1
|
Zhang T, Liu Z, Sun X, Liu Z, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Peng W, Wu C. Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological and toxicological effects of Croton tiglium Linn.: a comprehensive review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1061-1084. [PMID: 35723937 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Croton tiglium Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) is an ancient medicinal plant that has been used for a long time, which is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. And it is widely used for defecation, induced labour, treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, headache, as well as rheumatoid arthritis. KEY FINDINGS Approximately 150 compounds have been isolated and identified from the seeds, stems, leaves and branches of C. tiglium, including fatty acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, the plants proteins and other types of components. Based on a wide range of biological properties, C. tiglium has a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as antitumor, anti-HIV, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. SUMMARY The review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive evaluation of the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of C. tiglium, with a vision for promoting further pharmaceutical research to explore its complete potential for better clinical application. The tigliane diterpenoids have been the most studied compounds isolated from C. tiglium, which showing a variety of biological activities, but there is insufficient evidence to explain the mechanism of action. In addition, C. tiglium may have potential toxic effects, and it is necessary to reduce the toxic effects to ensure the safety of clinical medication, which may promote the discovery and development of new drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zibo Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xue Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Chunjie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marmouzi I, Bouyahya A, Ezzat SM, El Jemli M, Kharbach M. The food plant Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.: Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology and clinical evidence. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113303. [PMID: 32877720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. or Milk thistle is a medicinal plant native to Northern Africa, Southern Europe, Southern Russia and Anatolia. It also grows in South Australia, North and South America. In traditional knowledge, people have used S. marianum for liver disorders such as hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and gallbladder diseases. The main active compound of the plant seeds is silymarin, which is the most commonly used herbal supplement in the United States for liver problems. Nowadays, S. marianum products are available as capsules, powders, and extracts. AIM OF STUDY The aim of our study is to draw a more comprehensive overview of the traditional heritage, pharmacological benefits and chemical fingerprint of S. marianum extracts and metabolites; as well as their metabolism and bioavailability. MATERIALS AND METHODS An extensive literature search has been conducted using relavant keywords and papers with rationale methodology and robust data were selected and discussed. Studies involving S. marianum or its main active ingredients with regards to hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, cardiovascular protection, anticancer and antimicrobial activities as well as the clinical trials performed on the plant, were discussed here. RESULTS S. marianum was subjected to thousands of ethnopharmacological, experimental and clinical investigations. Although, the plant is available for use as a dietary supplement, the FDA did not yet approve its use for cancer therapy. Nowadays, clinical investigations are in progress where a global evidence of its real efficiency is needed. CONCLUSION S. marianum is a worldwide used herb with unlimited number of investigations focusing on its benefits and properties, however, little is known about its clinical efficiency. Moreover, few studies have discussed its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, so that all future studies on S. marianum should focus on such areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Marmouzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Genomic Center of Human Pathology, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Shahira M Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Science and Arts (MSA), Giza, 12451, Egypt.
| | - Meryem El Jemli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mourad Kharbach
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, CePhaR, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Elyasi S. Silybum marianum, antioxidant activity, and cancer patients. Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
4
|
