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Adeyemi SB, Akere AM, Orege JI, Ejeromeghene O, Orege OB, Akolade JO. Polymeric nanoparticles for enhanced delivery and improved bioactivity of essential oils. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16543. [PMID: 37484246 PMCID: PMC10360594 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are volatile constituents that give aromatic plants their characteristic odour. The application of these plant actives in food, agriculture, pharmaceutics, and cosmetics has been widely studied. Aromatherapy, a complementary therapy involving the use of essential oils to treat several diseases ranging from microbial infections to metabolic dysfunctions, has been utilised for centuries. Anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities are well-established among other pharmacological properties of these aromatic oils. The oils, which are composed mainly of terpene-based compounds, have also been explored as nutraceuticals, alternative green preservatives, and functional additives in foods. However, due to their physicochemical properties, viz high volatility and low aqueous solubility, essential oil delivery to target receptors were challenging when administered as chemotherapeutics. Hence, formulating essential oils with suitable excipients to enhance their delivery and bioavailability, invariably improving their bioactivity and therapeutic efficacy becomes expedient. Nanotechnology presents a unique strategy to develop a particulate delivery system for the controlled, sustained, and extended release of essential oils. In this review, we examine and summarize the trends and developments in the formulation of essential oils using polymeric nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aishat Mojisola Akere
- Public Library of Science (PLOS), The Bradfield Centre, 184 Cambridge Science Park, Milton, Cambridge, CB4 0GA, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Iseoluwa Orege
- Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, PMB 5363, Ekiti State, Nigeria
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Onome Ejeromeghene
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211189, PR China
| | | | - Jubril Olayinka Akolade
- Biotechnology Advanced Research Centre, Sheda Science and Technology Complex, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Biotechnology, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria
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Borrás S, Martínez-Solís I, Ríos JL. Medicinal Plants for Insomnia Related to Anxiety: An Updated Review. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:738-753. [PMID: 34116572 DOI: 10.1055/a-1510-9826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are common among the general population and can generate health problems such as insomnia and anxiety. In addition to standard drugs and psychological interventions, there are different complementary plant-based therapies used to treat insomnia and anxiety. This review aimed to find and examine the most recent research on the use of herbal medicines for treating anxiety and insomnia as compiled from clinical trials, as well as to assess the safety and efficacy of these medicines and to elucidate their possible mechanisms of action. The process entailed a search of PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases from 2010 to 2020. The search terms included "sleep disorder", "insomnia", "sedative", "hypnotic", "anxiety", "anxiolytic", and "clinical trial", combined with the search terms "herbs" and "medicinal plants", in addition to individual herbal medicines by both their common and scientific names. This updated review, which focuses mainly on clinical trials, includes research on 23 medicinal plants and their combinations. Essential oils and their associations have also been reviewed. The efficacy of medicinal plants depends on treatment duration, types of study subjects, administration route, and treatment method. More clinical trials with an adequate, standardized design are necessary, as are more preclinical studies to continue studying the mechanisms of action. As a result of our work, we can conclude that the 3 plants with the most potential are valerian, passionflower, and ashwagandha, with the combination of valerian with hops and passionflower giving the best results in the clinical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Borrás
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez-Solís
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Spain
| | - José Luis Ríos
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Spain
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3
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Rather AH, Wani TU, Khan RS, Pant B, Park M, Sheikh FA. Prospects of Polymeric Nanofibers Loaded with Essential Oils for Biomedical and Food-Packaging Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4017. [PMID: 33924640 PMCID: PMC8069027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils prevent superbug formation, which is mainly caused by the continuous use of synthetic drugs. This is a significant threat to health, the environment, and food safety. Plant extracts in the form of essential oils are good enough to destroy pests and fight bacterial infections in animals and humans. In this review article, different essential oils containing polymeric nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning are reviewed. These nanofibers containing essential oils have shown applications in biomedical applications and as food-packaging materials. This approach of delivering essential oils in nanoformulations has attracted considerable attention in the scientific community due to its low price, a considerable ratio of surface area to volume, versatility, and high yield. It is observed that the resulting nanofibers possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Therefore, they can reduce the use of toxic synthetic drugs that are utilized in the cosmetics, medicine, and food industries. These nanofibers increase barrier properties against light, oxygen, and heat, thereby protecting and preserving the food from oxidative damage. Moreover, the nanofibers discussed are introduced with naturally derived chemical compounds in a controlled manner, which simultaneously prevents their degradation. The nanofibers loaded with different essential oils demonstrate an ability to increase the shelf-life of various food products while using them as active packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Hamid Rather
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India; (A.H.R.); (T.U.W.); (R.S.K.)
