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Chen L, Kong X, Zhou R, Hu J, Zhou R, Song Z, Tang Z, Wang M. Proteomics reveals the pharmacological mechanism of flavonoids from Astragali Complanati Semen in preventing chronic liver injury. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 133:155910. [PMID: 39059265 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total flavonoids from Astragali Complanati Semen (TFACS), the main active ingredients in Astragali Complanati Semen (ACS), have been shown to have a protective effect on chronic liver injury (CLI), but the hepatoprotective targets and signalling pathways involved are unclear. PURPOSE The aim of our study was to identify the anti-CLI targets and signalling pathways of TFACS and to comprehensively elucidate its mechanism of action via proteomics analysis combined with in vivo and in vitro experiments. METHODS A CLI mouse model was generated via intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (CCl4: olive oil = 1:4, 2 ml/kg, twice a week for 6 weeks). The hepatoprotective effect of TFACS was assessed by observing the pathological structure of the liver and analysing indicators of liver function. The key pathways and targets related to the hepatoprotective effect of TFACS were identified via 4D-label-free quantitative proteomics technology and further verified via in vivo indicator validation and in vitro cell experiments. RESULTS TFACS administration significantly normalized the histopathological structure and function of the liver, decreased the levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress indicators, and reduced the iron staining area and the levels of hepcidin and iron in the liver compared with those in the CLI model. A total of 424 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between the TFACS and model groups, and these DEPs were enriched in the focal adhesion, PI3K-Akt, and ferroptosis pathways. Akt1, Pik3ca, NF-κB p65, Itga5, Itgb5, Itga6, Prkca, Fn1, Tfrc, and Vdac3 were identified as key targets of TFACS. TFACS administration significantly reversed the changes in the gene and protein expression of the key targets compared with those in the model group. In addition, TFACS treatment significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines and inhibited Akt1, NF-κB p65 and FAK activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. In an erastin-induced l-O2 ferroptosis cell model, treatment with TFACS normalized the mitochondrial structure, reduced the protein levels of Tfrc and Vdac3, inhibited lipid peroxidation, and reduced the amount of Fe2+ in the mitochondria. CONCLUSION TFACS protected against CLI, and its mechanism of action may be related to inhibition of the focal adhesion, PI3K/Akt and ferroptosis signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research, & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712083, PR China
| | - Xin Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712046, PR China
| | - Ruina Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712046, PR China
| | - Jinhang Hu
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research, & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712083, PR China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research, & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712083, PR China
| | - Zhongxing Song
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research, & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712083, PR China
| | - Zhishu Tang
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research, & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712083, PR China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, PR China.
| | - Mei Wang
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research, & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712083, PR China; Academic Development Office, Wangjing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China.
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Liu S, Geng J, Chen W, Zong Y, Zhao Y, Du R, He Z. Isolation, structure, biological activity and application progress of ginseng polysaccharides from the Araliaceae family. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133925. [PMID: 39032904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Phytopolysaccharides are a class of natural macromolecules with a range of biological activities. Ginseng, red ginseng, American ginseng, and Panax notoginseng are all members of the Araliaceae family. They are known to contain a variety of medicinal properties and are typically rich in a wide range of medicinal values. Polysaccharides represent is one of the principal active ingredients in the aforementioned plants. However, there is a paucity of detailed reports on the separation methods, structural characteristics and comparison of various pharmacological effects of these polysaccharides. This paper presents a review of the latest research reports on ginseng, red ginseng, American ginseng and ginseng polysaccharides. The differences in extraction, separation, purification, structural characterization, and pharmacological activities of the four polysaccharides are compared and clarified. Upon examination of the current research literature, it becomes evident that the extraction and separation processes of the four polysaccharides are highly similar. Modern pharmacological studies have corroborated the multiple biological activities of these polysaccharides. These activities encompass a range of beneficial effects, including antioxidant stress injury, fatigue reduction, tumor inhibition, depression alleviation, regulation of intestinal flora, immunomodulation, diabetes management, central nervous system protection, anti-aging, and improvement of skin health. This paper presents a review of studies on the extraction, purification, characterization, and bioactivities of four natural plant ginseng polysaccharides. Furthermore, the review presents the most recent research findings on their pharmacological activities. The information provides a theoretical basis for the future application of natural plant polysaccharides and offers a new perspective for the in-depth development of the medicinal value of ginseng in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jianan Geng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Weijia Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rui Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education of China, Changchun 130118, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Product Development of Sika Deer of China, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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Wang J, Li C, Ruan J, Yang C, Tian Y, Lu B, Wang Y. Cross-kingdom regulation of ginseng miRNA156 on immunity and metabolism. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112577. [PMID: 38955029 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To study the cross-border regulation of immunity and energy metabolism by ginseng miRNA156, and to provide a new perspective for further exploring the possibility of ginseng miRNA156 as a pharmacodynamic substance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Combined with the previous research results of our research group, miRNA156 with high expression in blood sequencing of intragastrically administered with ginseng decoction was selected. Bioinformatics analysis was performed on the selected differential miRNA156. The target genes of differential miRNA156 were mainly enriched in metabolic, immune and other signaling pathways. According to the analysis results, the experimental part will use qi deficiency fatigue model and RAW264.7 cells. The contents of lactic acid (LA), creatine kinase (CK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), liver glycogen (LG), muscle glycogen (MG), interleukin 4 (IL-4), matrix metallo-proteinase 9 (MMP-9), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde, phosphor-enolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pase), nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured after administration of miRNA156. RESULTS Ginseng miRNA156 can accelerate the removal of metabolic waste during exercise. Increase the glycogen reserve in, provide energy for the body, regulate the activity of key gluconeogenesis enzyme phosphorus, improve the energy metabolism system of, and enhance the endurance of fatigue mice. The contents of matrix metalloproteinase 9, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde were affected, and the content of TNF-α in the supernatant of RAW264.7 cells was significantly increased, which had certain antioxidant capacity and potential immunomodulatory effects. CONCLUSION Ginseng miRNA156 has a certain regulatory effect on the energy metabolism and immune function of mice, which makes it possible to regulate the cross-species regulation of ginseng miRNA in theory, provides ideas for ginseng miRNA to become a new pharmacodynamic substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Chenyi Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingxiu Ruan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chang Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuexin Tian
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Binxin Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingfang Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Ding X, Fan S. Purple sweet potato polysaccharide ameliorates concanavalin A-induced hepatic injury by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155652. [PMID: 38663118 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a prevalent liver disease that can potentially lead to hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. The prolonged administration of immunosuppressive medications carries significant risks for patients. Purple sweet potato polysaccharide (PSPP), a macromolecule stored in root tubers, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immune-enhancing, and intestinal flora-regulating properties. Nevertheless, investigation into the role and potential mechanisms of PSPP in AIH remains notably scarce. PURPOSE Our aim was to explore the possible protective impacts of PSPP against concanavalin A (Con A)-induced liver injury in mice. METHODS Polysaccharide was isolated from purple sweet potato tubers using water extraction and alcohol precipitation, followed by purification through DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. A highly purified component was obtained, and its monosaccharide composition was characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mouse and cellular models induced by Con A were set up to investigate the impacts of PSPP on hepatic histopathology, apoptosis, as well as inflammation- and oxidative stress-related proteins in response to PSPP treatment. RESULTS The administration of PSPP significantly reduced hepatic pathological damage, suppressed elevation of ALT and AST levels, and attenuated hepatic apoptosis in Con A-exposed mice. PSPP was found to mitigate Con A-induced inflammation by suppressing the TLR4-P2X7R/NLRP3 signaling pathway in mice. Furthermore, PSPP alleviated Con A-induced oxidative stress by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in mice. Additionally, PSPP demonstrated the ability to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells induced by Con A in vitro. CONCLUSION PSPP has the potential to ameliorate hepatic inflammation via the TLR4-P2X7R/NLRP3 pathway and inhibit hepatic oxidative stress through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway during the progression of Con A-induced hepatic injury. The results of this study have unveiled the potential hepatoprotective properties of purple sweet potato and its medicinal value for humans. Moreover, this study serves as a valuable reference, highlighting the potential of PSPP-1 as a drug candidate for the treatment of immune liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaohua Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Tan X, Cui J, Liu N, Wang X, Li H, Liu Y, Zhang W, Ma W, Lu D, Fan Y. Study on the immune-enhancing and inhabiting transmissible gastroenteritis virus effects of polysaccharides from Cimicifuga rhizoma. