Ovatodiolide inhibits the oncogenicity and cancer stem cell-like phenotype of glioblastoma cells, as well as potentiate the anticancer effect of temozolomide

Phytochemical strategies in glioblastoma therapy: Mechanisms, efficacy, and future perspectives

Glioblastoma (GBM) is foremost the most aggressive primary brain tumor, presenting extensive therapeutic challenges due to its high invasiveness, genetic complexity, and resistance to established treatments. Despite substantial advances in surgical and chemotherapeutic interventions, the median survival rate for patients is only 14.6 months, and the prognosis remains poor. This review focuses on the molecular hallmarks of GBM, including the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, genomic instability, and the deregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), all of which contribute to the tumor's aggressive behavior. Current therapies, such as Temozolomide and Bevacizumab, have limitations, highlighting the need for novel treatment strategies. Phytochemicals, bioactive compounds found in plants, have emerged as potential therapeutic agents by targeting multiple cellular pathways involved in GBM progression. This review provides an overview of key phytochemicals, including quercetin, curcumin, apigenin, and resveratrol. These compounds have shown promise in preclinical studies, with their anti-invasive, anti- angiogenic, pro-apoptotic, and anti-proliferative properties positioning them as strong candidates for GBM therapy. While phytochemicals offer a promising avenue for GBM treatment, further research is required to fully understand their mechanisms of action and to evaluate their efficiency in clinical settings. Developing multi-targeted, safer, and cost-effective anti-GBM therapies could significantly improve patient outcomes.

Ovatodiolide inhibits endometrial cancer stemness via reactive oxygen species-mediated DNA damage and cell cycle arrest

Endometrial cancer (EC) is a common gynecological cancer worldwide, often associated with a poor prognosis after recurrence or metastasis. Ovatodiolide (OVA) is a macrocyclic diterpenoid derived from Anisomeles indica that shows anticancer effects in various malignancies. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of OVA on EC cell proliferation and cancer stem cell (CSC) activity and explore its underlying molecular mechanisms. OVA treatment dose-dependently reduced the viability and colony formation of three EC cell lines (AN3CA, HEC-1A, and EMC6). It induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, associated with decreased cell division cycle 25C (CDC25C) expression and reduced activation of cyclin-dependent kinases 1 (CDK1) and 2 (CDK2). OVA also increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage, activating the DNA damage-sensitive cell cycle checkpoint kinases 1 (CHK1) and 2 (CHK2) and upregulating the DNA damage marker γ-H2A.X variant histone (H2AX). It also suppressed the activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and downregulated glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), an antioxidant enzyme counteracting oxidative stress. Moreover, OVA reduced the self-renewal capacity of CSCs, reducing the expression of key stemness proteins Nanog homeobox (NANOG) and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4). The ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine attenuated the anti-proliferative and anti-CSC effects of OVA. Our findings suggest that OVA acts via ROS generation, leading to oxidative stress and DNA damage, culminating in cell cycle arrest and the suppression of CSC activity in EC. Therefore, OVA is a promising therapeutic agent for EC, either as a standalone treatment or an adjunct to existing therapies.

Ovatodiolide inhibited hepatocellular carcinoma stemness through SP1/MTDH/STAT3 signaling pathway

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized with high recurrence and mortality, and the clinical treatments for HCC are very limited. Hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells are the root of HCC progress, recurrence, and multidrug resistance. Ovatodiolide (OVA) is a bioactive diterpenoid served as an inflammatory and immunotherapeutic responses modulator. In this research, we found OVA inhibited HCC stemness through inhibiting MTDH gene transcription. Moreover, we firstly discovered transcription factor SP1 bound to the promoter region of MTDH to transcriptionally regulate MTDH level. Mechanically, we demonstrated OVA decreased SP1 protein stability to transcriptionally inhibit MTDH gene, and inhibited the nuclear translocation of p65, and then diminished IL-6 level to suppress JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway, eventually decreases CD133 level and the stemness of HCC. Furthermore, we demonstrated ACT004, OVA derivative with high metabolic stability towards cytochrome P450 enzymes, showed no genotoxicity and no accumulative or delayed toxicities after long-term administration in rats. And the in vivo efficacy experiments indicated ACT004 inhibited tumor growth of hepatocellular carcinoma. In conclusion, we revealed the mechanism of OVA in regulating HCC stemness, detected the toxicity of OVA derivative and evaluated the in vivo efficacy which lays a foundation for further discovery of anti-HCC stem cell agents and provide a new strategy for the application of OVA in clinical treatment.