| | - Taha Umair Wani
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India; (A.H.R.); (T.U.W.); (R.S.K.)
| | - Rumysa Saleem Khan
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India; (A.H.R.); (T.U.W.); (R.S.K.)
| | - Bishweshwar Pant
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju-Gun 55338, Jeollabuk-do, Korea;
| | - Mira Park
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju-Gun 55338, Jeollabuk-do, Korea;
| | - Faheem A. Sheikh
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India; (A.H.R.); (T.U.W.); (R.S.K.)
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Müller WE, Sillani G, Schuwald A, Friedland K. Pharmacological basis of the anxiolytic and antidepressant properties of Silexan®, an essential oil from the flowers of lavender. Neurochem Int 2020; 143:104899. [PMID: 33181239 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Silexan®, a proprietary essential oil manufactured by steam distillation from Lavandula angustifolia flowers showed pronounced anxiolytic effects in patients with subthreshold anxiety disorders and was also efficacious in patients with Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD). Moreover, evidences for antidepressant-like properties of Silexan® have been observed in anxious patients suffering from comorbid depressive symptoms and in patients with mixed anxiety-depression disorder (ICD-10 F41.2). In accordance with the clinical data Silexan® is active in several behavioral models in rodents at rather low concentrations indicating potent anxiolytic and antidepressive properties. As possible mechanism of action a moderate inhibition of voltage dependent calcium channels (VDCC) has been found showing some similarities to the anxiolytic drug pregabalin. However, while pregabalin mainly inhibits P/Q-type channels by binding to a modulatory subunit, Silexan® moderately inhibits mainly T-type and N-type channels and to some extent P/Q-type channels. Unlike pregabalin Silexan® is free of hypnotic or sedative side effects and seems to be devoid of any abuse potential. With respect to its specific antidepressant like properties Silexan® improves several aspects of neuroplasticity which seems to be the common final pathway of all antidepressant drugs. As a potential mechanism of its effects on neuroplasticity an activation of the transcription factor CREB via activation of intracellular signaling kinases like PKA and MAPK has been found. Since the concentrations of Silexan® needed to inhibit VDCC function and to improve neuroplasticity are quite similar, the effects of Silexan® on PKA or MAPK could constitute a common intracellular signaling cascade leading to VDCC modulation as well as CREB activation and improved neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter E Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Giacomo Sillani
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anita Schuwald
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
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Esposito D, Belli A, Ferri R, Bruni O. Sleeping without Prescription: Management of Sleep Disorders in Children with Autism with Non-Pharmacological Interventions and Over-the-Counter Treatments. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070441. [PMID: 32664572 PMCID: PMC7407189 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are lifelong neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by abnormal social interaction, communication, and behavior. Sleep disturbances represent a common comorbidity in children and adolescents with ASD, with prevalence ranging from 50 to 80%. It has been proved that sleep disruption worsens the symptoms of autism and results in challenging behaviors. Improving sleep should therefore be a primary therapeutic goal. Treatment options range from lifestyle modifications to pharmacological therapy. Several reviews have been written on pharmacological treatments, but very few on the beneficial effects of non-pharmacological interventions, over-the-counter drugs, and nutritional supplements. This study consists of a narrative review of the literature, presenting the available evidence on the following treatments: sleep education, behavioral interventions, complementary and alternative medicine (special mattresses and blankets, massage, aromatherapy, yoga, physical activity), and commonly used over-the-counter medications and supplements (antihistamines, melatonin, tryptophan, carnosine, iron, vitamins, and herbal remedies). For some treatments—such as melatonin and behavioral interventions—effectiveness in ASD is well established in the literature, while other interventions appear of benefit in clinical practice, even if specific studies in children and adolescents with ASD are lacking. Conversely, other treatments only seem to show anecdotal evidence supporting their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Esposito
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.E.); (A.B.)
| | - Arianna Belli
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.E.); (A.B.)
