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Wang Y, Zhang H, Qiang H, Li M, Cai Y, Zhou X, Xu Y, Yan Z, Dong J, Gao Y, Pan C, Yin X, Gao J, Zhang T, Yu Z. Innovative Biomaterials for Bone Tumor Treatment and Regeneration: Tackling Postoperative Challenges and Charting the Path Forward. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304060. [PMID: 38429938 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Surgical resection of bone tumors is the primary approach employed in the treatment of bone cancer. Simultaneously, perioperative interventions, particularly postoperative adjuvant anticancer strategies, play a crucial role in achieving satisfactory therapeutic outcomes. However, the occurrence of postoperative bone tumor recurrence, metastasis, extensive bone defects, and infection are significant risks that can result in unfavorable prognoses or even treatment failure. In recent years, there has been significant progress in the development of biomaterials, leading to the emergence of new treatment options for bone tumor therapy and bone regeneration. This progress report aims to comprehensively analyze the strategic development of unique therapeutic biomaterials with inherent healing properties and bioactive capabilities for bone tissue regeneration. These composite biomaterials, classified into metallic, inorganic non-metallic, and organic types, are thoroughly investigated for their responses to external stimuli such as light or magnetic fields, internal interventions including chemotherapy or catalytic therapy, and combination therapy, as well as their role in bone regeneration. Additionally, an overview of self-healing materials for osteogenesis is provided and their potential applications in combating osteosarcoma and promoting bone formation are explored. Furthermore, the safety concerns of integrated materials and current limitations are addressed, while also discussing the challenges and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, P. R. China
| | - Huaiyuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, P. R. China
| | - Huifen Qiang
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Nautical Medicine and Translation of Drugs and Medical Devices, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Meigui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng City, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yili Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200052, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng City, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yanlong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Yan
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Dong
- The Women and Children Hospital Affiliated to Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Chengye Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Nautical Medicine and Translation of Drugs and Medical Devices, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Tinglin Zhang
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Nautical Medicine and Translation of Drugs and Medical Devices, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zuochong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, P. R. China
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Priyadarshni N, Singh R, Mishra MK. Nanodiamonds: Next generation nano-theranostics for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2024; 587:216710. [PMID: 38369006 PMCID: PMC10961193 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading global cause of mortality, demanding early diagnosis and effective treatment. Traditional therapeutic methods often fall short due to their need for more specificity and systemic toxicity. In this challenging landscape, nanodiamonds (ND) emerge as a potential solution, mitigating the limitations of conventional approaches. ND are tiny carbon particles that mimic traditional diamonds chemical stability and hardness and harness nanomaterials' advantages. ND stands out for the unique properties that make them promising nanotheranostics candidates, combining therapeutic and imaging capabilities in one platform. Many of these applications depend on the design of the particle's surface, as the surface's role is crucial in transporting bioactive molecules, preventing aggregation, and building composite materials. This review delves into ND's distinctive features, structural and optical characteristics, and their profound relevance in advancing cancer diagnosis and treatment methods. The report delves into how these exceptional ND properties drive the development of state-of-the-art techniques for precise tumor targeting, boosting the effectiveness of chemotherapy as a chemosensitizer, harnessing immunotherapy strategies, facilitating precision medicine, and creating localized microfilm devices for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Priyadarshni
- Cancer Biology Research and Training, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Cancer Health Equity Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Cancer Biology Research and Training, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA.