Targeting the Neuropilin-1 receptor with Ovatodiolide and progress in using periodontal ligament organoids for COVID-19 research and therapy

The discovery of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the periodontal tissues of patients who tested positive for COVID-19, 24 days post the initial symptom onset, indicates the oral cavity could serve as a viral reservoir. This research aims to investigate the antiviral capabilities of Ovatodiolide, introducing a novel periodontal ligament organoid model for the study of SARS-CoV-2. We have successfully established a reliable and expandable organoid culture from the human periodontal ligament, showcasing characteristics typical of epithelial stem cells. This organoid model enables us to delve into the lesser-known aspects of dental epithelial stem cell biology and their interactions with viruses and oral tissues. We conducted a series of in vitro and ex vivo studies to examine the inhibitory impacts of Ova on SARS-CoV-2. Our findings indicate that Ovatodiolide molecules can bind effectively to the NRP1 active domain. Our study identifies potential interaction sites for Ovatodiolide (OVA) within the b1 domain of the NRP1 receptor. We generated point mutations at this site, resulting in three variants: Y25A, T44A, and a double mutation Y25A/T44A. While these mutations did not alter the binding activity of the spike protein, they did impact the concentration of OVA required for inhibition. The inhibitory concentrations for these variants are 15 μM for Y25A, 15.2 μM for T44A, and 25 μM for the double mutant Y25A/T44A. In addition, in vitro inhibition experiments demonstrate that the EC50 of Ova against the main protease (Mpro) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is 7.316 μM. Our in vitro studies and the use of the periodontal ligament organoid model highlight Ovatodiolide's potential as a small molecule therapeutic agent that impedes the virus's ability to bind to the Neuropilin-1 receptor on host cells. The research uncovers various pathways and biochemical strategies through which Ovatodiolide may function as an effective antiviral small molecule drug.

Targeting Cervical Cancer Stem Cells by Phytochemicals

Cervical cancer (CaCx) poses a significant global health challenge, ranking as the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. Despite the emergence of advanced treatment strategies, recurrence remains a bottleneck in favorable treatment outcomes and contributes to poor prognosis. The chemo- or radio-therapy resistance coupled with frequent relapse of more aggressive tumors are some key components that contribute to CaCx-related mortality. The onset of therapy resistance and relapse are attributed to a small subset of, slow-proliferating Cancer Stem Cells (CSC). These CSCs possess the properties of tumorigenesis, self-renewal, and multi-lineage differentiation potential. Because of slow cycling, these cells maintain themselves in a semi-quiescent stage and protect themselves from different anti-proliferative anti-cancer drugs. Keeping in view recent advances in their phenotypic and functional characterization, the feasibility of targeting CSC and associated stem cell signaling bears a strong translational value. The presence of CSC has been reported in CaCx (CCSC) which remains a forefront area of research. However, we have yet to identify clinically useful leads that can target CCSC. There is compelling evidence that phytochemicals, because of their advantages over synthetic anticancer drugs, could emerge as potential therapeutic leads to target these CCSCs. The present article examined the potential of phytochemicals with reported anti-CSC properties and evaluated their future in preclinical and clinical applications against CaCx.

Ovatodiolide inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis through suppression of the TGF-β/TβRs signaling pathway

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection continues to pose threats to public health. The clinical manifestations of lung pathology in COVID-19 patients include sustained inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. The macrocyclic diterpenoid ovatodiolide (OVA) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergic, and analgesic activities. Here, we investigated the pharmacological mechanism of OVA in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 infection and pulmonary fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. Our results revealed that OVA was an effective SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitor and showed remarkable inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. On the other hand, OVA ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis in bleomycin (BLM)-induced mice, reducing inflammatory cell infiltration and collagen deposition in the lung. OVA decreased the levels of pulmonary hydroxyproline and myeloperoxidase, as well as lung and serum TNF-ɑ, IL-1β, IL-6, and TGF-β in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrotic mice. Meanwhile, OVA reduced the migration and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast conversion of TGF-β1-induced fibrotic human lung fibroblasts. Consistently, OVA downregulated TGF-β/TβRs signaling. In computational analysis, OVA resembles the chemical structures of the kinase inhibitors TβRI and TβRII and was shown to interact with the key pharmacophores and putative ATP-binding domains of TβRI and TβRII, showing the potential of OVA as an inhibitor of TβRI and TβRII kinase. In conclusion, the dual function of OVA highlights its potential for not only fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection but also managing injury-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Identification of a Novel Theranostic Signature of Metabolic and Immune-Inflammatory Dysregulation in Myocardial Infarction, and the Potential Therapeutic Properties of Ovatodiolide, a Diterpenoid Derivative