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106719. [PMID: 38810768 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Cimicifugae rhizoma is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine in China, and modern pharmacological research showed that it has obvious antiviral activity. Many polysaccharides have been proved to have immune enhancement and antiviral activity, but there are few studies on the biological activity of Cimicifuga rhizoma polysaccharide (CRP). The aim was to explore the character of CRP and its effects on improving immune activity and inhibiting transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). The monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, fourier transform infrared spectra and electron microscopy analysis of CRP was measured. The effect of CRP on immune activity in lymphocytes and RAW264.7 cells were studied by colorimetry, FITC-OVA fluorescent staining and ELISA. The effect of CRP on TGEV-infected PK-15 cells was determined using Real-time PCR, Hoechst fluorescence staining, trypan blue staining, acridine orange staining, Annexin V-FITC/PI fluorescent staining, DCFH-DA loading probe, and JC-1 staining. Network pharmacology was used to predict the targets of CRP in enhancing immunity and anti-TGEV, and molecular docking was used to further analyze the binding mode between CPR and core targets. The results showed that CRP was mainly composed of glucose and galactose, and its molecular weight was 64.28 kDa. The content of iNOS and NO in CRP group were significantly higher than the control group. CRP (125 and 62.5 μg/mL) could significantly enhance the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 cells, and imprive the content of IL-1β content compared with control group. 250 μg/mL of CRP possessed the significant inhibitory effect on TGEV, which could significantly reduce the apoptosis compared to TGVE group and inhibit the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential compared to TGVE group. The mRNA expression of TGEV N gene in CRP groups was significantly lower than TGEV group. PPI showed that the core targets of immune-enhancing were AKT1, MMP9, HSP90AA1, etc., and the core targets of TGE were CASP3, MMP9, EGFR, etc. Molecular docking show that CRP has binding potential with target. These results indicated that CRP possessed the better immune enhancement effect and anti-TGEV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Jing Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Nishang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Xingchen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Huicong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Yingqiu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Wuren Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Dezhang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China.
| | - Yunpeng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China.
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Hu Z, Luo Y, Wu Y, Qin D, Yang F, Luo F, Lin Q. Extraction, structures, biological effects and potential mechanisms of Momordica charantia polysaccharides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131498. [PMID: 38614167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Momordica charantia L. is a kind of vegetable with medicinal value. As the main component of the vegetable, Momordica charantia polysaccharides (MCPs) mainly consist of galactose, galacturonic acid, xylose, rhamnose, mannose and the molecular weight range is 4.33 × 103-1.16 × 106 Da. MCPs have been found to have various biological activities in recent years, such as anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-brain injury, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammation. In this review, we systematically summarized the extraction methods, structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of MCPs. Especially MCPs modulate gut microbiota and cause the alterations of metabolic products, which can regulate different signaling pathways and target gene expressions to exert various functions. Meanwhile, the potential structure-activity relationships of MCPs were analyzed to provide a scientific basis for better development or modification of MCPs. Future researches on MCPs should focus on industrial extraction and molecular mechanisms. In East Asia, Momordica charantia L. is used as both food and medicine. It is not clear whether MCP has its unique biological effects. Further study on the difference between MCPs and other food-derived polysaccharides will be helpful to the development and potential application of Momordica charantia L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuomin Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Yidan Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Yuchi Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Dandan Qin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Feiyan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Feijun Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Qinlu Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
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Zhang XY, Khakisahneh S, Han SY, Song EJ, Nam YD, Kim H. Ginseng extracts improve circadian clock gene expression and reduce inflammation directly and indirectly through gut microbiota and PI3K signaling pathway. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:24. [PMID: 38503759 PMCID: PMC10950852 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the potential benefits of herbal medicines for therapeutic application in preventing and treating various metabolic disorders, the mechanisms of action were understood incompletely. Ginseng (Panax ginseng), a commonly employed plant as a dietary supplement, has been reported to play its hot property in increasing body temperature and improving gut health. However, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which ginseng regulates body temperature and gut health is still incomplete. This paper illustrates that intermittent supplementation with ginseng extracts improved body temperature rhythm and suppressed inflammatory responses in peripheral metabolic organs of propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothermic rats. These effects were associated with changes in gut hormone secretion and the microbiota profile. The in-vitro studies in ICE-6 cells indicate that ginseng extracts can not only act directly on the cell to regulate the genes related to circadian clock and inflammation, but also may function through the gut microbiota and their byproducts such as lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, administration of PI3K inhibitor blocked ginseng or microbiota-induced gene expression related with circadian clock and inflammation in vitro. These findings demonstrate that the hot property of ginseng may be mediated by improving circadian clock and suppressing inflammation directly or indirectly through the gut microbiota and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Saeid Khakisahneh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yi Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Song
