Kinsenoside attenuates liver fibro-inflammation by suppressing dendritic cells via the PI3K-AKT-FoxO1 pathway

Ba-Qi-Rougan formula alleviates hepatic fibrosis by suppressing hepatic stellate cell activation via the MSMP/CCR2/PI3K pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The Ba-Qi-Rougan formula (BQRGF) is a traditional and effective compound prescription from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) utilized in treating hepatic fibrosis (HF).

AIM OF THE STUDY

We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of BQRGF on HF and explore the underlying mechanisms of action.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technology was employed to identify the material basis of BQRGF. Mice with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced HF received BQRGF at three doses (3.87, 7.74, and 15.48 g/kg per day). We examined serum and liver biochemical indicators and liver histology to assess the therapeutic impact. Primary mouse cells were isolated and utilized for experimental analysis. MSMP expression levels were examined in vitro and in vivo experimental models, including human and mouse tissue. Furthermore, lentivirus and small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfections were employed to manipulate microseminoprotein (MSMP) expression in LO2 cells (human normal liver cells). These manipulated LO2 cells were then co-cultured with LX2 human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Through the modulation of MSMP expression in co-cultured cells, administering recombinant MSMP (rMSMP) with or without BQRGF-medicated serum, and using specific pathway inhibitors or agonists in LX2 cells, we elucidated the underlying mechanisms.

RESULTS

A total of 48 compounds were identified from BQRGF, with 12 compounds being absorbed into the bloodstream and 9 compounds being absorbed into the liver. Four weeks of BQRGF treatment in the HF mouse model led to significant improvements in biochemical and molecular assays and histopathology, particularly in the medium and high-dose groups. These improvements included a reduction in the level of liver injury and fibrosis-related factors. MSMP levels were elevated in human and mouse fibrotic liver tissues, and this increase was mitigated in HF mice treated with BQRGF. Moreover, primary cells and co-culture studies revealed that BQRGF reduced MSMP expression, decreased the expression of the hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation markers, and suppressed critical phosphorylated protein levels in the CCR2/PI3K/AKT pathway. These findings were further validated using CCR2/PI3K/AKT signaling inhibitors and agonists in MSMP-activated LX2 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, our results suggest that BQRGF combats HF by diminishing MSMP levels and inhibiting MSMP-induced HSC activation through the CCR2/PI3K/AKT pathway.

Human placental mesenchymal stromal cells promote the formation of CD8+CD122+PD-1+Tregs via CD73/Foxo1 to alleviate liver injury in graft-versus-host disease mice

BACKGROUND

Human placental mesenchymal stromal cells (hPMSCs) are known to limit graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). CD8+CD122+PD-1+Tregs have been shown to improve the survival of GVHD mice. However, the regulatory roles of hPMSCs in this subgroup remain unclear. Here, the regulatory mechanism of hPMSCs in reducing liver fibrosis in GVHD mice by promoting CD8+CD122+PD-1+Tregs formation and controlling the balance of IL-6 and IL-10 were explored.

METHODS

A GVHD mouse model was constructed using C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice and treated with hPMSCs. LX-2 cells were explored to study the effects of IL-6 and IL-10 on the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The percentage of CD8+CD122+PD-1+Tregs and IL-10 secretion were determined using FCM. Changes in hepatic tissue were analysed by HE, Masson, multiple immunohistochemical staining and ELISA, and the effects of IL-6 and IL-10 on LX-2 cells were detected using western blotting.

RESULTS

hPMSCs enhanced CD8+CD122+PD-1+Treg formation via the CD73/Foxo1 and promoted IL-10, p53, and MMP-8 levels, but inhibited IL-6, HLF, α-SMA, Col1α1, and Fn levels in the liver of GVHD mice through CD73. Positive and negative correlations of IL-6 and IL-10 between HLF were found in liver tissue, respectively. IL-6 upregulated HLF, α-SMA, and Col1α1 expression via JAK2/STAT3 pathway, whereas IL-10 upregulated p53 and inhibited α-SMA and Col1α1 expression in LX-2 cells by activating STAT3.

CONCLUSIONS

hPMSCs promoted CD8+CD122+PD-1+Treg formation and IL-10 secretion but inhibited HSCs activation and α-SMA and Col1α1 expression by CD73, thus controlling the balance of IL-6 and IL-10, and alleviating liver injury in GVHD mice.

Roles and therapeutic targeting of dendritic cells in liver fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is a common pathological condition marked by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in irreversible cirrhosis and cancer. Dendritic cells (DCs) act as the crucial component of hepatic immunity and are believed to affect fibrosis by regulating the proliferation and differentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), a key mediator of fibrogenesis, and by interplaying with immune cells in the liver. This review concisely describes the process of fibrogenesis, and the phenotypic and functional characteristics of DCs in the liver. Besides, it focuses on the interaction between DCs and HSCs, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as the dual roles of DCs in liver fibrosis, for the sake of exploring the potential of targeting DCs as a therapeutic strategy for the disease.

Pulsatile flow increases METTL14-induced m 6 A modification and attenuates septic cardiomyopathy: an experimental study

INTRODUCTION

Septic cardiomyopathy is a sepsis-mediated cardiovascular complication with severe microcirculatory malperfusion. Emerging evidence has highlighted the protective effects of pulsatile flow in case of microcirculatory disturbance, yet the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) modification in the alleviation of septic cardiomyopathy associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-generated pulsatile flow.

METHODS

Rat model with septic cardiomyopathy was established and was supported under ECMO either with pulsatile or non-pulsatile flow. Peripheral perfusion index (PPI) and cardiac function parameters were measured using ultrasonography. Dot blot assay was applied to examine the m 6 A level, while qRT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the expressions of related genes. RNA immunoprecipitation assay was performed to validate the interaction between molecules.

RESULTS

The ECMO-generated pulsatile flow significantly elevates microcirculatory PPI, improves myocardial function, protects the endothelium, and prolongs survival in rat models with septic cardiomyopathy. The pulsatile flow mediates the METTL14-mediated m 6 A modification to zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) mRNA (messenger RNA), which stabilizes the ZO-1 mRNA depending on the presence of YTHDF2. The pulsatile flow suppresses the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, of which the downstream molecule Foxo1, a negative transcription factor of METTL14, binds to the METTL14 promoter and inhibits the METTL14-induced m 6 A modification.

