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Magliacano A, Catalano L, Sagliano L, Estraneo A, Trojano L. Spontaneous eye blinking during an auditory, an interoceptive and a visual task: The role of the sensory modality and the attentional focus. Cortex 2023; 168:49-61. [PMID: 37659289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous evidence suggested that spontaneous eye blinking changes as a function of the attentional focus. In particular, eye blink rate (EBR) tends to increase when attention is directed to internal versus environmental processing. Most studies on this issue compared eye blinking during visual and mental imagery tasks, and interpreted the increase in EBR as a mechanism to focus cognitive resources on internal processing by disengaging attention from interfering information. However, since eye blinking also depends on the sensory modality of the task, the findings might be influenced by a modality-specific effect. In the present Registered Report we aim at investigating whether the environmental versus internal attentional focus can affect spontaneous blinking behaviour in non-visual tasks as well, in conditions where visual stimuli are not relevant. In a within-subject design, healthy participants performed an interoceptive task (i.e., heartbeat counting) and an auditory task in which pre-recorded heartbeats were presented aurally; during both tasks irrelevant visual stimuli were also presented. In a further control condition with the same auditory and visual stimuli, the participants were required to focus their attention on visual stimuli. Participants' EBR was recorded during each task by means of an eye-tracking system. We found that, although the interoceptive task was more difficult than the auditory and visual tasks, participants' EBR decreased by a comparable level in all tasks with respect to a rest condition, with no differences between internal versus environmental conditions. The present findings do not support the idea that EBR is modulated by an internal versus external focus of attention, at least in presence of controlled visual stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Catalano
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Laura Sagliano
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Trojano
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
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2
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Lapa I, Ferreira S, Mateus C, Rocha N, Rodrigues MA. Real-Time Blink Detection as an Indicator of Computer Vision Syndrome in Real-Life Settings: An Exploratory Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4569. [PMID: 36901579 PMCID: PMC10001854 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in the number of people using digital devices, complaints about eye and vision problems have been increasing, making the problem of computer vision syndrome (CVS) more serious. Accompanying the increase in CVS in occupational settings, new and unobstructive solutions to assess the risk of this syndrome are of paramount importance. This study aims, through an exploratory approach, to determine if blinking data, collected using a computer webcam, can be used as a reliable indicator for predicting CVS on a real-time basis, considering real-life settings. A total of 13 students participated in the data collection. A software that collected and recorded users' physiological data through the computer's camera was installed on the participants' computers. The CVS-Q was applied to determine the subjects with CVS and its severity. The results showed a decrease in the blinking rate to about 9 to 17 per minute, and for each additional blink the CVS score lowered by 1.26. These data suggest that the decrease in blinking rate was directly associated with CVS. These results are important for allowing the development of a CVS real-time detection algorithm and a related recommendation system that provides interventions to promote health, well-being, and improved performance.
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3
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Demiral ŞB, Kure Liu C, Benveniste H, Tomasi D, Volkow ND. Activation of brain arousal networks coincident with eye blinks during resting state. Cereb Cortex 2023:6991186. [PMID: 36653022 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye-blinking has been implicated in arousal and attention. Here we test the hypothesis that blinking-moments represent arousal surges associated with activation of the ascending arousal network (AAN) and its thalamic projections. For this purpose, we explored the temporal relationship between eye-blinks and fMRI BOLD activity in AAN and thalamic nuclei, as well as whole brain cluster corrected activations during eyes-open, resting-state fMRI scanning. We show that BOLD activations in the AAN nuclei peaked prior to the eye blinks and in thalamic nuclei peaked prior to and during the blink, consistent with the role of eye blinking in arousal surges. Additionally, we showed visual cortex peak activation prior to the eye blinks, providing further evidence of the visual cortex's role in arousal, and document cerebellar peak activation post eye blinks, which might reflect downstream engagement from arousal surges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şükrü Barış Demiral
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Kure Liu
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, MD, USA
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, MD, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, MD, USA.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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4
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Huber SE, Martini M, Sachse P. Patterns of eye blinks are modulated by auditory input in humans. Cognition 2021; 221:104982. [PMID: 34923195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies could elaborate a link between attentional processes and eye blinking in both visual and auditory attention tasks. Here we show that this link is active at a fundamental level of perception: presentation of a series of bare sine tones is sufficient to induce a modulation of temporal blink patterns, allowing to determine which series was presented to participants even when they are not required to interactively engage in processing the auditory input. In particular, we monitored eye blinking during an auditory attention task using two series of sine tones, differing in the predictability of the timing of tone onsets. Whereas inter-onset intervals in one tone series corresponded to uncorrelated samples from a normal distribution, they were distributed according to a Gaussian random walk in the other tone series. We find that blink patterns are dynamically modulated by both purely auditory inputs. The magnitude, form, and coherence of the temporal associations between tone onsets and blink events depend strongly on the requirement to respond to the presented stimuli. The predictability of the tone series appears to modulate pre-stimulus blink inhibition given that a response is required. Altogether, these findings suggest eye blink as a readily available, non-invasive behavioral marker for context-sensitive, moment-to-moment allocation of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan E Huber
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Institute for Basic Sciences in Engineering Science, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 13/4, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Markus Martini
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pierre Sachse
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Stebbins HE, Jacobs ME, Hatton KT, Kaila EN, Rhoades MM. Spontaneous eye blink rate mediates the relationship between sleepiness and impulsivity to negative stimuli. Biol Psychol 2021; 165:108191. [PMID: 34530069 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that sleep deprivation results in a negativity bias, especially in the context of impaired response inhibition. In the present study we investigated spontaneous eye blink rate (EBR), a correlate of dopamine function, as a mediator of the relationship between subjective sleepiness and impulsivity toward negative stimuli on a Go/NoGo task. Participants rated their sleepiness on a number of measures including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and subscales of the Chronic Sleep Reduction Questionnaire (CSRQ). The findings revealed that EBR mediated the relationship between sleepiness as measured by the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and commission errors on negatively valanced stimuli. These findings suggest that reduced inhibition in responding to negative stimuli can be found as a function of subjective sleepiness and that changes in dopamine function may be one contributing factor explaining this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary E Stebbins
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Mary Washington, USA.