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Sleep Research Centre, Oasi Research Institute–IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy;
| | - Oliviero Bruni
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Plant Extracts for Sleep Disturbances: A Systematic Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3792390. [PMID: 32382286 PMCID: PMC7191368 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3792390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Sleep complaints are common health issues in the general population. These conditions are associated with poorer physical and psychological activity, and they may have important social, economic, and personal consequences. In the last years, several food supplements with different plant extracts have been developed and are currently taken for improving sleep. Study Objectives. The aim of this study is to systematically review recent literature on oral plant extracts acting on sleep disorders distinguishing their action on the different symptoms of sleep complaints: difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep, waking up too early, and quality of sleep. Methods We searched the PubMed database up to 05/03/2020 based on data from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, noncontrolled trials, and cohort studies conducted in children and adult subjects. The search words used contained the following terms: oral food supplement and sleep disorders and the like. The most studied compounds were further analyzed with a second search using the following terms: name of the compound and sleep disorders. We selected 7 emerging compounds and 38 relevant reports. Results Although nutraceutical natural products have been used for sleep empirically, there is a scarcity of evidence on the efficacy of each product in clinical studies. Valerian and lavender were the most frequently studied plant extracts, and their use has been associated (with conflicting results) with anxiolytic effects and improvements in quality and duration of sleep. Conclusions Sleep aids based on plant extracts are generally safe and well tolerated by the population. More high-quality research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of food supplements containing plant extracts in sleep complaints; in particular, it would be interesting to evaluate the association between plant extracts and sleep hygiene guidelines and to identify the optimal products to be used in a specific symptom of sleep complaint, giving more appropriate tools to the medical doctor.
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Möller HJ, Volz HP, Dienel A, Schläfke S, Kasper S. Efficacy of Silexan in subthreshold anxiety: meta-analysis of randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:183-193. [PMID: 29150713 PMCID: PMC6726711 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Subthreshold psychiatric disorders do not fully meet the diagnostic criteria of syndromal disorders but may be associated with comparable disability. To investigate the anxiolytic effect of Silexan, an active substance from lavender oil for oral administration, in patients with subthreshold anxiety, a meta-analysis that included all published trials with Silexan in this indication was performed. Three randomised, placebo-controlled trials in subthreshold anxiety disorders (anxiety disorder not otherwise specified, restlessness and agitation, mixed anxiety and depressive disorder) were included. Eligible participants with a baseline Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) total score ≥ 18 points received 1 × 80 mg/day Silexan or placebo for 10 weeks. Outcomes included the HAMA, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale, the Clinical Global Impressions questionnaire and the SF-36 health status inventory. Data were analysed using meta-analysis based on pooled raw data of individual patients (random effects models). A total of 697 patients were assessed for efficacy. Silexan was superior to placebo in reducing the HAMA total score during 10 weeks' treatment [mean value difference, 95% confidence interval: 3.83 (1.28; 6.37) points]. Superiority was comparably pronounced for psychic and somatic anxiety as well as for observer- and self-rated anxiety. Silexan had a beneficial effect on sleep (secondary to the anxiolytic effect) without causing sedation and improved the patients' health-related quality of life. Adverse event incidence in both treatment groups was comparable [risk ratio: 1.06 (0.85; 1.33)]. Silexan has a significant and clinically meaningful anxiolytic effect in subthreshold anxiety. The results cannot be generalised to other lavender oil products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jürgen Möller
- 0000 0004 1936 973Xgrid.5252.0Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Volz
- Hospital for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine Schloss Werneck, Werneck, Germany
| | - Angelika Dienel
- 0000 0004 0390 2958grid.476242.1Department of Clinical Research 1, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sandra Schläfke