- Research Group of Personalized Diet, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 245, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Do Nam
- Research Group of Personalized Diet, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 245, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Wanju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hojun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Liu Z, Sun M, Liu W, Feng F, Li X, Jin C, Zhang Y, Wang J. Deficiency of purinergic P2X4 receptor alleviates experimental autoimmune hepatitis in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 221:116033. [PMID: 38301964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Purinergic P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) has been shown to have immunomodulatory properties in infection, inflammation, and organ damage including liver regeneration and fibrosis. However, the mechanisms and pathophysiology associated with P2X4R during acute liver injury remain unknown. We used P2X4R-/- mice to explore the role of P2X4R in three different models of acute liver injury caused by concanavalin A (ConA), carbon tetrachloride, and acetaminophen. ConA treatment results in an increased expression of P2X4R in the liver of mice, which was positively correlated with higher levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in the serum. However, P2X4R gene ablation significantly reduced the severity of acute hepatitis in mice caused by ConA, but not by carbon tetrachloride or acetaminophen. The protective benefits against immune-mediated acute hepatitis were achieved via modulating inflammation (Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α), oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase), apoptosis markers (Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3), autophagy biomarkers (LC3, Beclin-1, and p62), and nucleotide oligomerization domain-likereceptorprotein 3(NLRP3) inflammasome-activated pyroptosis markers (NLRP3, Gasdermin D, Caspase-1, ASC, IL-1β). Additionally, administration of P2X4R antagonist (5-BDBD) or agonist (cytidine 5'-triphosphate) either improved or worsened ConA-induced autoimmune hepatitis, respectively. This study is the first to reveal that the absence of the P2X4 receptor may mitigate immune-mediated liver damage, potentially by restraining inflammation, oxidation, and programmed cell death mechanisms. And highlight P2X4 receptor is essential for ConA-induced acute hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejin Liu
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Mengyang Sun
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Fangyu Feng
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Chaolei Jin
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Junpeng Wang
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China.
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Chen L, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Wang Z, Miao Y, Du H, Liu D. The water-soluble subfraction from Artemisia argyi alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory responses via multiple pathways and targets in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117364. [PMID: 38380576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As a traditional Chinese medicine, Artemisia argyi has been used medicinally and eaten for more than 2000 years in China. It is widely reported in treating inflammatory diseases such as eczema, dermatitis, arthritis, allergic asthma and colitis. Although several studies claim that its volatile oil and organic reagent extracts have certain anti-inflammatory effects, the water-soluble fractions and molecular mechanisms have not been studied. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the therapeutic effect of A. argyi water extract (AAWE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses and to identify the most effective water-soluble subfractions. Moreover, the relevant pharmacological and molecular mechanisms by which the active subfraction mitigates inflammation were further investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS were treated with AAWE (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) or the water-soluble subfractions separated by D101 macroporous resin (AAWE1-AAWE4, 100 μg/mL), and NO production and mRNA levels of inflammatory genes were evaluated to determine the most effective water-soluble subfractions. Secondly, the chemical components of the active subfraction (AAWE4) were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS. Thirdly, transcriptome and network pharmacology analysis, RT-qPCR and Western blotting assays were conducted to explore the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism and active compounds of AAWE4. Subsequently, the binding ability of the potential active components in AAWE4 to the core targets was further determined by molecular docking. Eventually, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of AAWE4 (1.17, 2.34 and 4.68 g/kg, administered per day for 7 d) was evaluated in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. RESULTS In this study, AAWE showed excellent anti-inflammatory effects, and its water-soluble subfraction AAWE4 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on NO concentration and inflammatory gene mRNA expression after LPS stimulation, indicating that it was the most effective subfraction. Thereafter, four main compounds in AAWE4 were confirmed or tentatively identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS, including three flavonoid