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a multifactorial global disease, recognized as one of the leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Timely and correct diagnoses and effective treatments could significantly reduce incidence of complications and improve patient prognoses. In this study, seven unconventional differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (MAN2A2, TNFRSF12A, SPP1, CSNK1D, PLAUR, PFKFB3, and CXCL16, collectively termed the MTSCPPC signature) were identified through integrating DEGs from six MI microarray datasets. The pathological and theranostic roles of the MTSCPPC signature in MI were subsequently analyzed. We evaluated interactions of the MTSCPPC signature with ovatodiolide, a bioactive compound isolated from Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze, using in silico molecular docking tools and compared it to specific inhibitors of the members of the MTSCPPC signature. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the public databases revealed high expression levels of the MTSCPPC signature in immune cells of adult human hearts during an MI event. The MTSCPPC signature was significantly associated with the cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, chemokine signaling, immune and inflammatory responses, and metabolic dysregulation in MI. Analysis of a micro (mi)RNA regulatory network of the MTSCPPC signature suggested post-transcriptional activation and the roles of miRNAs in the pathology of MI. Our molecular docking analysis suggested a higher potential for ovatodiolide to target MAN2A2, CSNK1D, and TNFRSF12A. Collectively, the results derived from the present study further advance our understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms of MI and provide a potential MI theranostic signature with ovatodiolide as a therapeutic candidate.

Medicinal Plants for Glioblastoma Treatment

Glioblastoma, an aggressive brain cancer, demonstrates the least life expectancy among all brain cancers. Because of the regulation of diverse signaling pathways in cancers, the chemotherapeutic approaches used to suppress their multiplication and spreading are restricted. Sensitivity towards chemotherapeutic agents has developed because of the pathological and drug-evading abilities of these diverse mechanisms. As a result, the identification and exploration of strategies or treatments, which can overcome such refractory obstacles to improve glioblastoma response to treatment as well as recovery, is essential. Medicinal herbs contain a wide variety of bioactive compounds, which could trigger aggressive brain cancers, regulate their anti-cancer mechanisms and immune responses to assist in cancer elimination, and cause cell death. Numerous tumor-causing proteins, which facilitate invasion as well as metastasis of cancer, tolerance of chemotherapies, and angiogenesis, are also inhibited by these phytochemicals. Such herbs remain valuable for glioblastoma prevention and its incidence by effectively being used as anti-glioma therapies. This review thus presents the latest findings on medicinal plants using which the extracts or bioactive components are being used against glioblastoma, their mechanism of functioning, pharmacological description as well as recent clinical studies conducted on them.

Natural Products Targeting Cancer Stem Cells for Augmenting Cancer Therapeutics

Cancer stem cells (CSC) have been identified in several types of solid tumors. In some cases, CSC may be the source of all the tumor cells, the cause of the tumor's resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, and the source of metastatic cells. Thus, a combination therapy targeting non-CSC tumor cells as well as specifically targeting CSCs holds the potential to be highly effective. Natural products (NPs) have been a historically rich source of biologically active compounds and are known for their ability to influence multiple signaling pathways simultaneously with negligible side effects. In this review, we discuss the potential of NPs in targeting multiple signaling pathways in CSC and their potential to augment the efficacy of standard cancer therapy. Specifically, we focus on the anti-CSC activities of flavonoids, FDA-approved drugs originating from natural sources. Additionally, we emphasize the potential of NPs in targeting microRNA-mediated signaling, given the roles of microRNA in the maintenance of the CSC phenotype.