CONCLUSION

The ECMO-generated pulsatile flow increases METTL14-induced m 6 A modification in ZO-1 and attenuates the progression of septic cardiomyopathy, suggesting that pulsatility might be a new therapeutic strategy in septic cardiomyopathy by alleviating microcirculatory disturbance.

Uncovering the genetic diversity and adaptability of Butuo Black Sheep through whole-genome re-sequencing

The Butuo Black Sheep (BBS) is well-known for its ability to thrive at high altitudes, resist diseases, and produce premium-quality meat. Nonetheless, there is insufficient data regarding its genetic diversity and population-specific Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This paper centers on the genetic diversity of (BBS). The investigation conducted a whole-genome resequencing of 33 BBS individuals to recognize distinct SNPs exclusive to BBS. The inquiry utilized bioinformatic analysis to identify and explain SNPs and pinpoint crucial mutation sites. The findings reveal that reproductive-related genes (GHR, FSHR, PGR, BMPR1B, FST, ESR1), lipid-related genes (PPARGC1A, STAT6, DGAT1, ACACA, LPL), and protein-related genes (CSN2, LALBA, CSN1S1, CSN1S2) were identified as hub genes. Functional enrichment analysis showed that genes associated with reproduction, immunity, inflammation, hypoxia, PI3K-Akt, and AMPK signaling pathways were present. This research suggests that the unique ability of BBS to adapt to low oxygen levels in the plateau environment may be owing to mutations in a variety of genes. This study provides valuable insights into the genetic makeup of BBS and its potential implications for breeding and conservation efforts. The genes and SPNs identified in this study could serve as molecular markers for BBS.

2'-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde Alleviates Intestinal Inflammation by Attenuating Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Damage Via Directly Inhibiting STAT3

BACKGROUND

The currently available clinical therapeutic drugs for ulcerative colitis (UC) are considered inadequate owing to certain limitations. There have been reports on the anti-inflammatory effects of 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (HCA). However, whether HCA can improve UC is still unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the pharmacological effects of HCA on UC and its underlying molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

The pharmacological effects of HCA were comprehensively investigated in 2 experimental setups: mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated fetal human colon (FHC) cells. Furthermore, the interaction between HCA and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was investigated using molecular docking. The FHC cells with STAT3 knockdown or overexpression and mice with intestinal epithelium-specific STAT3 deletion (STAT3ΔIEC) were used to evaluate whether STAT3 mediated the pharmacological effects of HCA.

RESULTS

2'-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde attenuated dysregulated expression of inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner while increasing the expression of tight junction proteins, reducing the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells, and effectively alleviating inflammation both in vivo and in vitro. 2'-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde bound directly to STAT3 and inhibited its activation. The modulation of STAT3 activation levels due to STAT3 knockdown or overexpression influenced the mitigating effects of HCA on colitis. Further analysis indicated that the remission effect of HCA was not observed in STAT3ΔIEC mice, indicating that STAT3 mediated the anti-inflammatory effects of HCA.

CONCLUSIONS

We present a novel finding that HCA reduces colitis severity by attenuating intestinal mucosal barrier damage via STAT3. This discovery holds promise as a potential new strategy to alleviate UC.

Jaceosidin attenuates the progression of hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting the VGLL3/HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Jaceosidin (JA) is a natural flavone extracted from Artemisia that is used as a food and traditional medicinal herb. It has been reported to possess numerous biological activities. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying amelioration of hepatic fibrosis remain unclear.

HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE

We hypothesized that jaceosidin acid (JA) modulates hepatic fibrosis and inflammation.

METHODS

Thioacetamide (TAA) was used to establish an HF mouse model. In vitro, mouse primary hepatocytes and HSC-T6 cells were induced by TGF-β, whereas mouse peritoneal macrophages received a treatment lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ATP.

RESULTS

JA decreased serum transaminase levels and improved hepatic histological pathology in TAA-treated mice stimulated by TAA. Moreover, the expression of pro-fibrogenic biomarkers associated with the activation of liver stellate cells was downregulated by JA. Likewise, JA down-regulated the expression of vestigial-like family member 3 (VGLL3), high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), and nucleotide-binding domain-(NOD-) like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), thereby inhibiting the inflammatory response and inhibiting the release of mature-IL-1β in TAA-stimulated mice. Additionally, JA suppressed HMGB1 release and NLRP3/ASC inflammasome activation in LPS/ATP-stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages. JA decreases the expression of pro-fibrogenic biomarkers related to liver stellate cell activation and inhibits inflammasome activation in mouse primary hepatocytes. It also down-regulated α-SMA and VGLL3 expressions and also suppressed inflammasome activation in HSC-T6 cells. VGLL3 and α-SMA expression levels were decreased in TGF-β-stimulated HSC-T6 cells following Vgll3 knockdown. In addition, the expression levels of NLRP3 and cleaved-caspase-1 were decreased in Vgll3-silenced HSC-T6 cells. JA enhanced the inhibitory effects on Vgll3-silenced HSC-T6 cells. Finally, Vgll3 overexpression in HSC-T6 cells affected the expression levels of α-SMA, NLRP3, and cleaved-caspase-1.

CONCLUSION

JA effectively modulates hepatic fibrosis by suppressing fibrogenesis and inflammation via the VGLL3/HMGB1/TLR4 axis. Therefore, JA may be a candidate therapeutic agent for the management of hepatic fibrosis. Understanding the mechanism of action of JA is a novel approach to hepatic fibrosis therapy.

Multi-omics and multi-stages integration identified a novel variant associated with silicosis risk

Assessing the association between candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified by multi-omics approaches and susceptibility to silicosis. RNA-seq analysis was performed to screen the differentially expressed mRNAs in the fibrotic lung tissues of mice exposed to silica particles. Following this, we integrated the SNPs located in the above human homologenes with the silicosis-related genome-wide association study (GWAS) data to select the candidate SNPs. Then, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL)-SNPs were identified by the GTEx database. Next, we validated the associations between the functional eQTL-SNPs and silicosis susceptibility by additional case-control study. And the contribution of the identified SNP and its host gene in the fibrosis process was further validated by functional experiments. A total of 12 eQTL-SNPs were identified in the screening stage. The results of the validation stage suggested that the variant T allele of rs419540 located in IL12RB1 significantly increased the risk of developing silicosis [additive model: odds ratio (OR) = 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-2.85, P = 0.017]. Furthermore, the combination of GWAS and the results of validation stage also indicated that the variant T allele of rs419540 in IL12RB1 was associated with increased silicosis risk (additive model: OR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.38-3.12, P < 0.001). Additionally, after knockdown or overexpression of IL12RB1, the levels of pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL-12, IFN-γ, and other pro-inflammatory factors, were correspondingly decreased or increased. The novel eQTL-SNP, rs419540, might increase the risk of silicosis by modulating the expression levels of IL12RB1.

