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Carroll FI, Lewin AH, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH, Reddy PA. Designer drugs: a medicinal chemistry perspective (II). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1489:48-77. [PMID: 32396701 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During 2012-2018, the clandestine manufacture of new psychoactive substances (NPS) designed to circumvent substance control regulations increased exponentially worldwide, with concomitant increase in fatalities. This review focuses on three compound classes identified as synthetic opioids, synthetic amphetamines, and synthetic cannabinoids and highlights the medicinal chemistry precedents utilized by clandestine laboratories to develop new NPS with increased brain penetration, longer duration of action, and greater potency. Chemical approaches to illicit drug abuse treatment options, particularly for opioid use disorder, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Anita H Lewin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Herbert H Seltzman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - P Anantha Reddy
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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2
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Santos‐Toscano R, Guirguis A, Davidson C. How preclinical studies have influenced novel psychoactive substance legislation in the UK and Europe. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:452-481. [DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Santos‐Toscano
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences University of Central Lancashire UK
| | - Amira Guirguis
- Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University Swansea UK
| | - Colin Davidson
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences University of Central Lancashire UK
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Yoon KS, Lee JM, Kim YH, Suh SK, Cha HJ. Cardiotoxic effects of [3-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yl] acetate and 3-[2-[ethyl(methyl)amino]ethyl]-1H-indol-4-ol. Toxicol Lett 2019; 319:40-48. [PMID: 31706004 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two synthetic tryptamines, namely [3-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yl] acetate (4-AcO-DET) and 3-[2-[ethyl(methyl)amino]ethyl]-1H-indol-4-ol (4-HO-MET), are abused by individuals seeking recreational hallucinogens. These new psychoactive substances (NPSs) can cause serious health problems because their adverse effects are mostly unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the cardiotoxicity of 4-AcO-DET and 4-HO-MET using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, electrocardiography (ECG), and the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) assay. In addition, we analyzed the expression level of p21 (CDC42/RAC)-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), which is known to play various roles in the cardiovascular system. In the MTT assay, 4-AcO-DET- and 4-HO-MET-treated H9c2 cells proliferated in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, both substances increased QT intervals (as determined using ECG) in Sprague-Dawley rats and inhibited potassium channels (as verified by the hERG assay) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. However, there was no change in PAK1 expression. Collectively, the results indicated that 4-AcO-DET and 4-HO-MET might cause adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. Further studies are required to confirm the relationship between PAK1 expression and cardiotoxicity. The findings of the present study would provide science-based evidence for scheduling the two NPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Sik Yoon
- National Institute of Drug and Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- National Institute of Drug and Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- National Institute of Drug and Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo Kyung Suh
- National Institute of Drug and Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Jin Cha
- National Institute of Drug and Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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Noworyta-Sokołowska K, Górska AM, Gołembiowska K. The effect of repeated-intermittent exposure to 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) during adolescence on learning and memory in adult rats. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:890-895. [PMID: 32002966 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the European Drug Report, the use of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) is constantly growing. NPS are widely abused by human adolescent subjects. 5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) is one of the most frequently used hallucinogenic NPS. 5-MeO-DIPT intoxication results in hallucinations, vomiting, and tachycardia. Long-term exposure to 5-MeO-DIPT was reported to lead to development of post-hallucinogenic perception disorder. The aim of the present study was to determine whether repeated-intermittent administration of 5-MeO-DIPT during adolescence affects learning and memory in adult rats. METHODS Rats were treated with 5-MeO-DIPT in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg from 30 to 33 and 37 to 40 Postnatal Day (PND). The experiments were conducted when the animals reached 90 PND. The effect of 5-MeO-DIPT on cognitive functions was assessed using the novel object recognition, open field, and serial pattern learning (SPL) tests. RESULTS Repeated-intermittent exposure to 5-MeO-DIPT during adolescence decreased the number of crossings in the open field test at adulthood. Moreover, 5-MeO-DIPT treatment impaired adult rats' learning in the SPL test. There was no change in the novel object recognition test. CONCLUSIONS The present results show that the performance of adult rats treated with 5-MeO-DIPT during adolescence was impaired in the open field test, which indicates the attenuated exploratory activity. 5-MeO-DIPT treatment undermined adult rats' performance in the serial pattern learning test, suggesting impairment of long term memory and cognitive flexibility. The present study showed that the exposure to 5-MeO-DIPT during adolescence might lead to long-lasting behavioral changes which persisted long after the exposure period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Maria Górska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krystyna Gołembiowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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Noworyta-Sokołowska K, Kamińska K, Rzemieniec J, Wnuk A, Wojcieszak J, Górska AM, Kreiner G, Kajta M, Gołembiowska K. Effects of exposure to 5-MeO-DIPT during adolescence on brain neurotransmission and neurotoxicity in adult rats. Forensic Toxicol 2018; 37:45-58. [PMID: 30636982 PMCID: PMC6315008 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tryptamine hallucinogen 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) is a serotonin transporter inhibitor with high affinity for serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A/C receptors. We showed previously that 5-MeO-DIPT in a single dose increased neurotransmitter release in brain regions of rats and elicited single- and double-strand DNA breaks. Herein we investigated the effects of repeated-intermittent 5-MeO-DIPT administration in adolescence on dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and glutamate release in brain regions of adult rats. Furthermore, we examined caspase-3 activity, oxidative DNA damage, the Gpx3, Sod1, Ht1a and Ht2a mRNA expression levels, and cell viability. METHODS Neurotransmitter release was measured by microdialysis in freely moving animals. Caspase-3 activity was assessed colorimetrically, and oxidative DNA damage with the comet assay, while the Gpx3, Sod1, Ht1a and Ht2a mRNA expression levels were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cell viability was studied in SH-SY5Y and Hep G2 cells by the MTT test. RESULTS We observed changed responses of DA, 5-HT and glutamate neurons to a challenge dose of 5-MeO-DIPT when animals were treated repeatedly in adolescence with this hallucinogen. The basal extracellular levels of DA and 5-HT were decreased in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, while glutamate level was increased in the nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex. The damage of cortical DNA, increased Gpx3 and Sod1 mRNA expression and affected caspase-3 activity were also observed. Furthermore, decreased Ht1a and Ht2a mRNA expression in the frontal cortex and marked cytotoxicity of 5-MeO-DIPT were found. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that 5-MeO-DIPT given repeatedly during adolescence affects brain neurotransmission and shows neurotoxic potential observed in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Noworyta-Sokołowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Rzemieniec
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wnuk
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Wojcieszak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Górska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krystyna Gołembiowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Lisdahl KM, Sher KJ, Conway KP, Gonzalez R, Feldstein Ewing SW, Nixon SJ, Tapert S, Bartsch H, Goldstein RZ, Heitzeg M. Adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study: Overview of substance use assessment methods. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 32:80-96. [PMID: 29559216 PMCID: PMC6375310 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the objectives of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (https://abcdstudy.org/) is to establish a national longitudinal cohort of 9 and 10 year olds that will be followed for 10 years in order to prospectively study the risk and protective factors influencing substance use and its consequences, examine the impact of substance use on neurocognitive, health and psychosocial outcomes, and to understand the relationship between substance use and psychopathology. This article provides an overview of the ABCD Study Substance Use Workgroup, provides the goals for the workgroup, rationale for the substance use battery, and includes details on the substance use module methods and measurement tools used during baseline, 6-month and 1-year follow-up assessment time-points. Prospective, longitudinal assessment of these substance use domains over a period of ten years in a nationwide sample of youth presents an unprecedented opportunity to further understand the timing and interactive relationships between substance use and neurocognitive, health, and psychopathology outcomes in youth living in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Lisdahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2441 East Hartford Ave, 224 Garland Hall, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States.
| | - Kenneth J Sher
- Curators' Professor of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Kevin P Conway
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse,6001 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University,11200 SW 8th Street AHC-4, 461, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Sarah W Feldstein Ewing
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail code: DC7P, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland OR 97239, United States
| | - Sara Jo Nixon
- Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 100256, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Susan Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, United States
| | - Hauke Bartsch
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego,9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry (primary) and Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute (secondary), Chief, Brain Imaging Center (BIC), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Leon and Norma Hess Center for Science and Medicine, 1470 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Mary Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan,4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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Araújo AM, Carvalho F, Bastos MDL, Guedes de Pinho P, Carvalho M. The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1151-73. [PMID: 25877327 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Costa V, Lugert S, Jagasia R. Role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in cognition in physiology and disease: pharmacological targets and biomarkers. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 228:99-155. [PMID: 25977081 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16522-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a remarkable form of brain structural plasticity by which new functional neurons are generated from adult neural stem cells/precursors. Although the precise role of this process remains elusive, adult hippocampal neurogenesis is important for learning and memory and it is affected in disease conditions associated with cognitive impairment, depression, and anxiety. Immature neurons in the adult brain exhibit an enhanced structural and synaptic plasticity during their maturation representing a unique population of neurons to mediate specific hippocampal function. Compelling preclinical evidence suggests that hippocampal neurogenesis is modulated by a broad range of physiological stimuli which are relevant in cognitive and emotional states. Moreover, multiple pharmacological interventions targeting cognition modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, recent genetic approaches have shown that promoting neurogenesis can positively modulate cognition associated with both physiology and disease. Thus the discovery of signaling pathways that enhance adult neurogenesis may lead to therapeutic strategies for improving memory loss due to aging or disease. This chapter endeavors to review the literature in the field, with particular focus on (1) the role of hippocampal neurogenesis in cognition in physiology and disease; (2) extrinsic and intrinsic signals that modulate hippocampal neurogenesis with a focus on pharmacological targets; and (3) efforts toward novel strategies pharmacologically targeting neurogenesis and identification of biomarkers of human neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Costa
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases (NORD), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 124 Grenzacherstrasse, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
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Graham DL, Herring NR, Schaefer TL, Holland KD, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Electroencephalographic and convulsive effects of binge doses of (+)-methamphetamine, 5-methoxydiisopropyltryptamine, and (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 5:1-8. [PMID: 25995775 DOI: 10.2174/1876523801205010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of drugs such as methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy, MDMA), and 5-methoxydiisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT; Foxy) is global. Symptoms from taking these drugs include tachycardia, agitation, hyperpyrexia, and sometimes seizures. We compared the EEG effects of these drugs in male Sprague-Dawley rats (~300 g) implanted with cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) electrodes prior to testing. Animals received four subcutaneous injections of MA, MDMA, or Foxy (10 mg/kg each as freebase, administered every 2 h), or saline as these doses produce lasting effects on learning, memory, and monoamines. EEG tracings were recorded before, during, and after treatment. Animals receiving MDMA showed no significant EEG abnormalities or myoclonus. MA treatment resulted in myoclonic activity and in brief (<10 s) EEG epileptiform activity in ~50% of the rats. Longer seizure activity (10 s to 5 min) was recorded in some MA-treated rats following the third and fourth doses. The onset of myoclonic activity following Foxy treatment occurred shortly after the first dose. All rats receiving Foxy showed seizures by the second dose and this continued throughout the treatment regimen. The results show that binge doses of MA and MDMA, which mimic the neurochemical changes seen in chronic users, increase EEG abnormalities after MA but not after MDMA. While the neurochemical effects of Foxy are not known in humans, this drug causes severe EEG abnormalities and overt seizures in 100% of tested animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon L Graham
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicole R Herring
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tori L Schaefer
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Katherine D Holland
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael T Williams
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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