The Molecular Basis and Therapeutic Aspects of Cisplatin Resistance in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a kind of malignant tumors with low survival rate and prone to have early metastasis and recurrence. Cisplatin is an alkylating agent which induces DNA damage through the formation of cisplatin-DNA adducts, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In the management of advanced OSCC, cisplatin-based chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy has been considered as the first-line treatment. Unfortunately, only a portion of OSCC patients can benefit from cisplatin treatment, both inherent resistance and acquired resistance greatly limit the efficacy of cisplatin and even cause treatment failure. Herein, this review outline the underlying mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in OSCC from the aspects of DNA damage and repair, epigenetic regulation, transport processes, programmed cell death and tumor microenvironment. In addition, this review summarizes the strategies applicable to overcome cisplatin resistance, which can provide new ideas to improve the clinical therapeutic outcome of OSCC.

Depleting SOX2 improves ischemic stroke via lncRNA PVT1/microRNA-24-3p/STAT3 axis

Objectives

Studies have widely explored in the filed of ischemic stroke (IS) with their focus on transcription factors. However, few studies have pivoted on sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) in IS. Thus, this study is launched to figure out the mechanisms of SOX2 in IS.

Methods

Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established as a stroke model. MCAO rats were injected with depleted SOX2 or long non-coding RNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) to explore their roles in neurological deficits, cerebral water content, neuron survival, apoptosis and oxidative stress. The relationship among SOX2, PVT1, microRNA (miR)-24-3p and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was verified by a series of experiments.

Results

SOX2, PVT1 and STAT3 were highly expressed while miR-24-3p was poorly expressed in cerebral cortex tissues of MCAO rats. Depleted SOX2 or PVT1 alleviated brain injury in MCAO rats as reflected by neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress restriction, brain water content reduction, and neurological deficit and neuron survival improvements. Overexpression of PVT1 functioned oppositely. Restored miR-24-3p abolished PVT1 overexpression-induced brain injury in MCAO rats. SOX2 directly promoted PVT1 expression and further increased STAT3 by sponging miR-24-3p.

Conclusion

This study presents that depleting SOX2 improves IS via PVT1/miR-24-3p/STAT3 axis which may broaden our knowledge about the mechanisms of SOX2/PVT1/miR-24-3p/STAT3 axis and provide a reference of therapy for IS.

Identification of Cancer Hub Gene Signatures Associated with Immune-Suppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Ovatodiolide as a Potential Cancer Immunotherapeutic Agent

Despite the significant advancement in therapeutic strategies, breast, colorectal, gastric, lung, liver, and prostate cancers remain the most prevalent cancers in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide. The major causes ascribed to these burdens are lack of early diagnosis, high metastatic tendency, and drug resistance. Therefore, exploring reliable early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers universal to most cancer types is a clinical emergency. Consequently, in the present study, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the publicly available microarray datasets of six cancer types (liver, lung colorectal, gastric, prostate, and breast cancers), termed hub cancers, were analyzed to identify the universal DEGs, termed hub genes. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and KEGG mapping of the hub genes suggested their crucial involvement in the tumorigenic properties, including distant metastases, treatment failure, and survival prognosis. Notably, our results suggested high frequencies of genetic and epigenetic alterations of the DEGs in association with tumor staging, immune evasion, poor prognosis, and therapy resistance. Translationally, we intended to identify a drug candidate with the potential for targeting the hub genes. Using a molecular docking platform, we estimated that ovatodiolide, a bioactive anti-cancer phytochemical, has high binding affinities to the binding pockets of the hub genes. Collectively, our results suggested that the hub genes were associated with establishing an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment favorable for disease progression and promising biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis in multiple cancer types and could serve as potential druggable targets for ovatodiolide.

Phytomedicines Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: Therapeutic Opportunities and Prospects for Pharmaceutical Development

The presence of small subpopulations of cells within tumor cells are known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). These cells have been the reason for metastasis, resistance with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and tumor relapse in several types of cancers. CSCs underwent to epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and resulted in the development of aggressive tumors. CSCs have potential to modulate numerous signaling pathways including Wnt, Hh, and Notch, therefore increasing the stem-like characteristics of cancer cells. The raised expression of drug efflux pump and suppression of apoptosis has shown increased resistance with anti-cancer drugs. Among many agents which were shown to modulate these, the plant-derived bioactive agents appear to modulate these key regulators and were shown to remove CSCs. This review aims to comprehensively scrutinize the preclinical and clinical studies demonstrating the effects of phytocompounds on CSCs isolated from various tumors. Based on the available convincing literature from preclinical studies, with some clinical data, it is apparent that selective targeting of CSCs with plants, plant preparations, and plant-derived bioactive compounds, termed phytochemicals, may be a promising strategy for the treatment of relapsed cancers.