ADORA2B, transcriptionally suppressing by MYC, promotes ferroptosis of chondrocytes via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway in mice with osteoarthritis

Recent studies have shown that chondrocyte ferroptosis contributes importantly to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). However, it is largely unknown how it is regulated. In this study, the data sets GSE167852 and GSE190184 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and 161 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to ferroptosis were screened by bioinformatics analysis. Subsequently, ADORA2B was screened as a candidate gene from DEGs, which was significantly upregulated in palmitic acid (PA) treated chondrocytes. CCK-8, EdU, Western blotting, and ferroptosis-related kits assays demonstrated that knockdown of ADORA2B constrained ferroptosis and promoted viability of chondrocytes. Overexpression of ADORA2B promoted ferroptosis, while the PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor LY294002 reversed the promotion of ADORA2B on ferroptosis. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays indicated MYC was a transcription suppressor of ADORA2B, and overexpression of MYC promoted the viability, and inhibited the ferroptosis of chondrocytes, while ADORA2B overexpression abated the promotion of MYC on chondrocyte viability and the inhibition on ferroptosis. In vivo experiments showed that MYC overexpression alleviated cartilage tissue damage in OA mice, which was able to reversed by ADORA2B overexpression. In summary, ADORA2B, transcriptionally suppressing by MYC, promotes ferroptosis of chondrocytes via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Thus, ADORA2B can be used as a potential treatment target for ferroptosis-related diseases.

SIRT1: Harnessing multiple pathways to hinder NAFLD

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is the primary cause of chronic liver disorders, with a high prevalence but no approved treatment. Therefore, it is indispensable to find a trustworthy therapy for NAFLD. Recently, mounting evidence illustrates that Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is strongly associated with NAFLD. SIRT1 activation or overexpression attenuate NAFLD, while SIRT1 deficiency aggravates NAFLD. Besides, an array of therapeutic agents, including natural compounds, synthetic compounds, traditional Chinese medicine formula, and stem cell transplantation, alleviates NALFD via SIRT1 activation or upregulation. Mechanically, SIRT1 alleviates NAFLD by reestablishing autophagy, enhancing mitochondrial function, suppressing oxidative stress, and coordinating lipid metabolism, as well as reducing hepatocyte apoptosis and inflammation. In this review, we introduced the structure and function of SIRT1 briefly, and summarized the effect of SIRT1 on NAFLD and its mechanism, along with the application of SIRT1 agonists in treating NAFLD.

Targeting myocardial inflammation: investigating the therapeutic potential of atrial natriuretic peptide in atrial fibrosis

BACKGROUND

Atrial Fibrillation (AF), a prevalent arrhythmic condition, is intricately associated with atrial fibrosis, a major pathological contributor. Central to the development of atrial fibrosis is myocardial inflammation. This study focuses on Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and its role in mitigating atrial fibrosis, aiming to elucidate the specific mechanisms by which ANP exerts its effects, with an emphasis on fibroblast dynamics.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The study involved forty Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into four groups: control, Angiotensin II (Ang II), Ang II + ANP, and ANP only. The administration of 1 µg/kg/min Ang II was given to Ang II and Ang II + ANP groups, while both Ang II + ANP and ANP groups received 0.1 µg/kg/min ANP intravenously for a duration of 14 days. Cardiac fibroblasts were used for in vitro validation of the proposed mechanisms. The study observed that rats in the Ang II and Ang II + ANP groups showed an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in body weight, more pronounced in the Ang II group. Diastolic dysfunction, a characteristic of the Ang II group, was alleviated by ANP. Additionally, ANP significantly reduced Ang II-induced atrial fibrosis, myofibroblast proliferation, collagen overexpression, macrophage infiltration, and the elevated expression of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Tenascin-C (TN-C). Transcriptomic sequencing indicated enhanced PI3K/Akt signaling in the Ang II group. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed that ANP, along with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, effectively reduced PI3K/Akt pathway activation and the expression of TN-C, collagen-I, and collagen-III, which were induced by Ang II.

CONCLUSIONS

The study demonstrates ANP's potential in inhibiting myocardial inflammation and reducing atrial fibrosis. Notably, ANP's effect in countering atrial fibrosis seems to be mediated through the suppression of the Ang II-induced PI3K/Akt-Tenascin-C signaling pathway. These insights enhance our understanding of AF pathogenesis and position ANP as a potential therapeutic agent for treating atrial fibrosis.

The role of PI3k/AKT signaling pathway in attenuating liver fibrosis: a comprehensive review

Excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components within the liver leads to a pathological condition known as liver fibrosis. Alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), autoimmune issues, and viral hepatitis cause chronic liver injury. Exploring potential therapeutic targets and understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in liver fibrosis are essential for the development of effective interventions. The goal of this comprehensive review is to explain how the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway contributes to the reduction of liver fibrosis. The potential of this pathway as a therapeutic target is investigated through a summary of results from in vivo and in vitro studies. Studies focusing on PI3K/AKT activation have shown a significant decrease in fibrosis markers and a significant improvement in liver function. The review emphasizes how this pathway may prevent ECM synthesis and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, ultimately reducing the fibrotic response. The specific mechanisms and downstream effectors of the PI3K/AKT pathway in liver fibrosis constitute a rapidly developing field of study. In conclusion, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a significant role in attenuating liver fibrosis. Its complex role in regulating HSC activation and ECM production, demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo, underscores its potential as a effective therapeutic approach for managing liver fibrosis and slowing disease progression. A comprehensive review of this field provides valuable insights into its future developments and implications for clinical applications.