glycosides and one phenolic acid. Furthermore, the transcriptome and network pharmacology analysis showed that AAWE4 inhibited inflammation via multiple pathways and multiple targets. Based on the RT-qPCR and Western blotting results, AAWE4 downregulated not only the p38, PI3K, CCL5, MMP9, AP-1, and BCL3 mRNA expression levels activated by LPS but also their upstream and downstream protein expression levels and protein phosphorylation (p-AKT/AKT, p-p38/p38, p-ERK/ERK, p-JNK/JNK). Moreover, four identified compounds (isochlorogenic acid A, vicenin-2, schaftoside and isoschaftoside) could significantly inhibit NO content and the overexpression of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA induced by LPS, and the molecular docking confirmed the high binding activity of four active compounds with selected core targets (p38, AKT1, MMP9, and CCL5). In addition, the mRNA expression and immunohistochemical analysis showed that AAWE44 could inhibit lung inflammation via multiple pathways and multiple targets in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that the water-soluble subfraction AAWE4 from A. argyi ameliorated the inflammation caused by LPS through multiple pathways and multiple targets in vitro and in vivo, providing scientific support for the medicinal use of A. argyi. Importantly, it shows that the A. argyi subfraction AAWE4 can be developed as an anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yunyun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yuqiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Zhouyuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Ziling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yuhuan Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Hongzhi Du
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Dahui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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10
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Wang MQ, Zhang KH, Liu FL, Zhou R, Zeng Y, Chen AL, Yu Y, Xia Q, Zhu CC, Lin CZ. Wedelolactone alleviates cholestatic liver injury by regulating FXR-bile acid-NF-κB/NRF2 axis to reduce bile acid accumulation and its subsequent inflammation and oxidative stress. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155124. [PMID: 38014837 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholestatic liver diseases (CLD) comprise a variety of disorders of bile formation, which causes chronic exposure to bile acid (BA) in the liver generally and results in hepatotoxicity and progressive hepatobiliary injury. Wedelolactone (7-methoxy-5, 11, 12-trihydroxy-coumestan, WED), the natural active compound derived from Ecliptae Herba, has been reported with valuable bioactivity for liver protection. Nevertheless, the effect of WED on cholestatic liver injury (CLI) remains unexplored. PURPOSE The present study aims to elucidate the protective effect of WED on Alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced CLI mice, and to investigate its potential pharmacological mechanism. METHODS The anit-cholestatic and hepatoprotective effects of WED were evaluated in ANIT-induced CLI mice. Non-targeted metabolomics study combined with ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was used to explore the key mechanism of WED. The BA metabolic profile in enterohepatic circulation was analyzed to evaluate the effect of WED in regulating BA metabolism. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were used to simulate and verify the targeting activation of WED on the Farnesoid X receptor (FXR). The core role of FXR in WED promoting BA transportation, and alleviating BA accumulation-induced hepatotoxicity was further evaluated in WT and FXR knockout mice or hepatocytes. RESULTS WED dose-dependently alleviated ANIT-induced cholestasis and liver injury in mice, and simultaneously suppressed the signaling pathway of nuclear factor-kappa B/nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NF-κB/NRF2) to relieve inflammation and oxidative stress. At the metabolite level, WED improved the metabolic disorder in CLI mice focusing on the metabolism of BA, arachidonic acid, and glycerophospholipid, that closely related to the process of BA regulation, inflammation, and oxidative damage. WED targeting activated FXR, which then transcribed its target genes, including the bile salt export pump (BSEP) and the BA transporter, and subsequently increased BA transportation to restore the damaged enterohepatic circulation of BA. Meanwhile, WED alleviated hepatic BA accumulation and protected the liver from BA-induced damage via NF-κB/NRF2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, FXR deficiency suppressed the protective effect of WED in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION WED regulated BA metabolism and alleviated hepatic damage in cholestasis. It protected the liver according to adjusted BA transportation and relieved BA accumulation-related hepatotoxicity via FXR-bile acid-NF-κB/NRF2 axis. Our study provides novel insights that WED might be a promising strategy for cholestatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Qi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai-Hui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Le Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - A-Li Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chen-Chen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chao-Zhan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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Zhang J, Liu Y, An C, Liu C, Ma S, Zhang Q, Ding H, Shao J, Xue W. Protective Effect of Ginsenoside CK against Autoimmune Hepatitis Induced by Concanavalin A. Foods 2023; 12:4379. [PMID: 38137182 PMCID: PMC10743209 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside CK, a kind of rare ginsenoside transformed from protopanaxadiol saponins extracted from the genus Panax, has been proven to possess favorable bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, and hepatoprotective effects. The current study is targeted to determine the effect of ginsenoside CK on hepatitis induced by concanavalin A (Con A). Mice were treated with different dosages of ginsenoside CK for 7 days, and Con A (15 