| | - Megan E Jacobs
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Mary Washington, USA
| | | | - Erin N Kaila
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Mary Washington, USA
| | - Mollie M Rhoades
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Mary Washington, USA
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6
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Ocular measures during associative learning predict recall accuracy. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 166:103-115. [PMID: 34052234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to form associations between stimuli and commit those associations to memory is a cornerstone of human cognition. Dopamine and noradrenaline are critical neuromodulators implicated in a range of cognitive functions, including learning and memory. Eye blink rate (EBR) and pupil diameter have been shown to index dopaminergic and noradrenergic activity. Here, we examined how these ocular measures relate to accuracy in a paired-associate learning task where participants (N = 73) learned consistent object-location associations over eight trials consisting of pre-trial fixation, encoding, delay, and retrieval epochs. In order to examine how within-subject changes and between-subject changes in ocular metrics related to accuracy, we mean centered individual metric values on each trial based on within-person and across-subject means for each epoch. Within-participant variation in EBR was positively related to accuracy in both encoding and delay epochs: faster EBR within the individual predicted better retrieval. Differences in EBR across participants was negatively related to accuracy in the encoding epoch and in early trials of the pre-trial fixation: faster EBR, relative to other subjects, predicted poorer retrieval. Visual scanning behavior in pre-trial fixation and delay epochs was also positively related to accuracy in early trials: more scanning predicted better retrieval. We found no relationship between pupil diameter and accuracy. These results provide novel evidence supporting the utility of ocular metrics in illuminating cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms of paired-associate learning.
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Sciaraffa N, Borghini G, Di Flumeri G, Cincotti F, Babiloni F, Aricò P. Joint Analysis of Eye Blinks and Brain Activity to Investigate Attentional Demand during a Visual Search Task. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050562. [PMID: 33925209 PMCID: PMC8146019 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In several fields, the need for a joint analysis of brain activity and eye activity to investigate the association between brain mechanisms and manifest behavior has been felt. In this work, two levels of attentional demand, elicited through a conjunction search task, have been modelled in terms of eye blinks, brain activity, and brain network features. Moreover, the association between endogenous neural mechanisms underlying attentional demand and eye blinks, without imposing a time-locked structure to the analysis, has been investigated. The analysis revealed statistically significant spatial and spectral modulations of the recorded brain activity according to the different levels of attentional demand, and a significant reduction in the number of eye blinks when a higher amount of attentional investment was required. Besides, the integration of information coming from high-density electroencephalography (EEG), brain source localization, and connectivity estimation allowed us to merge spectral and causal information between brain areas, characterizing a comprehensive model of neurophysiological processes behind attentional demand. The analysis of the association between eye and brain-related parameters revealed a statistically significant high correlation (R > 0.7) of eye blink rate with anterofrontal brain activity at 8 Hz, centroparietal brain activity at 12 Hz, and a significant moderate correlation with the participation of right Intra Parietal Sulcus in alpha band (R = -0.62). Due to these findings, this work suggests the possibility of using eye blinks measured from one sensor placed on the forehead as an unobtrusive measure correlating with neural mechanisms underpinning attentional demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolina Sciaraffa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (G.D.F.); (F.B.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gianluca Borghini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (G.D.F.); (F.B.); (P.A.)
- BrainSigns srl, Lungotevere Michelangelo 9, 00192 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Neuroelectrical Imaging and BCI Lab, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Di Flumeri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (G.D.F.); (F.B.); (P.A.)