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Huang HL, Lai CH, Tsai WH, Chen KW, Peng SL, Lin JH, Lin YH. Nanoparticle-enhanced postbiotics: Revolutionizing cancer therapy through effective delivery. Life Sci 2024; 337:122379. [PMID: 38145711 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM Gastric cancer contributes to cancer-related fatalities. Conventional chemotherapy faces challenges due to severe adverse effects, prompting recent research to focus on postbiotics, which are safer biomolecules derived from nonviable probiotics. Despite promising in vitro results, efficient in vivo delivery systems remain a challenge. This study aimed to design a potential nanoparticle (NP) formulation encapsulating the Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GMNL-133 (SGMNL-133) isolate to enhance its therapeutic efficacy in treating gastric cancer. MAIN METHODS We successfully isolated GMNL-133 (SGMNL-133) by optimizing the lysate extraction and column elution processes for L. paracasei GMNL-133, resulting in substantial enhancement of its capacity to inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Additionally, we developed a potential NP utilizing arginine-chitosan and fucoidan encapsulating SGMNL-133. KEY FINDINGS This innovative approach protected the SGMNL-133 from degradation by gastric acid, facilitated its penetration through the mucus layer, and enabled interaction with gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, in vivo experiments demonstrated that the encapsulation of SGMNL-133 in NPs significantly enhanced its efficacy in the treatment of orthotopic gastric tumors while simultaneously reducing tissue inflammation levels. SIGNIFICANCE Recent research highlights postbiotics as a safe alternative, but in vivo delivery remains a challenge. Our study optimized the extraction of the lysate and column elution of GMNL-133, yielding SGMNL-133. We also developed NPs to protect SGMNL-133 from gastric acid, enhance mucus penetration, and improve the interaction with gastric cancer cells. This combination significantly enhanced drug delivery and anti-gastric tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau-Lun Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hua Tsai
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Lei Peng
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Hsin Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Medical Device Innovation and Translation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Li M, Xuan Y, Zhang W, Zhang S, An J. Polydopamine-containing nano-systems for cancer multi-mode diagnoses and therapies: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125826. [PMID: 37455006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA) has fascinating properties such as inherent biocompatibility, simple preparation, strong near-infrared absorption, high photothermal conversion efficiency, and strong metal ion chelation, which have catalyzed extensive research in PDA-containing multifunctional nano-systems particularly for biomedical applications. Thus, it is imperative to overview synthetic strategies of various PDA-containing nanoparticles (NPs) for state-of-the-art cancer multi-mode diagnoses and therapies applications, and offer a timely and comprehensive summary. In this review, we will focus on the synthetic approaches of PDA NPs, and summarize the construction strategies of PDA-containing NPs with different structure forms. Additionally, the application of PDA-containing NPs in bioimaging such as photoacoustic imaging, fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging and other imaging modalities will be reviewed. We will especially offer an overview of their therapeutic applications in tumor chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, photocatalytic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, radionuclide therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy and combination therapy. At the end, the current trends, limitations and future prospects of PDA-containing nano-systems will be discussed. This review aims to provide guidelines for new scientists in the field of how to design PDA-containing NPs and what has been achieved in this area, while offering comprehensive insights into the potential of PDA-containing nano-systems used in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, PR China; Molecular Imaging Precision Medical Collaborative Innovation Center, Medical Imaging Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yang Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, PR China
| | - Shubiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, PR China; Molecular Imaging Precision Medical Collaborative Innovation Center, Medical Imaging Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, PR China.
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Multilayered polymer coating modulates mucoadhesive and biological properties of camptothecin-loaded lipid nanocapsules. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122792. [PMID: 36863543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipid core nanocapsules (NCs) coated with multiple polymer layers were rationally designed as a potential approach for the colonic delivery of camptothecin (CPT). Chitosan (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA) and hypromellose phthalate (HP) were selected as coating materials, to modulate the mucoadhesive and permeability properties of CPT regarding the improvement of local and targeted action in the colon cancer cells. NCs were prepared by emulsification/solvent evaporation method and coated with multiple polymer layers by polyelectrolyte complexation technique. NCs exhibited spherical shape, negative zeta potential, and size ranged from 184 to 252 nm. The high efficiency of CPT incorporation (>94%) was evidenced. The ex vivo permeation assay showed that nanoencapsulation reduced the permeation rate of CPT through the intestinal mucosa by up to 3.5 times, and coating with HA and HP reduced the permeation percentage by 2 times when compared to NCs coated only with CS. The mucoadhesive capacity of NCs was demonstrated in gastric and enteric pH. Nanoencapsulation did not reduce the antiangiogenic activity of CPT and, additionally, it was observed that nanoencapsulation resulted in localized antiangiogenic action of CPT.