Ultrasound combined with microbubble mediated immunotherapy for tumor microenvironment

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in dynamically regulating the progress of cancer and influencing the therapeutic results. Targeting the tumor microenvironment is a promising cancer treatment method in recent years. The importance of tumor immune microenvironment regulation by ultrasound combined with microbubbles is now widely recognized. Ultrasound and microbubbles work together to induce antigen release of tumor cell through mechanical or thermal effects, promoting antigen presentation and T cells' recognition and killing of tumor cells, and improve tumor immunosuppression microenvironment, which will be a breakthrough in improving traditional treatment problems such as immune checkpoint blocking (ICB) and himeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. In order to improve the therapeutic effect and immune regulation of TME targeted tumor therapy, it is necessary to develop and optimize the application system of microbubble ultrasound for organs or diseases. Therefore, the combination of ultrasound and microbubbles in the field of TME will continue to focus on developing more effective strategies to regulate the immunosuppression mechanisms, so as to activate anti-tumor immunity and/or improve the efficacy of immune-targeted drugs, At present, the potential value of ultrasound combined with microbubbles in TME targeted therapy tumor microenvironment targeted therapy has great potential, which has been confirmed in the experimental research and application of breast cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer, which provides a new alternative idea for clinical tumor treatment. This article reviews the research progress of ultrasound combined with microbubbles in the treatment of tumors and their application in the tumor microenvironment.

Calenduloside E ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating a pyroptosis-dependent pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver condition that can have multiple underlying causes. There are no satisfactory chemical or biological drugs for the treatment of NAFLD. Longyasongmu, the bark and root of Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem, is used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been used in treating diverse liver diseases including NAFLD. Based on Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem as the main ingredient, Longya Gantai Capsules have been approved for use in China for the treatment of acute hepatitis and chronic hepatitis. Calenduloside E (CE), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin, is a significant component of saponin isolated from the bark and root of Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. However, the role and mechanism of anti-NAFLD effects of CE is still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study was to examine the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effect of CE on NAFLD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, an NAFLD model was established by Western diet in apoE-/- mice, followed by treatment with various doses of CE (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg). The anti-NAFLD effect of CE was assessed by the liver injury, lipid accumulation, inflammation, and pro-fibrotic phenotype. The mechanism of CE in ameliorating NAFLD was studied through transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). In vitro, the mouse hepatocytes (AML-12) were stimulated in lipid mixtures with CE and performed the exploration and validation of the relevant pathways using Western blot, immunofluorescence, etc. RESULTS: The findings revealed a significant improvement in liver injury, lipid accumulation, inflammation, and pro-fibrotic phenotype upon CE administration. Furthermore, RNAseq analysis indicated that the primary pathway through which CE alleviates NAFLD involves pyroptosis-related inflammatory cascade pathways. Furthermore, it was observed that CE effectively suppressed inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Remarkably, the functional enrichment analysis of RNA-seq data revealed that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is the primarily Signaling transduction pathway modulated by CE treatment. Subsequent experimental outcomes provided further validation of CE's ability to hinder inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis through the inhibition of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings present a novel pharmacological role of CE in exerting anti-NAFLD effects by inhibiting pyroptosis signaling pathways.

Exploring the Action Mechanism and Validation of the Key Pathways of Dendrobium officinale Throat-clearing Formula for the Treatment of Chronic Pharyngitis Based on Network Pharmacology

AIM

This study investigated the molecular action mechanism of a compound herb, also known as the Dendrobium officinale throat-clearing formula (QYF), by using network pharmacology and animal experimental validation methods to treat chronic pharyngitis (CP).

METHODS

The active ingredients and disease targets of QYF were determined by searching the Batman-TCM and GeneCards databases. Subsequently, the drug-active ingredient-target and protein-protein interaction networks were constructed, and the core targets were obtained through network topology. The Metascape database was screened, and the core targets were enriched with Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.

RESULTS

In total, 1403 and 241 potential targets for drugs and diseases, respectively, and 81 intersecting targets were yielded. The core targets included TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β, and the core pathways included PI3K-Akt. The QYF treatment group exhibited effectively improved general signs, enhanced anti-inflammatory ability in vitro, reduced serum and tissue expressions of TNF- α, IL-6, and IL-1β inflammatory factors, and decreased blood LPS levels and Myd88, TLR4, PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB p65 protein expression in the tissues.

CONCLUSION

QYF could inhibit LPS production, which regulated the expression of the TLR4/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway to suppress the expression of the related inflammatory factors (i.e., TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), thereby alleviating the CP process.

[Quercetin induces hepatic stellate cell apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway via upregulating miR-146]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether quercetin induces apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells by regulating miR-146 to inhibit the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

METHODS

Rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6) were treated with TGF-β and different concentrations (40, 60 and 80 μmol/L) of quercetin, and the changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-146 and mRNA expressions of α-SMA, collagenⅠ, TRAF6, PI3K and Akt in the treated cells, and the protein expressions of α-SMA, collagenⅠ, TRAF6, PI3K, Akt and p-Akt were detected using Western blotting. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the protein expression of α-SMA and collagenⅠ. The effects of transfection with miR-146 mimic and inhibitor on the protein expressions of the cells were also examined using Western blotting.

RESULTS

Treatment with quercetin dose- and time-dependently inhibited the proliferation of HSC-T6 cells and significantly increased the total cell apoptosis rate (P<0.01). TGF-β-stimulated HSC-T6 cells showed significantly increased mRNA and protein expression levels of α-SMA, collagenⅠ, TRAF6, PI3K and Akt (P<0.05), which were significantly down-regulated by quercetin treatment (P<0.05). Quercetin significantly upregulated the expression of miR-146 in HSC-T6 cells (P<0.01), Transfection of the cells with miR-146 mimic significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of α-SMA, collagen Ⅰ, TRAF6, PI3K and Akt (P<0.05), and miR- 146 inhibitor produced the opposite effects (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Quercetin inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of HSCs by upregulating miR-146 to inhibit the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Enteroendocrine cells and gut hormones as potential targets in the crossroad of the gut-kidney axis communication

Recent studies suggest that disruptions in intestinal homeostasis, such as changes in gut microbiota composition, infection, and inflammatory-related gut diseases, can be associated with kidney diseases. For instance, genomic investigations highlight how susceptibility genes linked to IgA nephropathy are also correlated with the risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Conversely, investigations demonstrate that the use of short-chain fatty acids, produced through fermentation by intestinal bacteria, protects kidney function in models of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Thus, the dialogue between the gut and kidney seems to be crucial in maintaining their proper function, although the factors governing this crosstalk are still emerging as the field evolves. In recent years, a series of studies have highlighted the significance of enteroendocrine cells (EECs) which are part of the secretory lineage of the gut epithelial cells, as important components in gut-kidney crosstalk. EECs are distributed throughout the epithelial layer and release more than 20 hormones in response to microenvironment stimuli. Interestingly, some of these hormones and/or their pathways such as Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, gastrin, and somatostatin have been shown to exert renoprotective effects. Therefore, the present review explores the role of EECs and their hormones as regulators of gut-kidney crosstalk and their potential impact on kidney diseases. This comprehensive exploration underscores the substantial contribution of EEC hormones in mediating gut-kidney communication and their promising potential for the treatment of kidney diseases.