- 0000 0004 0390 2958grid.476242.1Department of Biostatistics, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Kim J, Lee SL, Kang I, Song YA, Ma J, Hong YS, Park S, Moon SI, Kim S, Jeong S, Kim JE. Natural Products from Single Plants as Sleep Aids: A Systematic Review. J Med Food 2018; 21:433-444. [PMID: 29356580 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient sleep, insomnia, and sleep-related problems are important health issues, as their overall prevalence accounts for about 30% of the general population. The aim of this study was to systematically review previous studies investigating the effects of orally administered single plant-derived extracts on sleep-related outcomes in humans. Data sources were PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library. The data search was conducted in two steps: step 1, names of plants which have been studied as sleep aids in humans were searched and retrieved; and step 2, each ingredient listed in step 1 was then added into the search term. Only original articles or reviews were applicable to the scope of this review. Studies on human subjects, with or without sleep-related disorders, were included. Sleep-related disorders refer to not only insomnia or sleep behavior disorders but also diseases with sleep-related symptoms. Studies were considered eligible for this review when the plant extracts were administered orally. Outcome measures relevant to sleep quality, duration, or other sleep-related problems were included. Twenty-one plants were listed in the first step of the search as potential candidates for natural sleep aids. Seventy-nine articles using these single plant-derived natural products were included in the final review. Although valerian was most frequently studied, conflicting results were reported, possibly due to the various outcome measures of each study. Other plants were not as rigorously tested in human studies. There was limited evidence with inconclusive results regarding the effects of single plant-derived natural products on sleep, warranting further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungyoon Kim
- 1 Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
- 2 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Division of Convergence, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suji L Lee
- 1 Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
- 2 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Division of Convergence, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ilhyang Kang
- 1 Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
- 2 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Division of Convergence, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youme A Song
- 1 Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Ma
- 1 Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
- 3 Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Sun Hong
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shinwon Park
- 1 Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
- 2 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Division of Convergence, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seog In Moon
- 1 Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soojeong Kim
- 1 Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Semi Jeong
- 1 Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jieun E Kim
- 1 Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
- 2 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Division of Convergence, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
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Stevens N, Dorsett J, DaBell A, Eggett DL, Han X, Parker TL. Subjective assessment of the effects of an herbal supplement containing lavender essential oil on sleep quality: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. COGENT MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2017.1380871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stevens
- dōTERRA International, LLC, 389 S. 1300 W., Pleasant Grove, UT 84062, USA
| | - Jeff Dorsett
- dōTERRA International, LLC, 389 S. 1300 W., Pleasant Grove, UT 84062, USA
| | - Alex DaBell
- dōTERRA International, LLC, 389 S. 1300 W., Pleasant Grove, UT 84062, USA
| | - Dennis L. Eggett
- Statistics Consulting Center, Brigham Young University, 223 TMCB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Xuesheng Han
- dōTERRA International, LLC, 389 S. 1300 W., Pleasant Grove, UT 84062, USA
| | - Tory L. Parker
- dōTERRA International, LLC, 389 S. 1300 W., Pleasant Grove, UT 84062, USA
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Essential Oils and Their Constituents: An Alternative Source for Novel Antidepressants. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081290. [PMID: 28771213 PMCID: PMC6152054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a disease that has affected a high proportion of the world’s population and people of different ages, incapacitating them from good performance at work and in social relationships, and causing emotional disorders to millions of families. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic agents is considered a priority for the discovery of more effective forms of treatment. In this review, studies of essential oils and their constituents in experimental models related to depression are discussed. The mechanisms of action of the oils and the presence of psychoactive constituents in their chemical compositions are discussed. The data in the review show the therapeutic potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents for use in depressive disorders. Advanced studies using humans are needed to confirm the antidepressant properties described in animals.