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Leung HM, Chu HC, Mao ZW, Lo PK. Versatile nanodiamond-based tools for therapeutics and bioimaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2039-2055. [PMID: 36723092 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06495b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) are a remarkable class of carbon-based nanoparticles in nanomedicine which have recently become a hot topic of research due to their unique features including functionalization versatility, tunable opto-magnetic properties, chemical stability, minimal cytotoxicity, high affinity to biomolecules and biocompatibility. These attractive features make NDs versatile tools for a wide range of biologically relevant applications. In this feature article, we discuss the opto-magnetic properties of negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV-) centres in NDs as fluorescence probes. We further discuss the frequently used chemical methods for surface chemistry modification of NDs which are relevant for biomedical applications. The in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of modified NDs is also highlighted. Subsequently, we give an overview of recent state-of-the-art biomedical applications of NDs as versatile tools for bioimaging and detection, and as targeting nanocarriers for chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, gene therapy, antimicrobial and antiviral therapy, and bone tissue engineering. Finally, we pinpoint the main challenges for NDs in biomedical applications which lie ahead and discuss perspectives on future directions in advancing the field for practical applications and clinical translations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Man Leung
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hoi Ching Chu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zheng-Wei Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Pik Kwan Lo
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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He YC, Hao ZN, Li Z, Gao DW. Nanomedicine-based multimodal therapies: Recent progress and perspectives in colon cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:670-681. [PMID: 36742173 PMCID: PMC9896619 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i4.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer has attracted much attention due to its annually increasing incidence. Conventional chemotherapeutic drugs are unsatisfactory in clinical application because of their lack of targeting and severe toxic side effects. In the past decade, nanomedicines with multimodal therapeutic strategies have shown potential for colon cancer because of their enhanced permeability and retention, high accumulation at tumor sites, co-loading with different drugs, and comb-ination of various therapies. This review summarizes the advances in research on various nanomedicine-based therapeutic strategies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy (photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy), chemodynamic therapy, gas therapy, and immunotherapy. Additionally, the therapeutic mechanisms, limitations, improvements, and future of the above therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chu He
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nano-Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Applying Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zi-Ning Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nano-Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Applying Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nano-Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Applying Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Da-Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nano-Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Applying Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei Province, China
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Chen KW, Hsu PH, Huang HL, Liu HL, Lin YT, Hsu CY, Lin JH, Lin YH. Targeting nanoparticle-conjugated microbubbles combined with ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction for enhanced tumor therapy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 186:106532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang L, Oudeng G, Wen F, Liao G. Recent advances in near-infrared-II hollow nanoplatforms for photothermal-based cancer treatment. Biomater Res 2022; 26:61. [PMID: 36348441 PMCID: PMC9641873 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared-II (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) light-triggered photothermal therapy (PTT) has been regarded as a promising candidate for cancer treatment, but PTT alone often fails to achieve satisfactory curative outcomes. Hollow nanoplatforms prove to be attractive in the biomedical field owing to the merits including good biocompatibility, intrinsic physical-chemical nature and unique hollow structures, etc. On one hand, hollow nanoplatforms themselves can be NIR-II photothermal agents (PTAs), the cavities of which are able to carry diverse therapeutic units to realize multi-modal therapies. On the other hand, NIR-II PTAs are capable of decorating on the surface to combine with the functions of components encapsulated inside the hollow nanoplatforms for synergistic cancer treatment. Notably, PTAs generally can serve as good photoacoustic imaging (PAI) contrast agents (CAs), which means such kind of hollow nanoplatforms are also expected to be multifunctional all-in-one nanotheranostics. In this review, the recent advances of NIR-II hollow nanoplatforms for single-modal PTT, dual-modal PTT/photodynamic therapy (PDT), PTT/chemotherapy, PTT/catalytic therapy and PTT/gas therapy as well as multi-modal PTT/chemodynamic therapy (CDT)/chemotherapy, PTT/chemo/gene therapy and PTT/PDT/CDT/starvation therapy (ST)/immunotherapy are summarized for the first time. Before these, the typical synthetic strategies for hollow structures are presented, and lastly, potential challenges and perspectives related to these novel paradigms for future research and clinical translation are discussed.
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Guo Y, Wang M, Zou Y, Jin L, Zhao Z, Liu Q, Wang S, Li J. Mechanisms of chemotherapeutic resistance and the application of targeted nanoparticles for enhanced chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:371. [PMID: 35953863 PMCID: PMC9367166 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is considered one of the major malignancies that threaten the lives and health of people around the world. Patients with CRC are prone to post-operative local recurrence or metastasis, and some patients are advanced at the time of diagnosis and have no chance for complete surgical resection. These factors make chemotherapy an indispensable and important tool in treating CRC. However, the complex composition of the tumor microenvironment and the interaction of cellular and interstitial components constitute a tumor tissue with high cell density, dense extracellular matrix, and high osmotic pressure, inevitably preventing chemotherapeutic drugs from entering and acting on tumor cells. As a result, a novel drug carrier system with targeted nanoparticles has been applied to tumor therapy. It can change the physicochemical properties of drugs, facilitate the crossing of drug molecules through physiological and pathological tissue barriers, and increase the local concentration of nanomedicines at lesion sites. In addition to improving drug efficacy, targeted nanoparticles also reduce side effects, enabling safer and more effective disease diagnosis and treatment and improving bioavailability. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which infiltrating cells and other stromal components of the tumor microenvironment comprise barriers to chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. The research and application of targeted nanoparticles in CRC treatment are also classified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Department of the General Surgery, Jilin University Second Hospital, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of the General Surgery, Jilin University Second Hospital, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Yongbo Zou
- Department of the General Surgery, Jilin University Second Hospital, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Longhai Jin
- Department of Radiology, Jilin University Second Hospital, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Zeyun Zhao
- Department of the General Surgery, Jilin University Second Hospital, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of the General Surgery, Jilin University Second Hospital, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of the Dermatology, Jilin University Second Hospital, Changchun, 130000, China.
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of the General Surgery, Jilin University Second Hospital, Changchun, 130000, China.
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