Role of glycolysis in inflammatory bowel disease and its associated colorectal cancer

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been referred to as the "green cancer," and its progression to colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant challenge for the medical community. A common factor in their development is glycolysis, a crucial metabolic mechanism of living organisms, which is also involved in other diseases. In IBD, glycolysis affects gastrointestinal components such as the intestinal microbiota, mucosal barrier function, and the immune system, including macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and neutrophils, while in CRC, it is linked to various pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and transcription factors such as p53, Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), and c-Myc. Thus, a comprehensive study of glycolysis is essential for a better understanding of the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of both IBD and CRC. This paper reviews the role of glycolysis in diseases, particularly IBD and CRC, via its effects on the intestinal microbiota, immunity, barrier integrity, signaling pathways, transcription factors and some therapeutic strategies targeting glycolytic enzymes.

Kinsenoside mitigates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced ferroptosis via activation of the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway

Ischemia-induced myocardial infarction is regarded as one of the major killers of humans worldwide. Kinsenoside (KD), a primary active ingredient derived from Anoectochilus roxburghii, shows antioxidant and vascular protective properties. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with oxidative damage and could be regulated by KD. However, its targets and the exact mechanism by which it operates remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of KD in myocardial I/R injury and to define the mechanism by which it works. We established both myocardial I/R model in vivo and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) cardiomyocyte model in vitro in this study. KD can attenuate I/R-induced myocardial injury in vivo and inhibit H/R-induced injury in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. KD increased mitochondrial membrane potential, SOD activity, and GSH activity in cardiomyocytes, whereas MDA accumulation, iron accumulation, and Mito-ROS production were decreased. We intersected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from RNA-seq results with ferroptosis-related genes, and found KD significantly downregulated COX2 expression and upregulated GPX4 expression. These findings were further confirmed by Western blot analysis. Additionally, KD increased AKT phosphorylation and Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus, as well as HO-1 expression. When Akt or Nrf2 were inhibited in the KD group, the anti-ferroptosis properties of KD were nullified. Thus, Kinsenoside may exert anti-ferroptosis effect in myocardial I/R injury by decreasing mitochondrial dysfunction and increasing anti-oxidation through the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, suggesting it could be used as a potential therapeutic agent for myocardial reperfusion injury.

Deciphering the Mysterious Relationship between the Cross-Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative and Oncological Diseases

The relationship between oncological pathologies and neurodegenerative disorders is extremely complex and is a topic of concern among a growing number of researchers around the world. In recent years, convincing scientific evidence has accumulated that indicates the contribution of a number of etiological factors and pathophysiological processes to the pathogenesis of these two fundamentally different diseases, thus demonstrating an intriguing relationship between oncology and neurodegeneration. In this review, we establish the general links between three intersecting aspects of oncological pathologies and neurodegenerative disorders, i.e., oxidative stress, epigenetic dysregulation, and metabolic dysfunction, examining each process in detail to establish an unusual epidemiological relationship. We also focus on reviewing the current trends in the research and the clinical application of the most promising chemical structures and therapeutic platforms that have a modulating effect on the above processes. Thus, our comprehensive analysis of the set of molecular determinants that have obvious cross-functional pathways in the pathogenesis of oncological and neurodegenerative diseases can help in the creation of advanced diagnostic tools and in the development of innovative pharmacological strategies.

SNORC knockdown alleviates inflammation, autophagy defect and matrix degradation of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis development

Excessive inflammation and autophagy defect of chondrocytes play important roles in the pathological process of osteoarthritis (OA). The present study aimed to clarify the roles of small novel rich in cartilage (SNORC) in these pathological changes of chondrocytes in OA. Bioinformatics analysis of GEO dataset GSE207881 displayed that SNORC was a potential biomarker for OA. As confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR, immunohistochemical staining and western blotting, SNORC was significantly up-regulated in cartilage of OA rat model and interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated primary rat articular chondrocytes in contrast to their corresponding normal control. Knocking down SNORC in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes obviously suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to alleviate inflammation, and reduced the protein levels of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin 5 (ADAMTS5) and matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)13 and elevated collagen type 2 alpha 1 (COL2A1) level to improve matrix degradation. Down-regulation of SNORC increased Beclin1 expression and LC3II/LC3I ratio, but suppressed p62 expression to restore impaired autophagy in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. Moreover, down-regulating SNORC mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes. Mechanically, SNORC simultaneously activated the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/serine threonine kinase (PI3K/AKT) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun signaling pathway in the IL-1β-induced chondrocyte, while re-activating the PI3K and JNK signals abolished the suppressive effect of down-regulating SNORC on IL-1β-induced chondrocyte damage. In a word, SNORC knockdown alleviates inflammation, matrix degradation, autophagy defect and excessive apoptosis of chondrocytes during OA development via suppressing the PI3K and JNK signaling pathway.

Novel lncRNA LNC_000113 Drives the Activation of Pulmonary Adventitial Fibroblasts through Modulating PTEN/Akt/FoxO1 Pathway

The activation of pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts (PAFs) is one of the key components of pulmonary arterial remodelling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Emerging evidence indicates that lncRNAs may play fibrotic roles in a range of diseases. In this present study, we identified a novel lncRNA, LNC_000113, in pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts (PAFs) and characterised its role in the Galectin-3-induced activation of PAFs in rats. Galectin-3 led to elevated expression of lncRNA LNC_000113 in PAFs. The expression of this lncRNA was primarily PAF enriched. A progressive increase in lncRNA LNC_000113 expression was observed in rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rats. Knockdown of lncRNA LNC_000113 cancelled the Galectin-3's fibroproliferative effect on PAFs and prevented the transition of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. The loss-of-function study demonstrated that lncRNA LNC_000113 activated PAFs through the PTEN/Akt/FoxO1 pathway. These results propose lncRNA LNC_000113 drives the activation of PAFs and promotes fibroblast phenotypic alterations.