mg/kg) was intravenously injected to induce autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) after the last administration. The results demonstrated that pretreatment with ginsenoside CK (40 mg/kg) could obviously ameliorate the increase in serum indicators related to liver function such as AST, ALT, and ALP, and hepatic lesions induced by Con A. Meanwhile, ginsenoside CK suppressed hepatocyte apoptosis, which was observed in pathological data, and immunoblotting results showed that the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and other proteins was regulated by CK. Furthermore, the release of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6 in mice with AIH were lowered by the administration of 40 mg/kg of ginsenoside CK. Furthermore, ginsenoside CK elevated the gene expression of Nrf2 and Sirt1 and augmented downstream target genes such as HO-1. In addition, a significant inhibition effect of the TLR4/NF-κB signal was observed in 40 mg/kg CK-pretreated mice compared with the model group. To sum up, the results indicated that ginsenoside CK has a notable hepatoprotective effect against AIH by activating Sirt1/Nrf2 and suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenjiao Xue
- Shaanxi Institute of Microbiology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Xiying Road 76, Xi’an 710043, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (S.M.); (Q.Z.); (H.D.); (J.S.)
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12
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Ge S, Liu J, Liu Y, Song J, Wu H, Li L, Zhu H, Feng B. Chemical Profiling, Quantitation, and Bioactivities of Ginseng Residue. Molecules 2023; 28:7854. [PMID: 38067583 PMCID: PMC10708035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng residue is a by-product stemming from the commercial extraction of ginsenosides. To assess the disparities between ginseng residue and ginseng tablet, we employed the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) technique for sample analysis. The analyses revealed the presence of 39 compounds in both ginseng residue and ginseng tablets. Subsequently, the contents of total ginsenosides and total ginseng polysaccharides in the ginseng residue and ginseng tablet were determined. The results indicate that while only a small fraction of ginsenosides remained in the ginseng residue, a significant amount of polysaccharides was retained. Furthermore, our evaluation encompassed the antioxidant activities of both ginseng residue and ginseng tablets. Notably, ginseng residue exhibited robust antioxidant effects, thereby showcasing its potential for recycling as a functional food raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
- School of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
| | - Jiaqi Song
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
| | - Hongfeng Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
| | - Lele Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
| | - Heyun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
| | - Bo Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
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13
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Liu J, Song J, Gao F, Chen W, Zong Y, Li J, He Z, Du R. Extraction, Purification, and Structural Characterization of Polysaccharides from Sanghuangporus vaninii with Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:6081. [PMID: 37630334 PMCID: PMC10459065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain homogeneous Sanghuangporus vaninii polysaccharides with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, a response surface method (RSM) was used to compare the polysaccharide extraction rate of hot water extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction from Sanghuangporus vaninii. The optimal conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction were determined as follows: an extraction temperature of 60 °C, an extraction time of 60 min, a solid-liquid ratio of 40 g/mL, and an ultrasonic power of 70 W. An SVP (Sanghuangporus vaninii polysaccharides) extraction rate of 1.41% was achieved. Five homogeneous monosaccharides were obtained by gradient ethanol precipitation with diethylaminoethyl-cellulose (DEAE) and SephadexG-100 separation and purification. The five polysaccharides were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography, the ultraviolet spectrum, the Fourier transform infrared spectrum, TG (thermogravimetric analysis), the Zeta potential, and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The five polysaccharides had certain levels of antioxidant activity in vitro. In addition, we the investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of polysaccharides derived from Sanghuangporus vaninii on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells and Kupffer cells. Further, we found that SVP-60 significantly inhibited the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells and promoted the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Our study provides theoretical support for the potential application of Sanghuangporus vaninii in the field of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.L.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinyue Song
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.L.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Fusheng Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.L.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Weijia Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.L.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.L.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianming Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.L.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.L.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
- Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Breeding and Product Development Technology of Sika Deer, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.L.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
- Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Breeding and Product Development Technology of Sika Deer, Changchun 130118, China
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