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Lederer AK, Michel MC. Natural Products in the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction and Infection. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38411727 DOI: 10.1007/164_2024_708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The popularity of natural products for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) differs considerably between countries. Here we discuss the clinical evidence for efficacy in two indications, male LUTS suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia and urinary tract infections, and the mechanistic evidence from experimental studies. Most evidence for male LUTS is based on extracts from saw palmetto berries, stinging nettle roots, and pumpkin seeds, whereas most evidence for urinary tract infection is available for European golden rod and combined preparations although this field appears more fragmented with regard to extract sources. Based on differences in sample collection and extraction, extracts from the same plants are likely to exhibit at least quantitative differences in potential active ingredients, which makes extrapolation of findings with one extract to those of others potentially difficult. While only limited information is available for most individual extracts, some extracts have been compared to placebo and/or active controls in adequately powered trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Lederer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Department of Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Butler DS, Wagenlehner F, Höller M, Abramov-Sommariva D, Steindl H, Naber KG. Phytotherapy (BNO 1045) of Acute Lower Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection in Women Normalizes Local Host Responses. Urol Int 2023; 107:778-784. [PMID: 37544300 PMCID: PMC10614491 DOI: 10.1159/000531206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute lower uncomplicated urinary tract infection (uUTI) affects a large proportion of women. Increased antimicrobial resistance has created an urgent need for novel therapeutics and the phytotherapeutic drug BNO 1045 (Canephron® N) has previously been shown to be noninferior to standard antimicrobial stewardship. This sub-analysis from a randomized, double-blind, controlled phase III noninferiority clinical trial using BNO 1045 versus fosfomycin to treat uUTI aimed to determine how urine cytokine levels are altered by the two different treatments. METHODS Urine samples from a predefined subset of women diagnosed with uUTI (18-70 years) and treated with BNO 1045 (n = 58) or fosfomycin (n = 69) were analyzed for urine levels of IL-6 and IL-8, using analyte-to-creatinine ratios. RESULTS BNO 1045 treatment showed similar effects to fosfomycin treatment in reducing both urine IL-6 and IL-8 levels. Mean IL-6 and IL-8 levels were markedly reduced in all patients regardless of treatment. BNO 1045 treatment decreased urine IL-8 significantly (p = 0.0142) and showed a trend toward reduction of urine IL-6 (p = 0.0551). Fosfomycin treatment reduced both IL-6 and IL-8 levels significantly (p = 0.0038, <0.0001 respectively). CONCLUSION BNO 1045 is, in addition to reducing symptoms, comparable to fosfomycin treatment in reducing the local inflammatory response associated with uUTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S.C. Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Florian Wagenlehner
- Clinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Shal B, Amanat S, Khan AU, Lee YJ, Ali H, Din FU, Park Y, Khan S. Potential applications of PEGylated green gold nanoparticles in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 50:130-146. [PMID: 35620802 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2022.2078340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of green tea extract PEGylated gold nanoparticles (P-AuNPs) making use of its targeted and sustained drug delivery against cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis. AuNPs were synthesized by reduction reaction of gold salts with green tea extract following the concept of green synthesis. Mostly spherical-shaped P-AuNPs were synthesized with an average size of 14.3 ± 3.3 nm. Pre-treatment with P-AuNPs (1, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) before CYP (150 mg/kg, i.p.) challenge suggested its uroprotective properties. P-AuNPs significantly reversed all pain-like behaviours and toxicities produced by CYP resulting in a decreased aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, and creatinine level. P-AuNPs increased anti-oxidant system by increasing the level of reduced glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase, and reduced nitric oxide production in bladder tissue. Additionally, it attenuated hypokalaemia and hyponatremia, along with a decrease in Evans blue content in bladder tissue and peritoneal cavity. CYP-induced bladder tissue damage observed by macroscopic and histological findings were remarkably attenuated by P-AuNPs, along with reduced fibrosis of collagen fibre in bladder smooth muscles shown by Masson's trichrome staining. Additionally, alterations in hematological parameters and clinical scoring were also prevented by P-AuNPs suggesting its uroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Shal