PD-1/PD-L1 axis in organ fibrosis

Fibrosis is a pathological tissue repair activity in which many myofibroblasts are activated and extracellular matrix are excessively accumulated, leading to the formation of permanent scars and finally organ failure. A variety of organs, including the lung, liver, kidney, heart, and skin, can undergo fibrosis under the stimulation of various exogenous or endogenous pathogenic factors. At present, the pathogenesis of fibrosis is still not fully elucidated, but it is known that the immune system plays a key role in the initiation and progression of fibrosis. Immune checkpoint molecules are key regulators to maintain immune tolerance and homeostasis, among which the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis has attracted much attention. The exciting achievements of tumor immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 provide new insights into its use as a therapeutic target for other diseases. In recent years, the role of PD-1/PD-L1 axis in fibrosis has been preliminarily explored, further confirming the close relationship among PD-1/PD-L1 signaling, immune regulation, and fibrosis. This review discusses the structure, expression, function, and regulatory mechanism of PD-1 and PD-L1, and summarizes the research progress of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in fibrotic diseases.

Immune response gene 1 deficiency aggravates high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via promotion of redox-sensitive AKT suppression

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide. Immune response gene 1 (IRG1) catalyzes the production of bio-active itaconate, which is actively involved in the regulation of signal transduction. A recent study has found that the expression of IRG1 was significantly down-regulated in obesity-associated fatty liver, but the potential roles of IRG1 in the development NAFLD remain unclear. The present study found that genetic deletion of IRG1 aggravated high fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disturbance, including obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. In addition, HFD induced more severe liver steatosis and higher serum ALT and AST level in IRG1 KO mice, which were accompanied with altered expression of genes involved in lipid uptake, synthesis and catabolism. RNA-seq and immunoblot analysis indicated that deficiency of IRG1 is associated with suppressed activation of AKT, a master metabolic regulator. Mechanistically, IRG1/itaconate enhanced the antioxidative NRF2 pathway and prevented redox-sensitive suppression of AKT. Interestingly, supplementation with 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI), a cell-permeable derivate of itaconate, alleviated HFD-induced oxidative stress, AKT suppression and liver steatosis. Therefore, IRG1 probably functions as a protective regulator in the development of NAFLD and the cell-permeable 4-OI might have potential value for the pharmacological intervention of NAFLD.

The combination of gemcitabine and ginsenoside Rh2 enhances the immune function of dendritic cells against pancreatic cancer via the CARD9-BCL10-MALT1 / NF-κB pathway

Cold tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of pancreatic cancer (PC) with minimal dendritic cell (DC) and T cell infiltration can result in insufficient immunotherapy and chemotherapy. While gemcitabine (GEM) is a first-line chemotherapeutic drug for PC, its efficacy is reduced by immunosuppression and drug resistance. Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is known to have anti-cancer and immunomodulatory properties. Combining GEM with Rh2 may thus overcome immunosuppression and induce lasting anti-tumor immunity in PC. Here, we showed that after GEM-Rh2 therapy, there was significantly greater tumor infiltration by DCs. Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9), a central adaptor protein, was strongly up-regulated DCs with GEM-Rh2 therapy and promoted anti-tumor immune responses by DCs. CARD9 was found to be a critical target for Rh2 to enhance DC function. However, GEM-Rh2 treatment did not achieve the substantial anti-PC efficacy in CARD9^-/- mice as in WT mice. The adoptive transfer of WT DCs to DC-depleted PC mice treated with GEM-Rh2 elicited strong anti-tumor immune responses, although CARD9^-/- DCs were less effective than WT DCs. Our results showed that GEM-Rh2 may reverse cold TIME by enhancing tumor immunogenicity and decreasing the levels of immunosuppressive factors, reactivating DCs via the CARD9-BCL10-MALT1/ NF-κB pathway. Our findings suggest a potentially feasible and safe treatment strategy for PC, with a unique mechanism of action. Thus, Rh2 activation of DCs may remodel the cold TIME and optimize GEM chemotherapy for future therapeutic use.

Majoon chobchini reinstates PDL-1 expression and blocks dendritic cell -T helper 17 pathogenic axis in rheumatoid arthritis animal model

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the critical players in the puzzle of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease pathogenesis. Blockade of DC activation has been shown to curtail Th17 cell differentiation and its aberrant function in RA. Recent studies have pointed to the role of the PI3K/AKT signaling axis in the maturation and activation of DCs. However, it is yet to be established how PI3K/AKT inhibition would lead to the abolishment of DC activation and Th17 cell plasticity in RA. Herein, our study decoded whether and how majoon chobchini, an unani compound, abated dendritic cell maturation and regulated the Th17/Treg paradigm in RA. Given our results, majoon chobchini conspicuously restrained MHC II, CD86 expression and, subsequently elevated PDL-1 levels in DCs in-vivo. Of note, inhibition of DC maturation by majoon chobchini, in turn, favoured suppression of the Th17 cell population while driving Treg cell development in adjuvant induced arthritic (AA) rats. Concurrently, majoon chobchini decreased the catabolic effects of IL-17 (Th17 associated cytokine) via a reciprocal increase in IL-10 (Treg associated cytokine) levels in AA rats. Mechanistically, majoon chobchini sustained FoxO1 nuclear localization signaled through dampened PI3K/AKT phosphorylation in-vitro. In concert, PDL-1 expression was heightened in majoon chobchini treated activated DCs that provides a framework for ablation of the DC-Th17 cell pathogenic axis in RA. Notwithstanding, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 exhibited similar inhibitory effects. In essence, majoon chobchini enhanced PDL-1 expression that abolished DC maturation via regulation of the PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 axis, thereby hindering Th17 differentiation in an animal model of RA. This further warrants a clinical investigation that could validate majoon chobchini as a prospective therapeutic drug in the treatment of RA.