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NOSKOVÁ K, DOVRTĚLOVÁ G, ZENDULKA O, ŘEMÍNEK R, JUŘICA J. The Effect of (-)-Linalool on the Metabolic Activity of Liver CYP Enzymes in Rats. Physiol Res 2016; 65:S499-S504. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-Linalool is the major floral scent occurring mainly in families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae and Rutaceae and is the main active compound of lavender oil. The purpose of this study was to reveal the influence of subchronic systemic treatment with (-)-linalool on the metabolic activity of CYP2A, 2B, 2C6, 2C11 and 3A in rat liver microsomes (RLM). The second aim was to reveal possible inhibitory effect of (-)-linalool on CYP2C6 in vitro. Wistar albino male rats were treated with (-)-linalool intragastrically at the doses of 40, 120, and 360 mg/kg/day for 13 days. Treatment with (-)-linalool at the dose of 360 mg/kg increased the metabolic activity of CYP2A assessed with testosterone as a probe substrate. (-)-Linalool showed weak competitive inhibition of CYP2C6 in rat liver microsomes, with IC50 of 84 μM with use of diclofenac as a probe substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J. JUŘICA
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Odor-induced recall of emotional memories in PTSD–Review and new paradigm for research. Exp Neurol 2016; 284:168-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Kasper S, Volz HP, Dienel A, Schläfke S. Efficacy of Silexan in mixed anxiety-depression--A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:331-340. [PMID: 26718792 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mixed anxiety and depressive disorder (MADD; ICD-10 F41.2) is a condition characterized by subsyndromal symptoms of anxiety and depression, neither of which are clearly predominant. Silexan has been demonstrated to be efficacious in subsyndromal and syndromal anxiety disorders and co-morbid depressive symptoms. In this study 318 adult out-patients with MADD according to ICD-10 criteria, a total score ≥18 points on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), and at least moderately severe anxious and depressed mood were randomized and received 1×80mg Silexan or placebo in double-blind fashion for a scheduled period of 70 days. Primary outcome measures were the HAMA and Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score changes between baseline and treatment end. The HAMA total score decreased by 10.8±9.6 points for Silexan and by 8.4±8.9 points for placebo (treatment group difference: p<0.01, one-sided; ANCOVA with factors for treatment and centre and the baseline value as covariate), and total score decreases of 9.2±9.9 and 6.1±7.6 points, respectively, were observed for the MADRS (p<0.001). Compared to placebo, the patients treated with Silexan had a better over-all clinical outcome and showed more pronounced improvements of impaired daily living skills and health related quality of life. Eructation was the only adverse event with a substantially higher incidence under Silexan. The study thus demonstrates that Silexan is efficacious and safe in the treatment of MADD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hans-Peter Volz
- Hospital for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine Schloss Werneck, Werneck, Germany
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14
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Baldinger P, Höflich AS, Mitterhauser M, Hahn A, Rami-Mark C, Spies M, Wadsak W, Lanzenberger R, Kasper S. Effects of Silexan on the serotonin-1A receptor and microstructure of the human brain: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study with molecular and structural neuroimaging. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu063. [PMID: 25522403 PMCID: PMC4360214 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, Silexan, a patented active substance comprised of an essential oil produced from Lavandula angustifolia flowers, has been authorized in Germany as a medicinal product for the treatment of states of restlessness related to anxious mood. Its efficacy has been shown in several forms of anxiety disorders. Findings from preclinical and clinical studies attribute a major role to the serotonin-1A receptor in the pathogenesis and treatment of anxiety. METHODS To elucidate the effect of Silexan on serotonin-1A receptor binding, 17 healthy men underwent 2 positron emission tomography measurements using the radioligand [carbonyl-(11)C]WAY-100635 following the daily intake of 160 mg Silexan or placebo for a minimum of 8 weeks (randomized, double-blind, cross-over design). Additionally, structural magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry analysis was performed to determine potential effects on gray matter microstructure. RESULTS Serotonin-1A receptor binding potential was shown to be significantly reduced following the intake of Silexan compared with placebo in 2 large clusters encompassing the temporal gyrus, the fusiform gyrus and the hippocampus on one hand as well as the insula and anterior cingulate cortex on the other hand. No effects of Silexan on gray matter volume could be detected in this investigation. CONCLUSION This positron emission tomography study proposes an involvement of the serotonin-1A receptor in the anxiolytic effects of Silexan. The study was registered in the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Register as ISRCTN30885829 (http://www.controlled-trials.com/isrctn/).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Drs Baldinger, Höflich, Hahn, Spies, Lanzenberger and Kasper), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine (Drs Mitterhauser, Rami-Mark and Wadsak), Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Aprotosoaie AC, Hăncianu M, Costache II, Miron A. Linalool: a review on a key odorant molecule with valuable biological properties. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Aprotosoaie
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”; Iasi Romania
| | - Monica Hăncianu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”; Iasi Romania
| | - Irina-Iuliana Costache
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; “Sf. Spiridon” University Hospital Iasi; Romania
| | - Anca Miron
