis, structure, isolation, biological activity and SARs (1984-2019). PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2020; 19:265-336. [PMID: 32292314 PMCID: PMC7152985 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-020-09667-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Diterpene compounds specially macrocyclic ones comprising jatrophane, lathyrane, terracinolide, ingenane, pepluane, paraliane, and segetane skeletons occurring in plants of the Euphorbiaceae family are of considerable interest in the context of natural product drug discovery programs. They possess diverse complex skeletons and a broad spectrum of therapeutically relevant biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-chikungunya virus, anti-HIV, cytotoxic, and multidrug resistance-reversing activities as well as curative effects on thrombotic diseases. Among macrocyclic diterpenes of Euphorbia, the discovery of jatrophane and modified jatrophane diterpenes with a wide range of structurally unique polyoxygenated polycyclic derivatives and as a new class of powerful inhibitors of P-glycoprotein has opened new frontiers for research studies on this genus. In this review, an attempt has been made to give in-depth coverage of the articles on the naturally occurring jatrophanes and rearranged jatrophane-type diterpenes isolated from species belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family published from 1984 to March 2019, with emphasis on the biogenesis, isolation methods, structure, biological activity, and structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Fattahian
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mustafa Ghanadian
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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Yang H, Zhao J, Talipov S, Izotova L, Aisa HA, Ibragimov B. Crystal and mol-ecular structure of jatrophane diterpenoid (2 R,3 R,4 S,5 R,7 S,8 S,9 S,13 S,14 S,15 R)-2,3,8,9-tetra-acet-oxy-5,14-bis-(benzo-yloxy)-15-hydroxy-7-(iso-butano-yloxy)jatropha-6(17),11( E)-diene. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:1884-1887. [PMID: 31871751 PMCID: PMC6895953 DOI: 10.1107/s205698901901541x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the jatrophane diterpenoid (ES2), C46H56O15, has ortho-rhom-bic (P212121) symmetry. The absolute configuration in the crystal has been determined as 2R,3R,4S,5R,7S,8S,9S,13S,14S,15R [the Flack parameter is -0.06 (11)]. The mol-ecular structure features intra-molecular O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonding. In the crystal, C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into supra-molecular columns parallel to the a axis. One of the acet-oxy substituents is disordered over two orientations in a 0.826 (8):0.174 (8) ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hequn Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Urumqi 830011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Urumqi 830011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Samat Talipov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, H. Abdullaev Str, 83, Tashkent, 100125, Uzbekistan
| | - Lidiya Izotova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, H. Abdullaev Str, 83, Tashkent, 100125, Uzbekistan
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zones, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Urumqi 830011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bakhtiyar Ibragimov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, H. Abdullaev Str, 83, Tashkent, 100125, Uzbekistan
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Xu Q, Guo J, Chen W. Gambogenic acid reverses P-glycoprotein mediated multidrug resistance in HepG2/Adr cells and its underlying mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:882-888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Li J, Zhao J, Wang H, Li X, Liu A, Qin Q, Li B. MicroRNA-140-3p enhances the sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to sorafenib by targeting pregnenolone X receptor. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:5885-5894. [PMID: 30271172 PMCID: PMC6149869 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s179509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnane X receptor (PXR), which is a member of the nuclear receptor protein family (nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 [NR 1I2]), mediates the drug-resistance in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via enhancing the expression of drug-resistance-related genes which accelerate the clearance of antitumor drugs, eg, sorafenib. However, there are few reports on miRNA targeting PXR participating in the epigenetic regulation of PXR in HCC cells. Materials and methods TargetScan 7.2, an online method, was used to predict the miRNAs potentially targeting PXR. The expression of PXR and PXR downstream genes was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blot. The clearance of sorafenib in HCC cells was monitored by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). The effects of miRNA on sorafenib’s efficacy were examined by in vitro methods, eg, MTT, and in vivo methods, eg, subcutaneous or intrahepatic tumor model. Results By virtual screening, we identified that miR-140-3p possibly targets PXR and then confirmed that the overexpression of miR-140-3p via lentiviral particles inhibited the expression of PXR in HCC cells. The downregulation of PXR’s expression by miR-140-3p led to the reduction of PXR downstream genes’ expression, which finally resulted in the decelerating clearance of sorafenib in HCC cells and enhanced the sensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib. The effect of miR-140-3p could not modulate the expression of mutated PXR and the effect of miR-140-3p could also be inhibited by miR-140-3p’s inhibitor. Moreover, miR-140-3p enhanced the anti-tumor effect of sorafenib in both the subcutaneous and intrahepatic HCC tumor models. Conclusion Our study suggests that targeting PXR by miR-140-3p is a promising strategy for enhancing sorafenib’s efficacy during HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- Basic Medicine College, Navy Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, .,Center for Clinical Laboratory, The 302nd Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, The 302nd Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China,
| | - Huan Wang
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, The 302nd Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, The 302nd Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China,
| | - Aixia Liu
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, The 302nd Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qin Qin
- Basic Medicine College, Navy Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Boan Li
- Basic Medicine College, Navy Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, .,Center for Clinical Laboratory, The 302nd Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China,
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