Silymarin and Cancer: A Dual Strategy in Both in Chemoprevention and Chemosensitivity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092009. [PMID: 32344919 PMCID: PMC7248929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin extracted from milk thistle consisting of flavonolignan silybin has shown chemopreventive and chemosensitizing activity against various cancers. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on the potential targets of silymarin against various cancers. Silymarin may play on the system of xenobiotics, metabolizing enzymes (phase I and phase II) to protect normal cells against various toxic molecules or to protect against deleterious effects of chemotherapeutic agents on normal cells. Furthermore, silymarin and its main bioactive compounds inhibit organic anion transporters (OAT) and ATP-binding cassettes (ABC) transporters, thus contributing to counteracting potential chemoresistance. Silymarin and its derivatives play a double role, namely, limiting the progression of cancer cells through different phases of the cycle-thus forcing them to evolve towards a process of cell death-and accumulating cancer cells in a phase of the cell cycle-thus making it possible to target a greater number of tumor cells with a specific anticancer agent. Silymarin exerts a chemopreventive effect by inducing intrinsic and extrinsic pathways and reactivating cell death pathways by modulation of the ratio of proapoptotic/antiapoptotic proteins and synergizing with agonists of death domains receptors. In summary, we highlight how silymarin may act as a chemopreventive agent and a chemosensitizer through multiple pathways.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zadeh MM, Motamed N, Ranji N, Majidi M, Falahi F. Silibinin-Induced Apoptosis and Downregulation of MicroRNA-21 and MicroRNA-155 in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells. J Breast Cancer 2016; 19:45-52. [PMID: 27066095 PMCID: PMC4822106 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2016.19.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have received much attention owing to their aberrant expression in various stages of cancer. In many biological processes, miRNAs negatively regulate gene expression, and may be useful in therapeutic strategies. The present study evaluated the effects of silibinin (silybin), a natural flavonoid, on miRNA expression and attempted to elucidate therapeutic targets in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Methods The rates of cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined in silibinin-treated and untreated MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of miR-21 and miR-155 were measured in MCF-7 cells after incubation with silibinin (100 µg/mL), and the putative targets of the miRNAs within the apoptotic pathways were predicted using bioinformatic approaches. The expression levels of some of these targets were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results Silibinin induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. qRT-PCR analysis revealed a decrease in miR-21 and miR-155 expression levels in silibinin-treated cells relative to the levels in the untreated cells. Potential miR-21 and miR-155 targets within the apoptotic pathways, such as CASP-9, BID, APAF-1, CASP-3, CASP-8, and PDCD4, were predicted by in silico analysis. qRT-PCR analysis showed upregulation of some of these potential targets including caspase-9 (CASP-9) and BID after silibinin treatment for 48 hours. Conclusion Our results suggest a correlation between the expression of miR-21 and miR-155, and MCF-7 cell proliferation. The antiproliferative activity of silibinin may partly be attributable to the downregulation of miR-21 and miR-155, and the upregulation of their apoptotic targets. Furthermore, the upregulation of CASP-9 and BID indicates that silibinin induces apoptosis through both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Maleki Zadeh
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Motamed
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Ranji
- Department of Genetics, College of Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Majidi
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Falahi
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research & School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Silibinin inhibits triple negative breast cancer cell motility by suppressing TGF-β2 expression. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11397-407. [PMID: 26984157 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates many biological events including cell motility and angiogenesis. Here, we investigated the role of elevated TGF-β2 level in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and the inhibitory effect of silibinin on TGF-β2 action in TNBC cells. Breast cancer patients with high TGF-β2 expression have a poor prognosis. The levels of TGF-β2 expression increased significantly in TNBC cells compared with those in non-TNBC cells. In addition, cell motility-related genes such as fibronectin (FN) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression also increased in TNBC cells. Basal FN, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression levels decreased in response to LY2109761, a dual TGF-β receptor I/II inhibitor, in TNBC cells. TNBC cell migration also decreased in response to LY2109761. Furthermore, we observed that TGF-β2 augmented the FN, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In contrast, TGF-β2-induced FN, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression levels decreased significantly in response to LY2109761. Interestingly, we found that silibinin decreased TGF-β2 mRNA expression level but not that of TGF-β1 in TNBC cells. Cell migration as well as basal FN and MMP-2 expression levels decreased in response to silibinin. Furthermore, silibinin significantly decreased TGF-β2-induced FN, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression levels and suppressed the lung metastasis of TNBC cells. Taken together, these results suggest that silibinin suppresses metastatic potential of TNBC cells by inhibiting TGF-β2 expression in TNBC cells. Thus, silibinin may be a promising therapeutic drug to treat TNBC.