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”; Iasi Romania
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Kasper S. An orally administered lavandula oil preparation (Silexan) for anxiety disorder and related conditions: an evidence based review. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2013; 17 Suppl 1:15-22. [PMID: 23808618 DOI: 10.3109/13651501.2013.813555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Silexan is a lavender oil preparation in gelatine capsules containing 80 mg. We reviewed the clinical trials investigating the anxiolytic efficacy and tolerability of Silexan as well as its safety and potential for drug interactions. METHODS Seven trials were included, among which four therapeutic trials had a treatment duration of 6 or 10 weeks. RESULTS In patients with subsyndromal anxiety or generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) an anxiolytic effect of Silexan was evident after 2 weeks. Patients treated with Silexan showed Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) total score decreases between 10.4 ± 7.1 and 12.0 ± 7.2 points at Week 6 and between 11.8 ± 7.7 and 16.0 ± 8.3 points at Week 10. CONCLUSIONS HAMA total score reductions between baseline and end of treatment were significantly superior to placebo in patients with subsyndromal anxiety and comparable to lorazepam in its starting dose in patients with GAD. Silexan had beneficial effects on typical co-morbidity symptoms of anxiety disorders, for example, disturbed sleep, somatic complaints, or decreased quality of life. Except for mild gastrointestinal symptoms, the drug was devoid of adverse effects and did not cause drug interactions or withdrawal symptoms at daily doses of 80 or 160 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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Schuwald AM, Nöldner M, Wilmes T, Klugbauer N, Leuner K, Müller WE. Lavender oil-potent anxiolytic properties via modulating voltage dependent calcium channels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59998. [PMID: 23637742 PMCID: PMC3639265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical data support the clinical use of oral lavender oil in patients suffering from subsyndromal anxiety. We identified the molecular mechanism of action that will alter the perception of lavender oil as a nonspecific ingredient of aromatherapy to a potent anxiolytic inhibiting voltage dependent calcium channels (VOCCs) as highly selective drug target. In contrast to previous publications where exorbitant high concentrations were used, the effects of lavender oil in behavioral, biochemical, and electrophysiological experiments were investigated in physiological concentrations in the nanomolar range, which correlate to a single dosage of 80 mg/d in humans that was used in clinical trials. We show for the first time that lavender oil bears some similarities with the established anxiolytic pregabalin. Lavender oil inhibits VOCCs in synaptosomes, primary hippocampal neurons and stably overexpressing cell lines in the same range such as pregabalin. Interestingly, Silexan does not primarily bind to P/Q type calcium channels such as pregabalin and does not interact with the binding site of pregabalin, the α2δ subunit of VOCCs. Lavender oil reduces non-selectively the calcium influx through several different types of VOCCs such as the N-type, P/Q-type and T-type VOCCs. In the hippocampus, one brain region important for anxiety disorders, we show that inhibition by lavender oil is mainly mediated via N-type and P/Q-type VOCCs. Taken together, we provide a pharmacological and molecular rationale for the clinical use of the oral application of lavender oil in patients suffering from anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M. Schuwald
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Wilmes
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Albert-Ludwigs Universität, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Klugbauer
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Albert-Ludwigs Universität, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Leuner
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Walter E. Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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18
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Chioca LR, Antunes VDC, Ferro MM, Losso EM, Andreatini R. Anosmia does not impair the anxiolytic-like effect of lavender essential oil inhalation in mice. Life Sci 2013; 92:971-5. [PMID: 23567808 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The inhalation of Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) essential oil has anxiolytic-like effects in animal models and humans, but its mechanism of action is still not fully understood. The inhalation of essential oils can induce anxiolytic effects through the central nervous system (e.g., lung absorption and bloodstream transport) or stimulation of the olfactory system and secondary activation of brain regions. Thus, the main objective of the present study was to evaluate whether the perception of lavender essential oil aroma, when inhaled, is necessary to obtain its anxiolytic-like effects in mice tested in the marble-burying test. MAIN METHODS Anosmia was induced by irrigating the nasal cavity with zinc gluconate+zinc acetate so that the mice could not detect odors in the olfactory discrimination test. The marble-burying test was used to evaluate the anxiolytic-like effects of inhaled lavender essential oil. KEY FINDINGS Anosmia did not interfere with the anxiolytic-like effect of lavender essential oil inhalation in the marble-burying test at concentrations of 2.5% (number of marbles buried: vehicle, 4.7±1.0; zinc, 6.2±2.2; p>0.10) and 5% (number of marbles buried: vehicle, 3.4±0.8; zinc, 4.3±0.9; p>0.10). Lavender essential oil at a concentration of 0.5% was ineffective. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that olfactory system activation is unlikely to participate in the anxiolytic-like effect of lavender essential oil inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea R Chioca
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná UFPR, Centro Politécnico, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil.