Ongoing involvers and promising therapeutic targets of hepatic fibrosis: The hepatic immune microenvironment

Hepatic fibrosis is often secondary to chronic inflammatory liver injury. During the development of hepatic fibrosis, the damaged hepatocytes and activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) caused by the pathogenic injury could secrete a variety of cytokines and chemokines, which will chemotactic innate and adaptive immune cells of liver tissue and peripheral circulation infiltrating into the injury site, mediating the immune response against injury and promoting tissue reparation. However, the continuous release of persistent injurious stimulus-induced inflammatory cytokines will promote HSCs-mediated fibrous tissue hyperproliferation and excessive repair, which will cause hepatic fibrosis development and progression to cirrhosis even liver cancer. And the activated HSCs can secrete various cytokines and chemokines, which directly interact with immune cells and actively participate in liver disease progression. Therefore, analyzing the changes in local immune homeostasis caused by immune response under different pathological states will greatly enrich our understanding of liver diseases' reversal, chronicity, progression, and even deterioration of liver cancer. In this review, we summarized the critical components of the hepatic immune microenvironment (HIME), different sub-type immune cells, and their released cytokines, according to their effect on the development of progression of hepatic fibrosis. And we also reviewed and analyzed the specific changes and the related mechanisms of the immune microenvironment in different chronic liver diseases.Moreover, we retrospectively analyzed whether the progression of hepatic fibrosis could be alleviated by modulating the HIME.We aimed to elucidate the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis and provide the possibility for exploring the therapeutic targets for hepatic fibrosis.

Identification of shared gene signatures and molecular mechanisms between chronic kidney disease and ulcerative colitis

Background

There is a complex interaction between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), but the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the coexistence of CKD and UC are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the key molecules and pathways that may mediate the co-occurrence of CKD and UC through quantitative bioinformatics analysis based on a public RNA-sequencing database.

Methods

The discovery datasets of CKD (GSE66494) and UC (GSE4183), as well as validation datasets of CKD (GSE115857) and UC (GSE10616), were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. After identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with GEO2R online tool, the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses for the DEGs were performed. Next, protein-protein interaction network was constructed with Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) and visualized by Cytoscape. Gene modules were identified by the plug-in MCODE and hub genes were screened using the plug-in CytoHubba. Then, correlation between immune cell infiltration and hub genes was analyzed, and the receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the predictive value of hub genes. Finally, immunostaining of human specimens was used to validate the relevant findings.

Results

A total of 462 common DEGs were identified and selected for further analyses. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that these DEGs were primarily enriched in immune- and inflammation-related pathways. Among them, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway ranked top in both discovery and validation cohorts, and the key signal molecule phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) was shown to be significantly overexpressed in human CKD kidneys and UC colons, and further elevated in CKD-UC comorbidity specimens. Moreover, nine candidate hub genes, including CXCL8, CCL2, CD44, ICAM1, IL1A, CXCR2, PTPRC, ITGAX, and CSF3, were identified, of which ICAM1 was validated as a common hub gene. Besides, immune infiltration analysis revealed that neutrophils, macrophages, and CD4⁺ T memory cells significantly accumulated in both diseases, and ICAM1 was remarkably associated with neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, intercellular adhesion molecule1 (ICAM1)-mediated neutrophil infiltration was validated to be upregulated in kidney and colon biopsies of CKD and UC patients, and further increased in patients diagnosed with both CKD and UC. Finally, ICAM1 had shown critical value as a diagnostic marker for the co-occurrence of CKD and UC.

Conclusions

Our study elucidated that immune response, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and ICAM1-mediated neutrophil infiltration might be the common pathogenesis of CKD and UC, and identified ICAM1 as a key potential biomarker and therapeutic target for the comorbidity of these two diseases.

Development and validation of the prognostic model based on autophagy-associated genes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Background

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease. Many studies suggest that autophagy may be related to disease progression and prognosis in IPF. However, the mechanisms involved have not been fully elucidated.

Methods

We incorporated 232 autophagy-associated genes (AAGs) and two datasets, GSE28042 and GSE27957, from the GEO database. Univariate Cox analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression were used to construct the autophagy-associated prognostic model. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed to investigate the functions of these autophagy-associated genes. CIBERSORT algorithm was used to calculate the immune cell infiltration between patients in the high-risk score and low-risk score groups. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to explore the mRNA expression of five genes in the autophagy-associated risk model.

Results

We constructed a 5-autophagy-associated genes signature based on Univariate Cox analysis and LASSO regression. In our autophagy-associated risk model, IPF patients in the high-risk group demonstrated a poor overall survival rate compared to patients in the low-risk group. For 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates, the AUC predictive value of the AAG signature was 0.670, 0.787, and 0.864, respectively. These results were validated in the GSE27957 cohort, confirming the good prognostic effect of our model. GO and KEGG pathway analyses enriched immune-related pathways between the high-risk and low-risk groups. And there was also a significant difference in immune cell infiltration between two groups. And the results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression levels of FOXO1, IRGM, MYC, and PRKCQ were significantly decreased in the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC) of IPF patient samples.

Conclusion

Our study constructed and validated an autophagy-associated risk model based on MYC, MAPK1, IRGM, PRKCQ, and FOXO1. And those five genes may influence the progression of IPF by regulating immune responses and immune cells.

Advances in the therapeutic application and pharmacological properties of kinsenoside against inflammation and oxidative stress-induced disorders

Extensive research has implicated inflammation and oxidative stress in the development of multiple diseases, such as diabetes, hepatitis, and arthritis. Kinsenoside (KD), a bioactive glycoside component extracted from the medicinal plant Anoectochilus roxburghii, has been shown to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative abilities. In this review, we summarize multiple effects of KD, including hepatoprotection, pro-osteogenesis, anti-hyperglycemia, vascular protection, immune regulation, vision protection, and infection inhibition, which are partly responsible for suppressing inflammation signaling and oxidative stress. The protective action of KD against dysfunctional lipid metabolism is also associated with limiting inflammatory signals, due to the crosstalk between inflammation and lipid metabolism. Ferroptosis, a process involved in both inflammation and oxidative damage, is potentially regulated by KD. In addition, we discuss the physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic profiles of KD. Advances in cultivation and artificial synthesis techniques are promising evidence that the shortage in raw materials required for KD production can be overcome. In addition, novel drug delivery systems can improve the in vivo rapid clearance and poor bioavailability of KD. In this integrated review, we aim to offer novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic role of KD and lay solid foundations for the utilization of KD in clinical practice.