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Faculty of Health Sciences, IQRA University, Islamabad Campus, (Chak Shahzad), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Safa Amanat
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ashraf Ullah Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - You Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hussain Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Youmie Park
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Salman Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Nausch B, Bittner CB, Höller M, Abramov-Sommariva D, Hiergeist A, Gessner A. Contribution of Symptomatic, Herbal Treatment Options to Antibiotic Stewardship and Microbiotic Health. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1331. [PMID: 36289988 PMCID: PMC9598931 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial surfaces in humans are home to symbiotic microbes (i.e., microbiota) that influence the defensive function against pathogens, depending on the health of the microbiota. Healthy microbiota contribute to the well-being of their host, in general (e.g., via the gut-brain axis), and their respective anatomical site, in particular (e.g., oral, urogenital, skin, or respiratory microbiota). Despite efforts towards a more responsible use of antibiotics, they are often prescribed for uncomplicated, self-limiting infections and can have a substantial negative impact on the gut microbiota. Treatment alternatives, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, may also influence the microbiota; thus, they can have lasting adverse effects. Herbal drugs offer a generally safe treatment option for uncomplicated infections of the urinary or respiratory tract. Additionally, their microbiota preserving properties allow for a more appropriate therapy of uncomplicated infections, without contributing to an increase in antibiotic resistance or disturbing the gut microbiota. Here, herbal treatments may be a more appropriate therapy, with a generally favorable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Nausch
- Bionorica SE, Research and Development, Kerschensteinerstraße 11-15, 92318 Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz, Germany
| | - Claudia B. Bittner
- Bionorica SE, Research and Development, Kerschensteinerstraße 11-15, 92318 Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz, Germany
| | - Martina Höller
- Bionorica SE, Research and Development, Kerschensteinerstraße 11-15, 92318 Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz, Germany
| | - Dimitri Abramov-Sommariva
- Bionorica SE, Research and Development, Kerschensteinerstraße 11-15, 92318 Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiergeist
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Femistina versus Canephron as a prevention of urinary tract infections after midurethral sling surgery - Non-inferiority study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2022; 277:71-76. [PMID: 36027670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Urinary tract infection (UTI) is relatively common post-operative complication following midurethral sling placement (MUS), even in cases where intraoperative antibiotic prophylaxis was given. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the non-inferiority of Femistina as compared with Canephron in reducing symptomatic UTI in first six months following surgery. STUDY DESIGN A sample size of 144 patients per group was established, to provide at least 90% power to demonstrate the non-inferiority of phytodrug Femistina versus Canephron as a prevention of post-MUS urinary tract infection. RESULTS Women suffering from stress urinary incontinence and mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) with predominant SUI symptoms as confirmed by urodymamics (n = 320) were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to Femistina (40 mg, oral, twice daily for 20 days) or Canephron (3 × 5 ml taken orally-three times daily for 4 weeks). Both groups were homogenous for age, type of operation (only TOT outside-in) and severity of illness as indicated by ICIQ-SF questionnaire. We found that symptoms of UTI were significantly lower in patients receiving Femistina. During first 6 months after surgery UTI was confirmed in only 10 patients receiving Femistina (6,25%) when compared to 25 (15,63%) subjects receiving Canephron, p < 0.007. CONCLUSION Femistina is not inferior to Canephron in preventing lower urinary tract infection after midurethral sling surgery.
