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Kentar M, Ramirez-Cuapio FL, Gutiérrez-Herrera MA, Sanchez-Porras R, Díaz-Peregrino R, Holzwarth N, Maier-Hein L, Woitzik J, Santos E. Mild hypothermia reduces spreading depolarizations and infarct size in a swine model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:999-1009. [PMID: 36722153 PMCID: PMC10196741 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231154604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Spreading depolarizations (SDs) have been linked to infarct volume expansion following ischemic stroke. Therapeutic hypothermia provides a neuroprotective effect after ischemic stroke. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hypothermia on the propagation of SDs and infarct volume in an ischemic swine model. Through left orbital exenteration, middle cerebral arteries were surgically occluded (MCAo) in 16 swine. Extensive craniotomy and durotomy were performed. Six hypothermic and five normothermic animals were included in the analysis. An intracranial temperature probe was placed right frontal subdural. One hour after ischemic onset, mild hypothermia was induced and eighteen hours of electrocorticographic (ECoG) and intrinsic optical signal (IOS) recordings were acquired. Postmortem, 4 mm-thick slices were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride to estimate the infarct volume. Compared to normothermia (36.4 ± 0.4°C), hypothermia (32.3 ± 0.2°C) significantly reduced the frequency and expansion of SDs (ECoG: 3.5 ± 2.1, 73.2 ± 5.2% vs. 1.0 ± 0.7, 41.9 ± 21.8%; IOS 3.9 ± 0.4, 87.6 ± 12.0% vs. 1.4 ± 0.7, 67.7 ± 8.3%, respectively). Further, infarct volume among hypothermic animals (23.2 ± 1.8% vs. 32.4 ± 2.5%) was significantly reduced. Therapeutic hypothermia reduces infarct volume and the frequency and expansion of SDs following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modar Kentar
- Department of Neurosurgery,
University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Renan Sanchez-Porras
- Department of Neurosurgery,
Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg,
Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Niklas Holzwarth
- Division of Intelligent Medical
Systems, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Maier-Hein
- Division of Intelligent Medical
Systems, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Woitzik
- Department of Neurosurgery,
Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg,
Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Edgar Santos
- Department of Neurosurgery,
University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery,
Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg,
Oldenburg, Germany
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Sorby-Adams AJ, Marian OC, Bilecki IM, Elms LE, Camargo J, Hall K, Crowther RG, Leonard AV, Wadsworth GI, Spear JH, Turner RJ, Jones CF. Neurological scoring and gait kinematics to assess functional outcome in an ovine model of ischaemic stroke. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1071794. [PMID: 36891474 PMCID: PMC9986303 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1071794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Assessment of functional impairment following ischaemic stroke is essential to determine outcome and efficacy of intervention in both clinical patients and pre-clinical models. Although paradigms are well described for rodents, comparable methods for large animals, such as sheep, remain limited. This study aimed to develop methods to assess function in an ovine model of ischaemic stroke using composite neurological scoring and gait kinematics from motion capture. Methods Merino sheep (n = 26) were anaesthetised and subjected to 2 hours middle cerebral artery occlusion. Animals underwent functional assessment at baseline (8-, 5-, and 1-day pre-stroke), and 3 days post-stroke. Neurological scoring was carried out to determine changes in neurological status. Ten infrared cameras measured the trajectories of 42 retro-reflective markers for calculation of gait kinematics. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 3 days post-stroke to determine infarct volume. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC's) were used to assess the repeatability of neurological scoring and gait kinematics across baseline trials. The average of all baselines was used to compare changes in neurological scoring and kinematics at 3 days post-stroke. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to determine the relationship between neurological score, gait kinematics, and infarct volume post-stroke. Results Neurological scoring was moderately repeatable across baseline trials (ICC > 0.50) and detected marked impairment post-stroke (p < 0.05). Baseline gait measures showed moderate to good repeatability for the majority of assessed variables (ICC > 0.50). Following stroke, kinematic measures indicative of stroke deficit were detected including an increase in stance and stride duration (p < 0.05). MRI demonstrated infarction involving the cortex and/or thalamus (median 2.7 cm3, IQR 1.4 to 11.9). PCA produced two components, although association between variables was inconclusive. Conclusion This study developed repeatable methods to assess function in sheep using composite scoring and gait kinematics, allowing for the evaluation of deficit 3 days post-stroke. Despite utility of each method independently, there was poor association observed between gait kinematics, composite scoring, and infarct volume on PCA. This suggests that each of these measures has discreet utility for the assessment of stroke deficit, and that multimodal approaches are necessary to comprehensively characterise functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel J Sorby-Adams
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Oana C Marian
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Isabella M Bilecki
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Levi E Elms
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jonathan Camargo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kelly Hall
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert G Crowther
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anna V Leonard
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - George I Wadsworth
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joshua H Spear
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Renée J Turner
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Claire F Jones
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Spinal Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedics and Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, SA, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Multiple Head Rotations Result in Persistent Gait Alterations in Piglets. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112976. [PMID: 36428544 PMCID: PMC9687234 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple/repeated mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in young children can cause long-term gait impairments and affect the developmental course of motor control. Using our swine model for mTBI in young children, our aim was to (i) establish a reference range (RR) for each parameter to validate injury and track recovery, and (ii) evaluate changes in gait patterns following a single and multiple (5×) sagittal rapid non-impact head rotation (RNR). Gait patterns were studied in four groups of 4-week-old Yorkshire swine: healthy (n = 18), anesthesia-only sham (n = 8), single RNR injury (n = 12) and multiple RNR injury (n = 11). Results were evaluated pre-injury and at 1, 4, and 7 days post-injury. RR reliability was validated using additional healthy animals (n = 6). Repeated mTBI produced significant increases in gait time, cycle time, and stance time, as well as decreases in gait velocity and cadence, on Day One post-injury compared to pre-injury, and these remained significantly altered at Day Four and Day Seven post-injury. The gait metrics of the repeated TBI group also significantly fell outside the healthy RR on Day One, with some recovery by Day Four, while many remained altered at Day Seven. Only a bilateral decrease in hind stride length was observed at Day Four in our single RNR group compared to pre-injury. In sum, repeated and single sagittal TBI can significantly impair motor performance, and gait metrics can serve as reliable, objective, quantitative functional assessments in a juvenile porcine RNR TBI model.
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Steinmüller JB, Binda KH, Lillethorup TP, Søgaard B, Orlowski D, Landau AM, Bjarkam CR, Sørensen JCH, Glud AN. Quantitative assessment of motor function in minipig models of neurological disorders using a pressure-sensitive gait mat. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 380:109678. [PMID: 35872152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bech Steinmüller
- CENSE, Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Entrance J, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Neurosurgery, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Hobrovej 18-22, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Karina Henrique Binda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET-Center, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Entrance J, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 13, 2B, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thea Pinholt Lillethorup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET-Center, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Entrance J, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 13, 2B, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Søgaard
- CENSE, Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Entrance J, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Dariusz Orlowski
- CENSE, Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Entrance J, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anne M Landau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET-Center, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Entrance J, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 13, 2B, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten Reidies Bjarkam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Hobrovej 18-22, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens Christian Hedemann Sørensen
- CENSE, Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Entrance J, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Andreas Nørgaard Glud
- CENSE, Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, Entrance J, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Taha A, Bobi J, Dammers R, Dijkhuizen RM, Dreyer AY, van Es ACGM, Ferrara F, Gounis MJ, Nitzsche B, Platt S, Stoffel MH, Volovici V, Del Zoppo GJ, Duncker DJ, Dippel DWJ, Boltze J, van Beusekom HMM. Comparison of Large Animal Models for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Which Model to Use? Stroke 2022; 53:1411-1422. [PMID: 35164533 PMCID: PMC10962757 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.036050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Translation of acute ischemic stroke research to the clinical setting remains limited over the last few decades with only one drug, recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, successfully completing the path from experimental study to clinical practice. To improve the selection of experimental treatments before testing in clinical studies, the use of large gyrencephalic animal models of acute ischemic stroke has been recommended. Currently, these models include, among others, dogs, swine, sheep, and nonhuman primates that closely emulate aspects of the human setting of brain ischemia and reperfusion. Species-specific characteristics, such as the cerebrovascular architecture or pathophysiology of thrombotic/ischemic processes, significantly influence the suitability of a model to address specific research questions. In this article, we review key characteristics of the main large animal models used in translational studies of acute ischemic stroke, regarding (1) anatomy and physiology of the cerebral vasculature, including brain morphology, coagulation characteristics, and immune function; (2) ischemic stroke modeling, including vessel occlusion approaches, reproducibility of infarct size, procedural complications, and functional outcome assessment; and (3) implementation aspects, including ethics, logistics, and costs. This review specifically aims to facilitate the selection of the appropriate large animal model for studies on acute ischemic stroke, based on specific research questions and large animal model characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aladdin Taha
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology (A.T., J.B., D.J.D., H.M.M.v.B.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center (A.T., D.W.J.D.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joaquim Bobi
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology (A.T., J.B., D.J.D., H.M.M.v.B.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben Dammers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stroke Center (R.D., V.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands (R.M.D.)
| | - Antje Y Dreyer
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany (A.Y.D.)
| | - Adriaan C G M van Es
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (A.C.G.M.v.E.)
| | - Fabienne Ferrara
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany (F.F.)
| | - Matthew J Gounis
- Department of Radiology, New England Center for Stroke Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (M.J.G.)
| | - Björn Nitzsche
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B.N.), University of Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (B.N.), University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simon Platt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens (S.P.)
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland (M.H.S.)
| | - Victor Volovici
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stroke Center (R.D., V.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gregory J Del Zoppo
- Division of Hematology (G.J.d.Z.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
- Department of Medicine (G.J.d.Z.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
- Department of Neurology (G.J.d.Z.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology (A.T., J.B., D.J.D., H.M.M.v.B.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diederik W J Dippel
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center (A.T., D.W.J.D.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom (J.B.)
| | - Heleen M M van Beusekom
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology (A.T., J.B., D.J.D., H.M.M.v.B.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Mirkiani S, Roszko DA, O'Sullivan C, Faridi P, Hu DS, Fang D, Everaert DG, Toossi A, Konrad PE, Robinson K, Mushahwar VK. Overground gait kinematics and muscle activation patterns in the Yucatan mini pig. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35172283 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac55ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objectives of this study were to assess gait biomechanics and the effect of overground walking speed on gait parameters, kinematics, and electromyographic (EMG) activity in the hindlimb muscles of Yucatan Minipigs (YMPs). Approach Nine neurologically-intact, adult YMPs were trained to walk overground in a straight line. Whole-body kinematics and EMG activity of hindlimb muscles were recorded and analyzed at 6 different speed ranges (0.4-0.59, 0.6-0.79, 0.8-0.99, 1.0-1.19, 1.2-1.39, and 1.4-1.6 m/s). A MATLAB program was developed to detect strides and gait events automatically from motion-captured data. The kinematics and EMG activity were analyzed for each stride based on the detected events. Main results Significant decreases in stride duration, stance and swing times and an increase in stride length were observed with increasing speed. A transition in gait pattern occurred at the 1.0m/s walking speed. Significant increases in the range of motion of the knee and ankle joints were observed at higher speeds. Also, the points of minimum and maximum joint angles occurred earlier in the gait cycle as the walking speed increased. The onset of EMG activity in the biceps femoris muscle occurred significantly earlier in the gait cycle with increasing speed. Significance YMPs are becoming frequently used as large animal models for preclinical testing and translation of novel interventions to humans. A comprehensive characterization of overground walking in neurologically-intact YMPs is provided in this study. These normative measures set the basis against which the effects of future interventions on locomotor capacity in YMPs can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Mirkiani
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - David A Roszko
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - Carly O'Sullivan
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz, Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - Pouria Faridi
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - David S Hu
- Department of Medicine and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - Daniel Fang
- Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - Dirk G Everaert
- Department of Medicine and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - Amirali Toossi
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - Peter E Konrad
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, PO Box 9183, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, UNITED STATES
| | - Kevin Robinson
- School of Physical Therapy, Belmont University, 341 McWhorter Hall, Nashville, Tennessee, 37212, UNITED STATES
| | - Vivian K Mushahwar
- Department of Medicine and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
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Poythress JC, Park C, Ahn J. Dimension-wise sparse low-rank approximation of a matrix with application to variable selection in high-dimensional integrative analyzes of association. J Appl Stat 2021; 49:3889-3907. [DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2021.1967892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Poythress
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Cheolwoo Park
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, The Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyoun Ahn
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, The Republic of Korea
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Narayan SK, Grace Cherian S, Babu Phaniti P, Babu Chidambaram S, Rachel Vasanthi AH, Arumugam M. Preclinical animal studies in ischemic stroke: Challenges and some solutions. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:104-115. [PMID: 34179718 PMCID: PMC8212819 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the impressive efficacies demonstrated in preclinical research, hundreds of potentially neuroprotective drugs have failed to provide effective neuroprotection for ischemic stroke in human clinical trials. Lack of a powerful animal model for human ischemic stroke could be a major reason for the failure to develop successful neuroprotective drugs for ischemic stroke. This review recapitulates the available cerebral ischemia animal models, provides an anatomical comparison of the circle of Willis of each species, and describes the functional assessment tests used in these ischemic stroke models. The distinct differences between human ischemic stroke and experimental stroke in available animal models is explored. Innovative animal models more closely resembling human strokes, better techniques in functional outcome assessment and better experimental designs generating clearer and stronger evidence may help realise the development of truly neuroprotective drugs that will benefit human ischemic stroke patients. This may involve use of newer molecules or revisiting earlier studies with new experimental designs. Translation of any resultant successes may then be tested in human clinical trials with greater confidence and optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Narayan
- Comprehensive Stroke Care and Neurobiology Centre, Department of NeurologyJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPuducherryIndia
| | - Simy Grace Cherian
- Comprehensive Stroke Care and Neurobiology Centre, Department of NeurologyJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPuducherryIndia
| | - Prakash Babu Phaniti
- Department of Biotechnology & School of Medical SciencesUniversity of HyderabadHyderabadIndia
| | | | | | - Murugesan Arumugam
- Comprehensive Stroke Care and Neurobiology Centre, Department of NeurologyJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPuducherryIndia
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Scheulin KM, Jurgielewicz BJ, Spellicy SE, Waters ES, Baker EW, Kinder HA, Simchick GA, Sneed SE, Grimes JA, Zhao Q, Stice SL, West FD. Exploring the predictive value of lesion topology on motor function outcomes in a porcine ischemic stroke model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3814. [PMID: 33589720 PMCID: PMC7884696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the maximum diagnostic potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by including stroke lesion location in relation to specific structures that are associated with particular functions will likely increase the potential to predict functional deficit type, severity, and recovery in stroke patients. This exploratory study aims to identify key structures lesioned by a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) that impact stroke recovery and to strengthen the predictive capacity of neuroimaging techniques that characterize stroke outcomes in a translational porcine model. Clinically relevant MRI measures showed significant lesion volumes, midline shifts, and decreased white matter integrity post-MCAO. Using a pig brain atlas, damaged brain structures included the insular cortex, somatosensory cortices, temporal gyri, claustrum, and visual cortices, among others. MCAO resulted in severely impaired spatiotemporal gait parameters, decreased voluntary movement in open field testing, and higher modified Rankin Scale scores at acute timepoints. Pearson correlation analyses at acute timepoints between standard MRI metrics (e.g., lesion volume) and functional outcomes displayed moderate R values to functional gait outcomes. Moreover, Pearson correlation analyses showed higher R values between functional gait deficits and increased lesioning of structures associated with motor function, such as the putamen, globus pallidus, and primary somatosensory cortex. This correlation analysis approach helped identify neuroanatomical structures predictive of stroke outcomes and may lead to the translation of this topological analysis approach from preclinical stroke assessment to a clinical biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Scheulin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brian J Jurgielewicz
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Samantha E Spellicy
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Waters
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gregory A Simchick
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sydney E Sneed
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Janet A Grimes
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Qun Zhao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Aruna Bio Inc, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Intracisternal administration of tanshinone IIA-loaded nanoparticles leads to reduced tissue injury and functional deficits in a porcine model of ischemic stroke. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:18-30. [PMID: 33842909 PMCID: PMC8019951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The absolute number of new stroke patients is annually increasing and there still remains only a few Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatments with significant limitations available to patients. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a promising potential therapeutic for ischemic stroke that has shown success in pre-clinical rodent studies but lead to inconsistent efficacy results in human patients. The physical properties of Tan-IIA, including short half-life and low solubility, suggests that Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle-assisted delivery may lead to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. The objective of this study was to develop Tan IIA-loaded nanoparticles (Tan IIA-NPs) and to evaluate their therapeutic effects on cerebral pathological changes and consequent motor function deficits in a pig ischemic stroke model. Results Tan IIA-NP treated neural stem cells showed a reduction in SOD activity in in vitro assays demonstrating antioxidative effects. Ischemic stroke pigs treated with Tan IIA-NPs showed reduced hemispheric swelling when compared to vehicle only treated pigs (7.85 ± 1.41 vs. 16.83 ± 0.62%), consequent midline shift (MLS) (1.72 ± 0.07 vs. 2.91 ± 0.36 mm), and ischemic lesion volumes (9.54 ± 5.06 vs. 12.01 ± 0.17 cm3) when compared to vehicle-only treated pigs. Treatment also lead to lower reductions in diffusivity (-37.30 ± 3.67 vs. -46.33 ± 0.73%) and white matter integrity (-19.66 ± 5.58 vs. -30.11 ± 1.19%) as well as reduced hemorrhage (0.85 ± 0.15 vs 2.91 ± 0.84 cm3) 24 h post-ischemic stroke. In addition, Tan IIA-NPs led to a reduced percentage of circulating band neutrophils at 12 (7.75 ± 1.93 vs. 14.00 ± 1.73%) and 24 (4.25 ± 0.48 vs 5.75 ± 0.85%) hours post-stroke suggesting a mitigated inflammatory response. Moreover, spatiotemporal gait deficits including cadence, cycle time, step time, swing percent of cycle, stride length, and changes in relative mean pressure were less severe post-stroke in Tan IIA-NP treated pigs relative to control pigs. Conclusion The findings of this proof of concept study strongly suggest that administration of Tan IIA-NPs in the acute phase post-stroke mitigates neural injury likely through limiting free radical formation, thus leading to less severe gait deficits in a translational pig ischemic stroke model. With stroke as one of the leading causes of functional disability in the United States, and gait deficits being a major component, these promising results suggest that acute Tan IIA-NP administration may improve functional outcomes and the quality of life of many future stroke patients.
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Key Words
- ADC, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AU, arbitrary units
- BBB, blood brain barrier
- Baic, Baicalin
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSF, cerebral spinal fluid
- DAMPS, damaged-associated molecular patterns
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DTI, Diffusion Tensor Imaging
- DWI, Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
- Edar, Edaravone
- FA, fractional anisotropy
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GM, gray matter
- IC, inhibitory concentration
- ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IM, intramuscular
- Ischemic stroke
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MCA, middle cerebral artery
- MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion
- MLS, midline shift
- NP, nanoparticle
- NSCs, neural stem cells
- Nanomedicine
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PEG–PLGA, polyethyleneglycol–polylactic-co-glycolic acid
- PLGA nanoparticle
- PLGA, Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PLGA-b-PEG-OH, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-b-poly (ethylene glycol)-maleimide
- Pig stroke model
- Piog, Pioglitazone
- Puer, Puerarin
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Resv, Resveratrol
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- STAIR, Stroke Therapy Academic and Industry Roundtable
- T2*, T2Star
- T2FLAIR, T2 Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery
- T2W, T2Weighted
- TD, transdermal
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- Tan IIA, Tanshinone IIA
- Tan IIA-NPs, Tan IIA PLGA NPs
- Tan IIA-NPs, Tan IIA-loaded nanoparticles
- Tanshinone IIA
- UGA, University of Georgia
- WM, white matter
- ddH2O, double-distilled water
- tPA, Tissue plasminogen activator
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12
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Jeon J, Lourenco J, Kaiser EE, Waters ES, Scheulin KM, Fang X, Kinder HA, Platt SR, Rothrock MJ, Callaway TR, West FD, Park HJ. Dynamic Changes in the Gut Microbiome at the Acute Stage of Ischemic Stroke in a Pig Model. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:587986. [PMID: 33343283 PMCID: PMC7744295 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.587986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and long-term disability affecting seven million adults in the United States each year. Recently, it has been demonstrated that neurological diseases, associated pathology, and susceptibility changes correlated with changes in the gut microbiota. However, changes in the microbial community in stroke has not been well characterized. The acute stage of stroke is a critical period for assessing injury severity, therapeutic intervention, and clinical prognosis. We investigated the changes in the gut microbiota composition and diversity using a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion ischemic stroke pig model. Ischemic stroke was induced by cauterization of the MCA in pigs. Blood samples were collected prestroke and 4 h, 12 h, 1 day, and 5 days poststroke to evaluate circulating proinflammatory cytokines. Fecal samples were collected prestroke and 1, 3, and 5 days poststroke to assess gut microbiome changes. Results showed elevated systemic inflammation with increased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha at 4 h and interleukin-6 at 12 h poststroke, relative to prestroke. Microbial diversity and evenness were reduced at 1 day poststroke compared to prestroke. Microbial diversity at 3 days poststroke was negatively correlated with lesion volume. Moreover, beta-diversity analysis revealed trending overall differences over time, with the most significant changes in microbial patterns observed between prestroke and 3 days poststroke. Abundance of the Proteobacteria was significantly increased, while Firmicutes decreased at 3 days poststroke, compared to prestroke populations. Abundance of the lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus was reduced at 3 days poststroke. By day 5, the microbial pattern returned to similar values as prestroke, suggesting the plasticity of gut microbiome in an acute period of stroke in a pig model. These findings provide a basis for characterizing gut microbial changes during the acute stage of stroke, which can be used to assess stroke pathology and the potential development of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jeon
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jeferson Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Erin E Kaiser
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Waters
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kelly M Scheulin
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Holly A Kinder
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Simon R Platt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Todd R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Franklin D West
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hea Jin Park
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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13
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Shultz SR, McDonald SJ, Corrigan F, Semple BD, Salberg S, Zamani A, Jones NC, Mychasiuk R. Clinical Relevance of Behavior Testing in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2381-2400. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy R. Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart J. McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Department of Anatomy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel C. Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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14
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Benasson I, Wagnac E, Diotalevi L, