Two hydroxyflavanones isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis roots prevent colitis-associated colon cancer in C57BL/6 J mice by inhibiting programmed cell death-1, interleukin 10, and thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box proteins TOX/TOX2

Geniposide prevents tumor growth by inhibiting colonic interleukin-1β and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 via down-regulated expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and thymocyte selection-associated high mobility box proteins TOX/TOX2 in azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice

Colon cancer was the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Japan in 2019. The effects of geniposide isolated from Gardenia jasminoides fructus (Rubiaceae) on the azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced growth of colon tumors and changes in interleukin (IL)-1 β, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, IL-10, and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) levels in the colon were investigated. The intraperitoneal administration of AOM (10 mg/kg) on days 0 and 27 induced colorectal carcinogenesis. Free access to 1% (w/v) DSS drinking water was given to mice on days 7-15, 32-33, and 35-38. Geniposide (30 and 100 mg/kg) was orally administered on days 1-16, discontinued for 11 days (days 16 to 26), and then administered again on days 27-41. Colonic levels of cytokines, chemokine, and PD-1 were measured using by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Increases in colorectal tumor numbers and areas were significantly inhibited by geniposide. In addition, geniposide (100 mg/kg) reduced colonic levels of IL-1 β, MCP-1, PD-1 and IL-10 by 67.4, 57.2, 100%, and 100% respectively. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2- and thymocyte selection high mobility group box proteins (TOX/TOX2)-positive cell numbers were significantly reduced by geniposide. Geniposide (30 and 100 mg/kg) decreased the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) expressions in immunohistochemical analysis by 64.2 and 98.2%, respectively. Thus, the inhibitory effects of geniposide on colon tumor growth may be associated with reductions in the colonic levels of IL-1 β, MCP-1, IL-10, and PD-1 via the down-regulated expression of COX-2 and TOX/TOX2 through the inhibition of Phospho-STAT3 expression (in vivo and in vitro).

Acertannin prevents azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon cancer growth by inhibiting the colonic expression of interleukin-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box proteins (TOX)/TOX2 in C57BL/6J mice

Colon cancer was the second leading cause of cancer-related death in 2019. We herein investigated the effects of acertannin containing Acer species on azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DDS)-induced colon cancer growth and changes in the colonic levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, IL-10, and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). Colorectal carcinogenesis was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of AOM (10 mg/kg) on days 0 and 27. Mice were given 1% (w/v) DSS drinking water ad libitum on days 7-14, 32-33, and 35-38. Acertannin (30 and 100 mg/kg) was orally administered on days 1-16, discontinued for 11 days (days 16-26), and then administered again on days 27-41. The colonic levels of cytokines, a chemokine, and PD-1 were measured using the respective ELISA kits. The number and area of tumors in mice treated with acertannin (100 mg/kg) decreased by 53.9 and 63.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the colonic levels of IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-10, and PD-1 showed reductions of 57.3, 62.9, 62.8, and 100%, respectively, while the numbers of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-, thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box proteins (TOX)/TOX2-, PD-1-, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation-positive numbers decreased by 79.6, 77.9, 93.8, and 100%, respectively. In conclusion, the inhibitory effects of acertannin on AOM/DSS-induced colon tumor growth appear to be associated with reductions in the colonic levels of IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-10, and PD-1 through the down-regulated expression of COX-2 and TOX/TOX2 in the tumor microenvironment.