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Hancianu M, Cioanca O, Mihasan M, Hritcu L. Neuroprotective effects of inhaled lavender oil on scopolamine-induced dementia via anti-oxidative activities in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:446-452. [PMID: 23351960 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lavender is used in traditional medicines in Asia, Europe, ancient Greece and Rome, and was mentioned in the Bible and in ancient Jewish texts. Also, lavender is reported to be an effective medical plant in treating inflammation, depression, stress and headache. The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities of the lavender essential oils from Lavandula angustifolia ssp. angustifolia Mill. and Lavandula hybrida Rev. using superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) specific activities, total content of reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) level (lipid peroxidation) and DNA fragmentation assays in male Wistar rats subjected to scopolamine-induced dementia rat model. In scopolamine-treated rats, lavender essential oils showed potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities. Subacute exposures (daily, for 7 continuous days) to lavender oils significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GPX and CAT), total content of reduced GSH and reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA level) in rat temporal lobe homogenates, suggesting antioxidant potential. Also, DNA cleavage patterns were absent in the lavender groups, suggesting antiapoptotic activity. Taken together, our results suggest that antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities of the lavender essential oils are the major mechanisms for their potent neuroprotective effects against scopolamine-induced oxidative stress in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Hancianu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa, 16 University Str., Iasi, Romania
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Koulivand PH, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. Lavender and the nervous system. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:681304. [PMID: 23573142 PMCID: PMC3612440 DOI: 10.1155/2013/681304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lavender is traditionally alleged to have a variety of therapeutic and curative properties, ranging from inducing relaxation to treating parasitic infections, burns, insect bites, and spasm. There is growing evidence suggesting that lavender oil may be an effective medicament in treatment of several neurological disorders. Several animal and human investigations suggest anxiolytic, mood stabilizer, sedative, analgesic, and anticonvulsive and neuroprotective properties for lavender. These studies raised the possibility of revival of lavender therapeutic efficacy in neurological disorders. In this paper, a survey on current experimental and clinical state of knowledge about the effect of lavender on the nervous system is given.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Khaleghi Ghadiri
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ali Gorji
- Razavi Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad 9198613636, Iran
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Institut für Physiologie I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Kasper S, Gastpar M, Müller WE, Volz HP, Möller HJ, Dienel A, Schläfke S. Efficacy and safety of silexan, a new, orally administered lavender oil preparation, in subthreshold anxiety disorder - evidence from clinical trials. Wien Med Wochenschr 2011; 160:547-56. [PMID: 21170695 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-010-0845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We review the data on the efficacy and tolerability of silexan, a novel preparation from lavender oil for oral use, in the treatment of anxiety disorders and related condition with particular attention to subthreshold generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Three randomized, double-blind clinical trials were identified which investigated the efficacy of silexan in subsynromal anxiety disorder (vs. placebo; 10 weeks' treatment), in GAD (vs. lorazepam; 6 weeks), and in restlessness and agitation (vs. placebo; 10 weeks) according to DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria. All trials assessed the participants' anxiety levels using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA). Across all trials 280 patients were exposed to silexan 80 mg/day, 37 were treated with lorazepam 0.5 mg/day and 192 received placebo. Average within group HAMA total scores at baseline ranged between 24.7 and 27.1 points. Patients treated with silexan showed average HAMA total score decreases by between 10.4 ± 7.1 and 12.0 ± 7.2 points at week 6 and by between 11.8 ± 7.7 and 16.0 ± 8.3 points at week 10. In GAD silexan and lorazepam showed comparable HAMA total score reductions (90% CI for mean value difference: -2.3; 2.8 points).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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