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kil WH, Kim SM, Lee JE, Park KS, Nam SJ. Anticancer effect of silibinin on the xenograft model using MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. Ann Surg Treat Res 2014; 87:167-73. [PMID: 25317410 PMCID: PMC4196436 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2014.87.4.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to know whether silibinin has an anticancer effect on triple negative breast cancer xenograft model using MDA-MB-468 cells. METHODS To establish the xenograft model, we injected the MDA-MB-468 cells into female Balb/c-nude mice. After establishing a xenograft model, oral silibinin was administered to the tested mice in the way of 200 mg/kg for 45 days. The difference of mean tumor volume between silibinin fed mice and control mice was analyzed. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation in MDA-MB-468 cells was analyzed by Western blotting. The expression of VEGF, COX-2, and MMP-9 genes in tumor tissue was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS In the xenograft model using MDA-MB-468 cells, we found that oral administration of silibinin significantly suppressed the tumor volume (silibinin treated mice vs. control mice; 230.3 ± 61.6 mm(3) vs. 435.7 ± 93.5 mm(3), P < 0.001). The phosphorylation of EGFR in MDA-MB-468 cells was inhibited by treatment with 50 µg/mL of silibinin. In real time-PCR analysis of tumor tissue obtained from sacrificed mice, the gene expression of MMP-9, VEGF, and COX-2 was 51.8%-80% smaller in silibinin group than that of control group and we can also verify the similar result using Western blotting analysis. CONCLUSION We verified that silibinin had anticancer effect on xenograft model of MDA-MB-468 cells in the way of preventing the phosphorylation of EGFR and eventually suppressed the production of COX-2, VEGF, and MMP-9 expression. Finally, the tumor volume of xenograft models was decreased after administration of Silibinin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Ho Kil
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Min Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Eon Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Sik Park
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Jin Nam
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Silencing of HIF-1α enhances the radiation sensitivity of human glioma growth in vitro and in vivo. Neuropharmacology 2014; 89:168-74. [PMID: 24859610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and the incidence is increasing. Because gliomas often become resistant to radiation treatment, it is urgent to develop novel therapeutic methods that are more effective and less toxic than current therapies so as to enhance patient survival and quality of life. Effective enhancement of radiation therapy for gliomas in vivo and in vitro was observed upon silencing of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) with RNA interference; this enhancement was related to changes in the cell cycle and apoptosis that were accompanied by modulation of Cdc2, cyclin B1, and Bcl-2 expression. Our data suggest that HIF-1α silencing combined with radiation therapy will increase the therapeutic efficacy of glioma treatment via regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis-related signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
9
|
Nasr T, Bondock S, Youns M. Anticancer activity of new coumarin substituted hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:539-48. [PMID: 24607878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major impediment for cancer treatment, to overcome it we designed and synthesized sixteen coumarins bearing hydrazide-hydrazone moiety and evaluated them against human drug-resistant pancreatic carcinoma (Panc-1) cells and drug-sensitive (hepatic carcinoma; Hep-G2 and leukemia; CCRF) cell lines in vitro. The 6-brominated coumarin hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives (BCHHD) 7c, 8c and 10c were more potent than doxorubicin (DOX) against resistant Panc-1 cells. BCHHD 7c showed significant cytotoxicity against all tested cells (IC50: 3.60-6.50 μM) on comparison with all other coumarin hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives (CHHD), whereas BCHHD's 8c and 10c showed significant antiproliferative activity only against resistant Panc-1 cells with IC50 of 2.02 μM and 2.15 μM, respectively. All the investigated BCHHD's were able to activate caspases 3/7 and they could induce apoptosis in resistant Panc-1 cells. Microarray analysis showed that BCHHD 7c induced the expression of apoptotic- and cell cycle arrest (G2/M)- genes in resistant Panc-1 cells. Moreover, BCHHD 7c induced the up-regulation of CDKN1A, DDIT4, GDF-15 and down-regulation of CDC2, CDC20, CDK2 genes. Based on our results, we conclude that 7c could be a potent anticancer drug to overcome drug resistance in cancer and it could be highly beneficial for patients in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt.