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Bischoff-Kont I, Brabenec L, Ingelfinger R, Nausch B, Fürst R. BNO 1095, a Standardized Dry Extract from the Fruits of Vitex agnus-castus, Impairs Angiogenesis-related Endothelial Cell Functions In Vitro. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:611-619. [PMID: 33530113 PMCID: PMC8277439 DOI: 10.1055/a-1351-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BNO 1095, a standardized dry extract from the fruits of Vitex agnus-castus, represents an approved herbal medicinal product for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing capillaries, plays a major role in physiological situations, such as wound healing or tissue growth in female reproductive organs, but it is also of great importance in pathophysiological conditions such as chronic inflammatory diseases or cancer. Angiogenesis is a highly regulated multi-step process consisting of distinct key events that can be influenced pharmacologically. Few studies suggested anti-angiogenic actions of V. agnus-castus fruit extracts in in vivo and ex vivo models. Here, we provide for the first time profound in vitro data on BNO 1095-derived anti-angiogenic effects focusing on distinct angiogenesis-related endothelial cell functions that are inevitable for the process of new blood vessel formation. We found that V. agnus-castus extract significantly attenuated undirected and chemotactic migration of primary human endothelial cells. Moreover, the extract efficiently inhibited endothelial cell proliferation and reduced the formation of tube-like structures on Matrigel. Of note, the treatment of endothelial cell spheroids almost blocked endothelial sprouting in a 3D collagen gel. Our data present new and detailed insights into the anti-angiogenic actions of BNO 1095 and, therefore, suggest a novel scope of potential therapeutic applications of the extract for which these anti-angiogenic properties are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Bischoff-Kont
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Correspondence Dr. Iris Bischoff-Kont Institute of Pharmaceutical BiologyGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Str. 960438 Frankfurt am MainGermany+ 49 69 79 82 96 45+ 49 69 79 82 96 62
| | - Laura Brabenec
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Rebecca Ingelfinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center Translational Biodiversity Genomics (TBG), Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Robert Fürst
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center Translational Biodiversity Genomics (TBG), Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections with Canephron ® in Germany: A Retrospective Database Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060685. [PMID: 34201264 PMCID: PMC8226679 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The goal of the present study was to evaluate treatment with Canephron® compared to standard antibiotic treatment after diagnosis of acute cystitis or urinary tract infection (UTI), with regard to the risk of sporadic recurrent UTIs, frequent recurrent UTIs, UTI-related sick leave, additional antibiotic prescriptions, and renal complications (pyelonephritis). Methods: This retrospective cohort study was based on data from the IMS® Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA), and included outpatients in Germany with at least one diagnosis of acute cystitis or UTI with a prescription of either Canephron® or standard antibiotics between January 2016 and June 2019 and treated in general practitioner (GP), gynecologist, or urologist practices, from which the data were obtained. Multivariable regression models were used to investigate the association between Canephron® prescription and the amount of sporadic or frequent recurrent UTIs, as well as the duration of UTI-related sick leave, the number of additional antibiotic prescriptions, and cases of pyelonephritis. The effects of Canephron® were adjusted for age, sex, insurance status, and Charlson comorbidity score (CCI). Results: 2320 Canephron® patients and 158,592 antibiotic patients were available for analysis. Compared to antibiotic prescription, Canephron® prescription was significantly associated with fewer sporadic recurrences of UTI infections 30–365 days after the index date (odds ratio (OR): 0.66; 95%, confidence interval (CI): 0.58–0.72), as well as less frequent recurrences of UTI infections (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.49–0.88), and also with reduced additional antibiotic prescription within 31–365 days (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.52–0.63). No significant differences were observed between the Canephron® and antibiotic cohorts with regard to the likelihood of sick leave (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.86–1.14), new antibiotic prescription within 1–30 days (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.87–1.16), or occurrence of pyelonephritis (Hazard Ratio (HR): 1.00; 95% CI: 0.67–1.48). Conclusion: These real-world data show that Canephron® is an effective, safe symptomatic treatment for acute cystitis or UTI. It should be considered as an alternative treatment, particularly to also strengthen antimicrobial stewardship strategies.