Hydroxychloroquine attenuates autoimmune hepatitis by suppressing the interaction of GRK2 with PI3K in T lymphocytes

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is derivative of the heterocyclic aromatic compound quinoline, which has been used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The central purpose of this study was to investigate therapeutic effects and inflammatory immunological molecular mechanism of HCQ in experimental autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Treatment with HCQ ameliorated hepatic pathologic damage, inflammatory infiltration, while promoted regulatory T cell (Treg) and down-regulated CD8+T cell differentiation in AIH mice induced by S-100 antigen. In vitro, HCQ also suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12) secretion, promoted anti-inflammatory cytokine (TGF-β1) secretion. HCQ mainly impaired T cell lipid metabolism but not glycolysis to promote Treg differentiation and function. Mechanistically, HCQ down-regulated GRK2 membrane translocation in T cells, inhibited GRK2-PI3K interaction to reduce the PI3K recruiting to the membrane, followed by suppressing the phosphorylation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal. Pretreating T cells with paroxetine, a GRK2 inhibitor, disturbed HCQ effect to T cells. HCQ also reversed the activation of the PI3K-AKT axis by 740 Y-P (PI3K agonist). Meanwhile, HCQ inhibited the PI3K-AKT-mTOR, JAK2-STAT3-SOCS3 and increased the AMPK signals in the liver and T cells of AIH mice. In conclusion, HCQ exhibited specific and potent therapeutic effects on AIH and attendant liver injury, which was attributed to HCQ acted on GRK2 translocation, inhibited metabolism-related PI3K-AKT and inflammation-related JAK2-STAT3 signal in T lymphocytes, thereby modulating lipid metabolism of T cell function to regulate Treg differentiation and function.

Kinsenoside alleviates inflammation and fibrosis in experimental NASH mice by suppressing the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has replaced viral hepatitis as the main driver of the rising morbidity and mortality associated with cirrhosis and liver cancer worldwide, while no FDA-approved therapies are currently known. Kinsenoside (KD), naturally isolated from Anoectochilus roxburghii, possesses multiple biological activities, including lipolysis, anti-inflammation, and hepatoprotection. However, the effects of KD on NASH remain unclear.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to explore the roles of KD in NASH and its engaged mechanisms.

METHODS

Two typical animal models of NASH, mice fed a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet (representing non-obese NASH) and mice fed a high-fat and -fructose diet (HFFD) (representing obese NASH), were used to investigate the effect of KD on NASH in vivo. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of KD. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 cells and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-activated LX-2 cells were applied to further explore the effects and mechanisms of KD in vitro.

RESULTS

The intragastric administration of KD remarkably alleviated MCD/HFFD-induced murine NASH almost in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, KD reduced lipid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis in the liver of NASH mice. KD ameliorated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) abnormalities. In addition, it decreased the level of serum proinflammatory factors (IL-12p70, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, IFN-γ) and the hepatic expression of typical fibrosis-related molecules (α-SMA, Col-I, TIMP-1). Mechanically, KD attenuated the MCD/HFFD-induced NASH through the inhibition of the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Consistently, KD reduced inflammation stimulated by LPS in THP-1 cells via suppressing the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. Furthermore, it prevented the activation of LX-2 cells directly, by inhibiting the proliferation stimulated by TGF-β1, and indirectly, by inactivating the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages.

CONCLUSION

For the first time, the practical improvement of NASH by KD was revealed. Our study found that KD exerted its alleviative effects on NASH through the inhibition of the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Given its hepatoprotective and nontoxic properties, KD has the potential to be a novel and effective drug to treat NASH.

The decrease of selenoprotein K induced by selenium deficiency in diet improves apoptosis and cell progression block in chicken liver via the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway

Selenoprotein K (SELK) is imperative for normal development of chicken. It does regulate to chicken's physiological function. However, the injury of SELK-deficiency done on chicken liver and its underlying mechanism involved has not yet been covered. Therefore, we built SELK- deficiency model by feeding diet which contained low concentration of selenium (Se) to discuss SELK's regulation mechanism. Through using TUNEL, TEM, western blot and qRT-PCR we found apoptosis occurred in chicken liver in the SELK-deficiency groups. In the meanwhile, our study showed there were differentially expressed of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway, calcium homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum healthy and cell cycle progression in SELK-deficiency chicken liver tissues. In order to claim the regulation mechanism of SELK, we set SELK-knock down model in the LMH. The results in vitro were coincided with those in vivo. In the SELK-deficiency groups, the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway was activated and then induced ERS which eventually resulted in apoptosis in chicken liver. As the same time, the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway also regulated the combined effective of MDM2-p53, which leaned liver cells to G1/S blocking. Our findings support the potential of SELK in maintain the health of chicken liver, and indicate that adding proper amount of Se on the daily dietary may alleviate the deficiency of selenium.

Crosstalk Between Autophagy and Innate Immunity: A Pivotal Role in Hepatic Fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is a repair process of chronic liver injuries induced by toxic substances, pathogens, and inflammation, which exhibits a feature such as deposition of the extracellular matrix. The initiation and progression of liver fibrosis heavily relies on excessive activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The activated HSCs express different kinds of chemokine receptors to further promote matrix remodulation. The long-term progression of liver fibrosis will contribute to dysfunction of the liver and ultimately cause hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver also has abundant innate immune cells, including DCs, NK cells, NKT cells, neutrophils, and Kupffer cells, which conduct complicated functions to activation and expansion of HSCs and liver fibrosis. Autophagy is one specific type of cell death, by which the aberrantly expressed protein and damaged organelles are transferred to lysosomes for further degradation, playing a crucial role in cellular homeostasis. Autophagy is also important to innate immune cells in various aspects. The previous studies have shown that dysfunction of autophagy in hepatic immune cells can result in the initiation and progression of inflammation in the liver, directly or indirectly causing activation of HSCs, which ultimately accelerate liver fibrosis. Given the crosstalk between innate immune cells, autophagy, and fibrosis progression is complicated, and the therapeutic options for liver fibrosis are quite limited, the exploration is essential. Herein, we review the previous studies about the influence of autophagy and innate immunity on liver fibrosis and the molecular mechanism to provide novel insight into the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.