| | - Samir Bondock
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, ET-35516 Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, 9004 Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Youns
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim TH, Woo JS, Kim YK, Kim KH. Silibinin Induces Cell Death through Reactive Oxygen Species–Dependent Downregulation of Notch-1/ERK/Akt Signaling in Human Breast Cancer Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 349:268-78. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.207563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
11
|
Naso L, Valcarcel M, Villacé P, Roura-Ferrer M, Salado C, Ferrer EG, Williams PAM. Specific antitumor activities of natural and oxovanadium(iv) complexed flavonoids in human breast cancer cells. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj01649h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Oh SJ, Jung SP, Han J, Kim S, Kim JS, Nam SJ, Lee JE, Kim JH. Silibinin inhibits TPA-induced cell migration and MMP-9 expression in thyroid and breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1343-8. [PMID: 23353996 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in cancer metastasis, cell migration and invasion. Herein, we investigated the effects of silibinin on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cell migration and MMP-9 expression in thyroid and breast cancer cells. Our results revealed that the levels of MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased by TPA but not MMP-2 in TPC-1 and MCF7 cells. To verify the regulatory mechanism of TPA-induced MMP-9 expression, we treated TPC-1 and MCF7 cells with the MEK1/2 inhibitor, UO126, and TPA-induced MMP-9 expression was significantly decreased. We also found that TPA-induced cell migration and MMP-9 expression was significantly decreased by silibinin. In addition, TPA-induced phosphorylation of MEK and ERK was also inhibited by silibinin. Taken together, we suggest that silibinin suppresses TPA-induced cell migration and MMP-9 expression through the MEK/ERK-dependent pathway in thyroid and breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Oh
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang J, Liu L, Xie L, Xiang G, Zhou Y. Induction of differentiation-specific miRNAs in TPA-induced myeloid leukemia cells through MEK/ERK activation. Int J Mol Med 2012; 31:59-66. [PMID: 23175175 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal regulators involved in various biological processes through the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Signaling pathways are extensively activated during 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced differentiation of human leukemia cells, but the modulation of miRNA expression and processing in this context has yet to be fully explored. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed 10 miRNAs that are consistently upregulated during TPA-induced differentiation of various leukemia cell lines by employing microarray technology. The upregulation of these miRNAs was further verified by quantitative RT-PCR, and, markedly, a subset of the miRNAs was found to be induced via the MEK/ERK signaling pathway using TPA and specific pharmacological inhibitors. Moreover, immunoblotting and quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of key miRNA processing machineries (i.e., Drosha, Dicer, Ago1 and Ago2) were not induced in this context, but the transcription of the miRNA products was triggered by MEK/ERK activation. Therefore, we identified the unique miRNAs that respond to TPA treatment in leukemia cells and demonstrated the essential role of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway in the induction of these miRNA transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang CZ, Zhang H, Yun J, Chen GG, Lai PBS. Dihydroartemisinin exhibits antitumor activity toward hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1278-89. [PMID: 22342732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua L., has been shown to exhibit inhibitory effects on human cancer cells. However, its antitumor ability toward hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been studied. In this study, we demonstrated that DHA significantly inhibited HCC cell growth in vitro and in vivo via inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The induction of p21 and the inhibition of cyclin B and CDC25C contributed to DHA-induced G2/M arrest. DHA-induced apoptosis was associated with mitochondrial membrane depolarization, release of cytochrome c, activation of caspases, and DNA fragmentation. Activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3, but not caspase 8, was detected in DHA-treated cells. Attenuation of apoptosis in cells pretreated with Z-VAD-FMK suggested the involvement of caspase cascade. Furthermore, p53 facilitated apoptosis caused by DHA. Bcl-2 family proteins were also responsible for DHA-induced apoptosis. DHA exposure decreased Mcl-1 expression but increased the levels of Noxa and active Bak. Bak was released from the Mcl-1/Bak complex due to the decline of Mcl-1. Further study revealed that Mcl-1 was rapidly degraded in DHA-treated cells and that DHA-induced apoptosis was largely inhibited by overexpression of Mcl-1 or RNAi-mediated decrease of Bak and Noxa. In a HCC-xenograft mouse model, the intraperitoneal injection of DHA resulted in significant inhibition of HCC xenograft tumors. Taken together, our data, for the first time, demonstrate the potential antitumor activity of DHA in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Zhiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leaf Extracts of Calocedrus formosana (Florin) Induce G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Bladder Cancer Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:380923. [PMID: 21760824 PMCID: PMC3132470 DOI: 10.1155/2011/380923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Calocedrus formosana (Florin) bark acetone/ethylacetate extracts are known to exert an antitumor effect on some human cancer cell lines, but the mechanism is yet to be defined. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Florin leaf methanol extracts on the growth and apoptosis of human bladder cancer cell lines. MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay showed that the growth of these bladder cancer cells was potently inhibited by the Florin leaf extracts. The cell cycle of these extract-treated cells (TCCSUP cells) was arrested at the G2/M phase as determined by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis revealed the increases of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 kinase levels, alone with the decrease of phosphorylated Cdc2 kinase, after treating these cells with the extracts. An immunofluorescence assessment of β-tubulin showed decreased levels of polymerized tubulin in treated cells. However, the proteolytic cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase and the activation of caspase-3/-8/-9 were all increased upon treatments of extracts. The concurrent increase of Bax and decrease of Bcl-2 levels indicated that the extracts could induce apoptosis in these treated cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the Florin leaf extracts may be an effective antibladder cancer agent.
Collapse
|