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Alidjanov JF, Overesch A, Abramov-Sommariva D, Hoeller M, Steindl H, Wagenlehner FM, Naber KG. Acute Cystitis Symptom Score questionnaire for measuring patient-reported outcomes in women with acute uncomplicated cystitis: Clinical validation as part of a phase III trial comparing antibiotic and nonantibiotic therapy. Investig Clin Urol 2021; 61:498-507. [PMID: 32869564 PMCID: PMC7458871 DOI: 10.4111/icu.20200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Acute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACSS) used in a clinical trial comparing the phytodrug Canephron®N (BNO 1045) with an antibacterial agent (fosfomycin trometamol [FT]) in the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis (AC) in women was evaluated as a patient-reported outcome measure in a post hoc analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This double-blind, randomized, multicenter, phase III noninferiority trial was performed in 51 centers in Europe. The ACSS questionnaire was used to assess severity and course of symptoms. RESULTS The post hoc analysis included 325 patients treated with BNO 1045 and 332 patients treated with FT (total of 657 patients). The mean sum-scores of the ACSS-typical domain were comparable between groups on day 1 (BNO 1045: 10.2; FT: 10.1), and then decreased on day 4 (BNO 1045: 5.1; FT: 4.5), at end of treatment on day 8 (BNO 1045: 2.1; FT: 2.1), and at late follow-up on day 38 (BNO 1045: 0.8; FT: 0.9). Predefined thresholds using the scoring system of the ACSS could be established and validated to define "clinical cure." CONCLUSIONS Evaluating not only antibacterial but also nonantibacterial agents indicated for the treatment of AC in women, clinical criteria for diagnostics, and measures of patient-reported outcomes are more important as main objectives than microbiological criteria. In this post hoc evaluation, we showed that the ACSS questionnaire, validated in several languages, has the potential to be used as a suitable instrument for diagnostics and patient-reported outcomes in well-designed, international, clinical studies investigating different treatment modalities of uncomplicated urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakhongir F Alidjanov
- Clinic for Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Florian M Wagenlehner
- Clinic for Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kurt G Naber
- Department of Urology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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A Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Canephron N in Comparison to Ciprofloxacin in the Prevention of Postoperative Lower Urinary Tract Infections after Midurethral Sling Surgery. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113391. [PMID: 33105885 PMCID: PMC7690611 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common reasons for antibiotic prescriptions among women worldwide. UTIs are also associated with intra- and postoperative catheterization, which is an essential component of many gynecological surgical procedures, including midurethral sling (MUS) placement. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of UTI subsequent to a MUS procedure. The study involved 562 female patients who underwent MUS procedures due to stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Patients were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to two study groups: patients receiving 500 mg of ciprofloxacin three times a day for 3 consecutive days after surgery or patients receiving 5 mL of Canephron taken orally three times a day for 3 weeks. After analyzing the collected data, it was found that in the group of patients receiving ciprofloxacin, 29 women (10.98%) had a UTI, whereas in the group of patients receiving Canephron, 36 women (13.64%) had a UTI within 6 months after the patient’s MUS procedure. No statistically significant difference between the two groups was noted. Postoperative prophylaxis with a phytodrug can be perceived as an attractive option in the reduction of antibiotic consumption among female patients after a MUS procedure.
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Abstract
(1) Background: this research aims at studying the nephroprotective properties of BNO 2103 in a model of chromate-induced renal failure in rats and at proving the possibility of using BNO 2103 in clinical practice for the complex treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). (2) Methods: fifty rats divided into five groups were studied. The drugs BNO 2103, Prednisolone and Lespephril were administered within 20 days. The excretory function and the functional state of kidneys, blood biochemical parameters and indicators of nitrogen metabolism were determined. (3) Results: under the influence of BNO 2103, there was a significant improvement in renal excretory function, in nitrogen metabolism and blood biochemical parameters compared with the control pathology group. BNO 2103 also outperformed the comparators in most indicators. (4) Conclusions: BNO 2103 has demonstrated nephroprotective, hypoazotemic and diuretic effects; and can be used to implement to the combined therapy of CKD.
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Poulios E, Vasios GK, Psara E, Giaginis C. Medicinal plants consumption against urinary tract infections: a narrative review of the current evidence. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:519-528. [PMID: 33016791 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1828061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are usual diseases caused by different strains of microorganisms. Many antibiotics have been applied for the treatment of these infections. However, the development of multidrug-resistant strains is a major problem in these treatments. As alternative complementary agents, several medicinal plants are often used to prevent and/or treat these diseases. AREAS COVERED This review summarized the current evidence about the efficacy of medicinal plants' consumption to prevent and/or co-treat UTIs. The most precise scientific databases, e.g. Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science were comprehensively searched, using relative keywords to identify the relative in vivo and ex vivo animal and human studies. EXPERT OPINION Current studies supported evidence for potential benefit overall concerning medicinal plants' consumption against UTIs by preventing bacterial adherence and inhibiting inflammation cascades through responding immunologically to bacteria invasion. However, most of the current evidence have been focused on in vivo and ex vivo animal studies, while human studies are currently limited and did not focus on a specific medicinal plant. Thus, well-designed clinical trials for long study periods focused on individual medicinal plants are intensely recommended to delineate their effectiveness on the prevention and/or co-treatment of UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Poulios
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Georgios K Vasios
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Evmorfia Psara
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Lemnos, Greece
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