- BrainSigns srl, Lungotevere Michelangelo 9, 00192 Rome, Italy
| | - Febo Cincotti
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Neuroelectrical Imaging and BCI Lab, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering “Antonio Ruberti”, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Ariosto 25, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Babiloni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (G.D.F.); (F.B.); (P.A.)
- BrainSigns srl, Lungotevere Michelangelo 9, 00192 Rome, Italy
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Pietro Aricò
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (G.D.F.); (F.B.); (P.A.)
- BrainSigns srl, Lungotevere Michelangelo 9, 00192 Rome, Italy
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8
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Spagnoli P, Balducci C, Fabbri M, Molinaro D, Barbato G. Workaholism, Intensive Smartphone Use, and the Sleep-Wake Cycle: A Multiple Mediation Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193517. [PMID: 31547191 PMCID: PMC6801767 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent contributions have reported sleep disorders as one of the health impairment outcomes of workaholism. A possible factor affecting the sleep-wake cycle might be the intensive use of smartphones. The current study aimed to explore the role of intensive smartphone use in the relationship between workaholism and the sleep-wake cycle. Two serial multiple mediation models were tested on a sample of 418 employees, who filled self-report questionnaires measuring workaholism, use of smartphones, sleep quality and daytime sleepiness, using conditional process analysis for testing direct and indirect effects. Results supported our hypotheses regarding two serial multiple mediation models-that intensive smartphone use and poor sleep quality mediated the relationship between workaholism and daytime sleepiness, and that smartphone use and daytime sleepiness mediated the relationship between workaholism and poor quality of sleep. Although the use of a cross-sectional design and the snowball technique for collecting data can be considered as possible limitations, the current study is one of the first to document the potential detrimental role of the intensive smartphone use on the workaholism-sleep disorders relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Spagnoli
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", CE 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Cristian Balducci
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, BO 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Fabbri
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", CE 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Danila Molinaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", CE 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Barbato
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", CE 81100 Caserta, Italy.
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9
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DeAngelis KD, Rider A, Potter W, Jensen J, Fowler BT, Fleming JC. Eyelid Spontaneous Blink Analysis and Age-Related Changes Through High-Speed Imaging. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 35:487-490. [DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000001349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Maremmani C, Monastero R, Orlandi G, Salvadori S, Pieroni A, Baschi R, Pecori A, Dolciotti C, Berchina G, Rovini E, Cuddemi F, Cavallo F. Objective assessment of blinking and facial expressions in Parkinson's disease using a vertical electro-oculogram and facial surface electromyography. Physiol Meas 2019; 40:065005. [PMID: 31018181 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab1c05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypomimia is a common and early symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), which reduces the ability of PD patients to manifest emotions. Currently, it is visually evaluated by the neurologist during neurological examinations for PD diagnosis, as described in task 3.2 of the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS). Since such an evaluation is semi-quantitative and affected by inter-variability, this paper aims to measure the physiological parameters related to eye blink and facial expressions extracted from a vertical electro-oculogram (VEOG) and facial surface electromyography (fsEMG) to differentiate PD patients from healthy control subjects (HCs). APPROACH The spontaneous eye blink rate-minute (sEBR), its maximum amplitude (BMP), and facial cutaneous muscle activity were measured in 24 PD patients and 24 HCs while the subjects looked at a visual-tester composed of three main parts: static vision, dynamic vision and reading silently. Specificity and sensitivity for each parameter were calculated. MAIN RESULTS The VEOG and the fsEMG allowed the identification of some parameters related to eye blink and facial expressions (i.e. sEBR, BMP, frontal and peribuccal muscular activities), being able to distinguish between PD patients and HCs with high sensitivity and specificity. SIGNIFICANCE The demonstration that the combination of parameters related to eye blink and facial expressions can discriminate (with high accuracy) between PD patients versus HCs, thus resulting in a useful tool to support the neurologist in objective assessment of hypomimia for improving PD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Maremmani
- Unità Operativa di Neurologia, Laboratorio Congiunto di Neuro-Biorobotica, Ospedale delle Apuane, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Massa, Italia
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11
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Cori JM, Anderson C, Shekari Soleimanloo S, Jackson ML, Howard ME. Narrative review: Do spontaneous eye blink parameters provide a useful assessment of state drowsiness? Sleep Med Rev 2019; 45:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Oken B, Memmott T, Eddy B, Wiedrick J, Fried-Oken M. Vigilance state fluctuations and performance using brain-computer interface for communication. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2019; 5:146-156. [PMID: 31236425 DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2019.1571356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of fatigue and drowsiness on brain-computer interface (BCI) performance was evaluated. 20 healthy participants performed a standardized 11-minute calibration of a Rapid Serial Visual Presentation BCI system five times over two hours. For each calibration, BCI performance was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Self-rated measures were obtained following each calibration including the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and a standardized boredom scale. Physiological measures were obtained during each calibration including P300 amplitude, theta power, alpha power, median power frequency and eye-blink rate. There was a significant decrease in AUC over the five sessions. This was paralleled by increases in self-rated sleepiness and boredom and decreases in P300 amplitude. Alpha power, median power frequency, and eye-blink rate also increased but more modestly. AUC changes were only partly explained by changes in P300 amplitude. There was a decrease in BCI performance over time that related to increases in sleepiness and boredom. This worsened performance was only partly explained by decreases in P300 amplitude. Thus, drowsiness and boredom have a negative impact on BCI performance. Increased BCI performance may be possible by developing physiological measures to provide feedback to the user or to adapt the classifier to state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Oken
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239 USA
| | - Tab Memmott
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239 USA
| | - Brandon Eddy
- Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239 USA
| | - Jack Wiedrick
- Biostatistics and Design Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239 USA
| | - Melanie Fried-Oken
- Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239 USA
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13
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Barbato G, Cirace F, Monteforte E, Costanzo A. Seasonal variation of spontaneous blink rate and beta EEG activity. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:126-133. [PMID: 30245376 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal variations of the photoperiod have been shown to regulate biological and behavioral functions, with also effects on clinical symptom and course of several psychiatric conditions. Although melatonin is considered the principal signal used to transmit informations about the light and dark cycle, a dopamine (DA) role in regulating seasonal changes has been suggested. Few studies have addressed a seasonal pattern of dopamine, and human studies have been conducted on inter-subject differences, comparing measures obtained during fall-winter with those of spring-summer. We studied within-subject seasonal changes of blink rate (BR), a indirect marker of central DA activity, in 26 normal subjects (15 females and 11 males, mean age: 24.7 ± 4.0) during winter, spring, summer and fall. Occipital EEG activity and subjective measures of vigilance and mood were also assessed to account for variations on arousal and fatigue. A significant seasonal effect was found for BR, with higher rate in summer, and for EEG beta activity, with higher activity in spring and summer. Subjective fatigue was found higher in winter. According to our data, it is possible that higher BR and increased EEG beta activity result by an arousal activation sustained by dopamine systems during the months with a long photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Barbato
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Cirace
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Erika Monteforte
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonio Costanzo
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
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14
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Spagnolo PA, Wang H, Srivanitchapoom P, Schwandt M, Heilig M, Hallett M. Lack of Target Engagement Following Low-Frequency Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Anterior Insula. Neuromodulation 2018; 22:877-883. [PMID: 30370983 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-frequency, inhibitory, deep rTMS with a novel H-coil specifically designed to stimulate the insula. METHODS In a randomized, crossover order, 16 healthy volunteers underwent two sessions (sham; active) of 1 Hz repetitive TMS at an intensity of 120% of individual motor threshold, over the right anterior insular cortex localized using a neuronavigation system. Before, immediately after, and one hour after rTMS, subjects performed two tasks that have previously been shown in fMRI experiments to activate insular cortex: A blink suppression task and a forced-choice risk-taking task. RESULTS No drop-outs or adverse events occurred. Active deep rTMS did not result in decreased urge to blink compared to sham. Similarly, no significant time × condition interaction on risk-taking behavior was found. CONCLUSIONS Low-frequency deep rTMS using a novel H8 coil was shown to be safe but did not affect any of the behavioral markers, also used to investigate modulation of insula activity. Our findings highlight the challenges of modulating the activity of deep brain regions with TMS. Further studies are necessary to identify effective stimulation parameters for deep targets, and to characterize the effects of deep TMS on overlying cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primavera A Spagnolo
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Prachaya Srivanitchapoom
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Melanie Schwandt
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, IKE, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Slama H, Chylinski DO, Deliens G, Leproult R, Schmitz R, Peigneux P. Sleep Deprivation Triggers Cognitive Control Impairments in Task-Goal Switching. Sleep 2017; 41:4737239. [PMID: 29244170 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES This study investigates the impact of sleep deprivation (SD) on task-goal switching, a key component of cognitive flexibility. METHODS Task-goal switching performance was tested after one night of regular sleep (n = 17 participants) or of total SD (n = 18). To understand the relationships between task-switching performance and other cognitive processes following SD, participants were tested for other key attentional (alertness and vigilance) and executive (inhibition and working memory) functions. Spontaneous eye blink rate (EBR) was also measured as an indirect marker of striatal dopaminergic function. RESULTS SD negatively affects task-goal switching as well as attentional and inhibition measures, but not working memory. Changes in task-goal switching performance were not significantly correlated with changes in objective and subjective markers of fatigue and sleepiness, response inhibition, or spontaneous EBR. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results show differentiated effects of SD on key executive functions such as working memory, inhibition, and task-goal switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Slama
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,UNESCOG - Research Unit in Cognitive Neurosciences at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Work Performed: Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
| | - Daphne Olivia Chylinski
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Work Performed: Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
| | - Gaétane Deliens
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,ACTE - Autism in Context: Theory and Experience/Langage & Esprit, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Work Performed: Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
| | - Rachel Leproult
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Work Performed: Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
| | - Rémy Schmitz
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Work Performed: Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Work Performed: Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
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16
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Measurement of spontaneous blinks in patients with Parkinson's disease using a new high-speed blink analysis system. J Neurol Sci 2017; 380:200-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Kleinsorge T, Scheil J. Integration of Advance Information about a Forthcoming Task Switch - Evidence from Eye Blink Rates. Front Psychol 2017; 8:290. [PMID: 28293210 PMCID: PMC5328948 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated task switching among four tasks by means of a modified cuing procedure with two types of cues. One type of cue consisted of a standard task cue indicating the next task. In half of the trials, this task cue was preceded by another type of cue that reduced the set of candidate tasks from four to two tasks. In addition, we measured participants' spontaneous eye blink rates (EBRs) at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of the experiment. Whereas interindividual differences in mean EBR had no pronounced effect on task switching performance, changes in EBRs during the first half of the experiment significantly modulated the interaction of the effects of the two types of cues. We suggest that changes in EBRs in the early phase of the experiment reflect adaptations of dopaminergic projections serving to integrate advance information about a forthcoming task switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kleinsorge
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (LG) Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juliane Scheil
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (LG) Dortmund, Germany
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18
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Groen Y, Börger NA, Koerts J, Thome J, Tucha O. Blink rate and blink timing in children with ADHD and the influence of stimulant medication. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:27-38. [PMID: 26471801 PMCID: PMC5281678 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous eye blink rate is modulated by task demands and internal state, and is demonstrated to reflect central dopamine activity. Also, spontaneous eye blinks are strategically timed around salient stimuli. This study investigates whether children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show reduced blink rates, blink modulation and blink timing, and whether this is influenced by stimulant medication. The electrooculogram was measured in 18 typically developing children, 16 children with ADHD off methylphenidate (Mph), and 16 children with ADHD on Mph during a rest period and during performance of a 60-min visual selective attention task. Blink rate and timing was extracted from the electrooculogram. No evidence was found for aberrant blink rate or blink modulation in children with ADHD off Mph. All groups increased blink rates from rest to task, and no group differences were found in blink rate during rest and task, or in the modulation of blink rate from rest to task. Time-on task resulted in a similar increase in blink rates in all three groups. Stimulant medication appeared not to influence blink rate and blink modulation, except that in the ADHD off Mph group the blink rate was enhanced only under conditions with performance feedback. All groups inhibited blinks before stimulus presentation and strategically timed their blinks after the stimulus. Children with ADHD off Mph showed reduced blink inhibition before the stimulus; however, given the low incidence (<1 % of the trials) and long latency this is not likely to impair their visual intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Groen
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - N A Börger
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Koerts
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Thome
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - O Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Schneider M, Hathway P, Leuchs L, Sämann PG, Czisch M, Spoormaker VI. Spontaneous pupil dilations during the resting state are associated with activation of the salience network. Neuroimage 2016; 139:189-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Spontaneous eye blink rate as predictor of dopamine-related cognitive function-A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:58-82. [PMID: 27555290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An extensive body of research suggests the spontaneous eye blink rate (EBR) is a non-invasive indirect marker of central dopamine (DA) function, with higher EBR predicting higher DA function. In the present review we provide a comprehensive overview of this literature. We broadly divide the available research in studies that aim to disentangle the dopaminergic underpinnings of EBR, investigate its utility in diagnosis of DA-related disorders and responsivity to drug treatment, and, lastly, investigate EBR as predictor of individual differences in DA-related cognitive performance. We conclude (i) EBR can reflect both DA receptor subtype D1 and D2 activity, although baseline EBR might be most strongly related to the latter, (ii) EBR can predict hypo- and hyperdopaminergic activity as well as normalization of this activity following treatment, and (iii) EBR can reliably predict individual differences in performance on many cognitive tasks, in particular those related to reward-driven behavior and cognitive flexibility. In sum, this review establishes EBR as a useful predictor of DA in a wide variety of contexts.
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Roy RN, Charbonnier S, Bonnet S. Eye blink characterization from frontal EEG electrodes using source separation and pattern recognition algorithms. Biomed Signal Process Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Revisiting the association between hypnotisability and blink rate. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:3763-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Spontaneous eyeblink activity under different conditions of gaze (eye position) and visual glare. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1147-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Fried M, Tsitsiashvili E, Bonneh YS, Sterkin A, Wygnanski-Jaffe T, Epstein T, Polat U. ADHD subjects fail to suppress eye blinks and microsaccades while anticipating visual stimuli but recover with medication. Vision Res 2014; 101:62-72. [PMID: 24863585 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oculomotor behavior and parameters are known to be affected by the allocation of attention and could potentially be used to investigate attention disorders. We explored the oculomotor markers of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that are involuntary and quantitative and that could be used to reveal the core-affected mechanisms, as well as be used for differential diagnosis. We recorded eye movements in a group of 22 ADHD-diagnosed patients with and without medication (methylphenidate) and in 22 control observers while performing the test of variables of attention (t.o.v.a.). We found that the average microsaccade and blink rates were higher in the ADHD group, especially in the time interval around stimulus onset. These rates increased monotonically over session time for both groups, but with significantly faster increments in the unmedicated ADHD group. With medication, the level and time course of the microsaccade rate were fully normalized to the control level, regardless of the time interval within trials. In contrast, the pupil diameter decreased over time within sessions and significantly increased above the control level with medication. We interpreted the suppression of microsaccades and eye blinks around the stimulus onset as reflecting a temporal anticipation mechanism for the transient allocation of attention, and their overall rates as inversely reflecting the level of arousal. We suggest that ADHD subjects fail to maintain sufficient levels of arousal during a simple and prolonged task, which limits their ability to dynamically allocate attention while anticipating visual stimuli. This impairment normalizes with medication and its oculomotor quantification could potentially be used for differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Fried
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Eteri Tsitsiashvili
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yoram S Bonneh
- Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anna Sterkin
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Tamara Wygnanski-Jaffe
- Goldshleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamir Epstein
- Psychiatric Division, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Uri Polat
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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Barbato G, Costanzo A, Della Monica C, D'Onofrio P, Cerrato F, De Padova V. Effects of prolonged wakefulness: the role of PERIOD3 genotypes and personality traits. Psychol Rep 2014; 113:540-51. [PMID: 24597447 DOI: 10.2466/09.16.pr0.113x19z4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The roles of personality traits, as assessed by Eysenck Personality Inventory, and of the clock gene PERIODS (PER3) were analysed on the subjective effects of prolonged wakefulness. A sample of 70 healthy participants (7 men, 63 women; M age = 24.2 yr., SD = 3.2) was studied during forced wakefulness between 7:30 p.m. and 9:30 a.m. According to Eysenck's arousal model, it was hypothesized that prolonged wakefulness might affect in a different way those classified as Introverted and Extraverted. During the forced wakefulness period, the Introverted group showed greater decrease in subjective measures of vigilance than did the Extraverted group, but no differences were observed between groups with high and low scores on Psychoticism and Neuroticism. Prolonged wakefulness had a negative effect on subjective sleepiness and mood in all three PER3 polymorphisms analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Flavia Cerrato
- Department of Environmental Science, Second University of Naples, Italy
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26
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Two-Dimensional Video Analysis of the Upper Eyelid Motion During Spontaneous Blinking. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 30:146-51. [DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Wilkinson VE, Jackson ML, Westlake J, Stevens B, Barnes M, Swann P, Rajaratnam SMW, Howard ME. The accuracy of eyelid movement parameters for drowsiness detection. J Clin Sleep Med 2013; 9:1315-24. [PMID: 24340294 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.3278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Drowsiness is a major risk factor for motor vehicle and occupational accidents. Real-time objective indicators of drowsiness could potentially identify drowsy individuals with the goal of intervening before an accident occurs. Several ocular measures are promising objective indicators of drowsiness; however, there is a lack of studies evaluating their accuracy for detecting behavioral impairment due to drowsiness in real time. METHODS In this study, eye movement parameters were measured during vigilance tasks following restricted sleep and in a rested state (n = 33 participants) at three testing points (n = 71 data points) to compare ocular measures to a gold standard measure of drowsiness (OSLER). The utility of these parameters for detecting drowsiness-related errors was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) (adjusted by clustering for participant) and identification of optimal cutoff levels for identifying frequent drowsiness-related errors (4 missed signals in a minute using OSLER). Their accuracy was tested for detecting increasing frequencies of behavioral lapses on a different task (psychomotor vigilance task [PVT]). RESULTS Ocular variables which measured the average duration of eyelid closure (inter-event duration [IED]) and the ratio of the amplitude to velocity of eyelid closure were reliable indicators of frequent errors (area under the curve for ROC of 0.73 to 0.83, p < 0.05). IED produced a sensitivity and specificity of 71% and 88% for detecting ≥ 3 lapses (PVT) in a minute and 100% and 86% for ≥ 5 lapses. A composite measure of several eye movement characteristics (Johns Drowsiness Scale) provided sensitivities of 77% and 100% for detecting 3 and ≥ 5 lapses in a minute, with specificities of 85% and 83%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Ocular measures, particularly those measuring the average duration of episodes of eye closure are promising real-time indicators of drowsiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa E Wilkinson
- Institute for Breathing & Sleep, Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
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Wu Z, Begley CG, Situ P, Simpson T, Liu H. The effects of mild ocular surface stimulation and concentration on spontaneous blink parameters. Curr Eye Res 2013; 39:9-20. [PMID: 24047501 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.822896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This exploratory, pilot study compared the effects of concentrating on a visual task and a very mild ocular surface air stimulus on multiple blink parameters. METHODS Ten subjects participated in this study. There were two visits, one with an ocular surface air stimulus (AS) and one without (NS). The AS was set at a level barely perceptible by subjects (approximately 0.6 m/s at the eye). At each visit, subjects performed a high-concentration (HC) and low-concentration (LC) task. Blinking was tracked and tear-film breakup (TBU) was monitored simultaneously to measure blink parameters, including the interblink interval (IBI), blink amplitude, duration, maximum velocity and TBU before and after each blink. RESULTS During the HC tasks, IBI was significantly higher and blink duration was lower (repeated measures ANOVA, p < 0.05) than the LC tasks. The IBI in the AS-LC condition was significantly lower and less variable than in the NS-HC condition, whereas blink duration showed the opposite effect (Hotelling T² test, p < 0.005). There was high individual variation in correlations between blink amplitude and maximum velocity. The area of TBU was not significantly correlated with any blink parameter. CONCLUSIONS The lack of correlation between TBU and blinking suggests that many blinks are stimulated by internal controls, rather than direct stimulation of the ocular surface by TBU. This pilot study suggests that even very mild ocular surface stimulation produces opposite effects on the timing and duration of the blink, when compared to concentrating on a visual task. The HC task tends to decrease blink frequency and duration, presumably to minimize interruption by the eyelids, whereas mild ocular surface AS increased blink frequency and duration, most likely to increase protection of the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Wu
- School of Optometry, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN , USA
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29
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Fischer T, Graupner ST, Velichkovsky BM, Pannasch S. Attentional dynamics during free picture viewing: Evidence from oculomotor behavior and electrocortical activity. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:17. [PMID: 23759704 PMCID: PMC3671178 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most empirical evidence on attentional control is based on brief presentations of rather abstract stimuli. Results revealed indications for a dynamic interplay between bottom-up and top-down attentional mechanisms. Here we used a more naturalistic task to examine temporal signatures of attentional mechanisms on fine and coarse time scales. Subjects had to inspect digitized copies of 60 paintings, each shown for 40 s. We simultaneously measured oculomotor behavior and electrophysiological correlates of brain activity to compare early and late intervals (1) of inspection time of each picture (picture viewing) and (2) of the full experiment (time on task). For picture viewing, we found an increase in fixation duration and a decrease of saccadic amplitude while these parameters did not change with time on task. Furthermore, early in picture viewing we observed higher spatial and temporal similarity of gaze behavior. Analyzing electrical brain activity revealed changes in three components (C1, N1 and P2) of the eye fixation-related potential (EFRP); during picture viewing; no variation was obtained for the power in the frontal beta- and in the theta activity. Time on task analyses demonstrated no effects on the EFRP amplitudes but an increase of power in the frontal theta and beta band activity. Thus, behavioral and electrophysiological measures similarly show characteristic changes during picture viewing, indicating a shifting balance of its underlying (bottom-up and top-down) attentional mechanisms. Time on task also modulated top-down attention but probably represents a different attentional mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fischer
- Engineering Psychology and Applied Cognitive Research, Department of Psychology, Technische Universitaet Dresden Germany
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van Gog T, Jarodzka H. Eye Tracking as a Tool to Study and Enhance Cognitive and Metacognitive Processes in Computer-Based Learning Environments. INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF METACOGNITION AND LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5546-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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31
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Dopamine activation in Neuroticism as measured by spontaneous eye blink rate. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:332-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Detecting deteriorated vigilance using percentage of eyelid closure time during behavioral maintenance of wakefulness tests. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 82:269-74. [PMID: 21978525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several researchers have investigated the relation between vigilance and ocular variables such as saccade, slow eye movement, pupil, blink, or eyelid closure. This study was undertaken to find the most effective indicator among these ocular variables for evaluating short-term (1 min) fluctuation of vigilance, and to investigate the ability of the most effective ocular variable for predicting deteriorated vigilance during behavioral maintenance of the wakefulness test (Oxford sleep resistance test: OSLER test). Nine healthy volunteers (two women, 19-30 years old, 23.4±3.9 years old) participated in this study. Ocular variables were recorded during the OSLER test at 10 A.M. and 2 P.M. before and after partial sleep deprivation (4h sleep). The periods during the OSLER test were divided into 1 min epochs. Each epoch was classified according to the number of consecutive missed responses. Decreased blink frequency and pupil diameter as well as increased percentage of eyelid closure time (PERCLOS) and slow eye movement were observed as the consecutive missed responses increased. Among these variables, PERCLOS showed the highest ability to detect occurrence of any missed response and three or more consecutive missed responses. Moreover, a missed response seldom occurred (0.2±0.2/20 trial/min) when PERCLOS was less than 11.5% per minute. Results suggest that, among the ocular variables, PERCLOS can prevent error or accident caused by low vigilance most effectively.
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Abstract
Spontaneous blinking is essential for maintaining a healthy ocular surface and clarity of vision. The spontaneous blink rate (SBR) is believed to reflect a complex interaction between peripheral influences mediated by the eye surface and the central dopaminergic activity. The SBR is thus extremely variable and dependent on a variety of psychological and medical conditions. Many different methods have been employed to measure the SBR and the upper eyelid kinematics during a blink movement. Each has its own merits and drawbacks, and the choice of a specific method should be tailored to the specific needs of the investigation. Although the sequence of muscle events that leads to a blink has been fully described, knowledge about the neural control of spontaneous blinking activity is not complete. The tear film is dynamically modified between blinks, and abnormalities of the blink rate have an obvious influence on the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio A V Cruz
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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De Padova V, Barbato G, Conte F, Ficca G. Diurnal variation of spontaneous eye blink rate in the elderly and its relationships with sleepiness and arousal. Neurosci Lett 2009; 463:40-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sleep deprivation decreases binding of [11C]raclopride to dopamine D2/D3 receptors in the human brain. J Neurosci 2008; 28:8454-61. [PMID: 18716203 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1443-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation did not affect dopamine transporters (target for most wake-promoting medications) and thus dopamine increases are likely to reflect increases in dopamine cell firing and/or release rather than decreases in dopamine reuptake. Because dopamine-enhancing drugs increase wakefulness, we postulate that dopamine increases after sleep deprivation is a mechanism by which the brain maintains arousal as the drive to sleep increases but one that is insufficient to counteract behavioral and cognitive impairment. Sleep deprivation can markedly impair human performance contributing to accidents and poor productivity. The mechanisms underlying this impairment are not well understood, but brain dopamine systems have been implicated. Here, we test whether one night of sleep deprivation changes dopamine brain activity. We studied 15 healthy subjects using positron emission tomography and [11C]raclopride (dopamine D2/D3 receptor radioligand) and [11C]cocaine (dopamine transporter radioligand). Subjects were tested twice: after one night of rested sleep and after one night of sleep deprivation. The specific binding of [11C]raclopride in the striatum and thalamus were significantly reduced after sleep deprivation and the magnitude of this reduction correlated with increases in fatigue (tiredness and sleepiness) and with deterioration in cognitive performance (visual attention and working memory). In contrast, sleep deprivation did not affect the specific binding of [11C]cocaine in the striatum. Because [11C]raclopride competes with endogenous dopamine for binding to D2/D3 receptors, we interpret the decreases in binding to reflect dopamine increases with sleep deprivation. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that decreased [11C]raclopride binding reflects decreases in receptor levels or affinity. Sleep deprivation did not affect dopamine transporters (target for most wake-promoting medications) and thus dopamine increases are likely to reflect increases in dopamine cell firing and/or release rather than decreases in dopamine reuptake. Because dopamine-enhancing drugs increase wakefulness, we postulate that dopamine increases after sleep deprivation is a mechanism by which the brain maintains arousal as the drive to sleep increases but one that is insufficient to counteract behavioral and cognitive impairment.
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Rao Y, Liu ZW, Borok E, Rabenstein RL, Shanabrough M, Lu M, Picciotto MR, Horvath TL, Gao XB. Prolonged wakefulness induces experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in mouse hypocretin/orexin neurons. J Clin Invest 2008; 117:4022-33. [PMID: 18060037 DOI: 10.1172/jci32829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a natural process that preserves energy, facilitates development, and restores the nervous system in higher animals. Sleep loss resulting from physiological and pathological conditions exerts tremendous pressure on neuronal circuitry responsible for sleep-wake regulation. It is not yet clear how acute and chronic sleep loss modify neuronal activities and lead to adaptive changes in animals. Here, we show that acute and chronic prolonged wakefulness in mice induced by modafinil treatment produced long-term potentiation (LTP) of glutamatergic synapses on hypocretin/orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, a well-established arousal/wake-promoting center. A similar potentiation of synaptic strength at glutamatergic synapses on hypocretin/orexin neurons was also seen when mice were sleep deprived for 4 hours by gentle handling. Blockade of dopamine D1 receptors attenuated prolonged wakefulness and synaptic plasticity in these neurons, suggesting that modafinil functions through activation of the dopamine system. Also, activation of the cAMP pathway was not able to further induce LTP at glutamatergic synapses in brain slices from mice treated with modafinil. These results indicate that synaptic plasticity due to prolonged wakefulness occurs in circuits responsible for arousal and may contribute to changes in the brain and body of animals experiencing sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Rao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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