Targeting FGL2, a molecular drug target for glioblastoma, with natural compounds through virtual screening method

Background: Fibroleukin-2 protein (FGL2) causes redevelopment of brain tumors. Inhibition of these proteins has shown to improve glioblastoma prognosis and treatment efficacy. Aim: The current study gathered recently exploited natural compounds that suppress glioblastoma proliferation in vitro, tested against FGL2 protein. Method: Twenty-five compounds were explored through a virtual screening platform. Results: Three natural compounds (betanine, hesperetin and ovatodiolide) hit the active site of FGL2. Furthermore, the influence of these compounds was also assessed using in silico gene expression, and ADMET tools showed downregulation of some genes, which caused rapid tumor development while possessing a moderate acute toxicity and pharmacokinetic profile. Conclusion: Our study presents three compounds that are good candidates for evaluation in FGL2 mutated glioblastoma animal models.

Current Progress of Phytomedicine in Glioblastoma Therapy

Glioblastoma multiforme, an intrusive brain cancer, has the lowest survival rate of all brain cancers. The chemotherapy utilized to prevent their proliferation and propagation is limited due to modulation of complex cancer signalling pathways. These complex pathways provide infiltrative and drug evading properties leading to the development of chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, the development and discovery of such interventions or therapies that can bypass all these resistive barriers to ameliorate glioma prognosis and survival is of profound importance. Medicinal plants are comprised of an exorbitant range of phytochemicals that have the broad-spectrum capability to target intrusive brain cancers, modulate anti-cancer pathways and immunological responses to facilitate their eradication, and induce apoptosis. These phytocompounds also interfere with several oncogenic proteins that promote cancer invasiveness and metastasis, chemotherapy resistance and angiogenesis. These plants are extremely vital for promising anti-glioma therapy to avert glioma proliferation and recurrence. In this review, we acquired recent literature on medicinal plants whose extracts/bioactive ingredients are newly exploited in glioma therapeutics, and also highlighted their mode of action and pharmacological profile.

STAT3, the Challenge for Chemotherapeutic and Radiotherapeutic Efficacy

Chemoradiotherapy is one of the most effective and extensively used strategies for cancer treatment. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) regulates vital biological processes, such as cell proliferation and cell growth. It is constitutively activated in various cancers and limits the application of chemoradiotherapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that STAT3 regulates resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and thereby impairs therapeutic efficacy by mediating its feedback loop and several target genes. The alternative splicing product STAT3β is often identified as a dominant-negative regulator, but it enhances sensitivity to chemotherapy and offers a new and challenging approach to reverse therapeutic resistance. We focus here on exploring the role of STAT3 in resistance to receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors and radiotherapy, outlining the potential of targeting STAT3 to overcome chemo(radio)resistance for improving clinical outcomes, and evaluating the importance of STAT3β as a potential therapeutic approach to overcomes chemo(radio)resistance. In this review, we discuss some new insights into the effect of STAT3 and its subtype STAT3β on chemoradiotherapy sensitivity, and we explore how these insights influence clinical treatment and drug development for cancer.

Ovatodiolide, isolated from Anisomeles indica, suppresses bladder carcinogenesis through suppression of mTOR/β-catenin/CDK6 and exosomal miR-21 derived from M2 tumor-associated macrophages

Bladder cancer (BCa) is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide due to its aggressiveness and resistance against therapies. Intricate interactions between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) are essential for both disease progression and regression. Thus, interrupting molecular communications within the TME could potentially provide improved therapeutic efficacies. M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (M2 TAMs) were shown to contribute to BCa progression and drug resistance. We attempted to provide evidence for ovatodiolide (OV) as a potential therapeutic agent that targets both TME and BCa cells. First, tumor-suppressing functions of OV were determined by cell viability, colony, and tumor-sphere formation assays using a coculture system composed of M2 TAMs/BCa cells. Subsequently, we demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from M2 TAMs containing oncomiR-21 and mRNAs, including Akt, STAT3, mTOR, and β-catenin, promoted cisplatin (CDDP) resistance, migration, and tumor-sphere generation in BCa cells, through increasing CDK6, mTOR, STAT3, and β-catenin expression. OV treatment also prevented M2 polarization and reduced EV cargos from M2 TAMs. Finally, in vivo data demonstrated that OV treatment overcame CDDP resistance. OV only and the OV + CDDP combination both resulted in significant reductions in mTOR, β-catenin, CDK6, and miR-21 expression in tumor samples and EVs isolated from serum. Collectively, we demonstrated that M2 TAMs induced malignant properties in BCa cells, in part via oncogenic EVs. OV treatment prevented M2 TAM polarization, reduced EV cargos derived from M2 TAMs, and suppressed β-catenin/mTOR/CDK6 signaling. These findings provide preclinical evidence for OV as a single or adjuvant agent for treating drug-resistant BCa.

Long non-coding RNA NCK1-AS1 promotes the tumorigenesis of glioma through sponging microRNA-138-2-3p and activating the TRIM24/Wnt/β-catenin axis

BACKGROUND

Glioma is a common brain malignancy with high mortality. The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks may play key roles in cancer progression. This study was conducted to probe the role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) NCK1-AS1 in glioma progression and the involved mechanisms.

METHODS

Microarray analyses were performed to explore the lncRNAs/miRNAs/genes with differential expression in glioma. NCK1-AS1 levels in glioma tissues and normal brain tissues, and in glioma cell lines and normal human glial cells were identified. The interactions among NCK1-AS1, miR-138-2-3p and TRIM24 were validated through luciferase reporter, RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down assays. Gain- and loss-of functions of NCK1-AS1, miR-138-2-3p and TRIM24 were performed to identify their roles in the behaviors of glioma cells. The activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was measured. In vivo experiments were performed as well.

RESULTS

High expression of NCK1-AS1 was found in glioma tissues and cells, especially in U251 cells. Online predictions and the integrated experiments identified that NCK1-AS1 elevated the TRIM24 expression through sponging miR-138-2-3p, and further activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Artificial silencing of NCK1-AS1 or up-regulation of miR-138-2-3p led to inhibited proliferation, invasion and migration but promoted cell apoptosis of U251 cells, while up-regulation of TRIM24 reversed these changes, and it activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The in vitro results were reproduced in in vivo experiments.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggested that NCK1-AS1 might elevate TRIM24 expression and further activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via acting as a ceRNA for miR-138-2-3p. Silencing of NCK1-AS1 might inhibit the progression of glioma.

Ovatodiolide Suppresses Oral Cancer Malignancy by Down-Regulating Exosomal Mir-21/STAT3/β-Catenin Cargo and Preventing Oncogenic Transformation of Normal Gingival Fibroblasts

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is among the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in the world. Patients with OSCC often develop treatment resistance, resulting in a poor prognosis. Mounting evidence indicates that interactions between cancerous cells and other components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) determine their response to treatment. Herein, we examined the role of cancer stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (CSC_EVs) generated from CAL27 and SCC-15 OSCC cells in the development of cisplatin (CDDP) resistance. We demonstrated that CSC_EVs enhance CDDP resistance, clonogenicity, and the tumorsphere formation potential of OSCC cells. Our bioinformatics analyses revealed that OSCC_EVs are enriched with microRNA (miR)-21-5p and are associated with increased metastasis, stemness, chemoresistance, and poor survival in patients with OSCC. Mechanistically, enhanced activity of CSC_EVs was positively correlated with upregulated β-catenin, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 messenger (m)RNA and protein expression levels. CSC_EVs also conferred a cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype on normal gingival fibroblasts (NGFs), with the resultant CAFs enhancing the oncogenicity of OSCC cells. Interestingly, treatment with ovatodiolide (OV), the bioactive component of Anisomeles indica, suppressed OSCC tumorigenesis by reducing the cargo content of EVs derived from CSCs, suppressing self-renewal, and inhibiting the NGF-CAF transformation by disrupting EV-TME interactions. Moreover, by suppressing miR-21-5p, STAT3, and mTOR expressions in CSC_EVs, OV re-sensitized CSCs to CDDP and suppressed OSCC tumorigenesis. In vivo, treatment with OV alone or in combination with CDDP significantly reduced the tumor sphere-forming ability and decreased EV cargos containing mTOR, PI3K, STAT3, β-catenin, and miR-21-5p. In summary, our findings provide further strong evidence of OV’s therapeutic effect in OSCC.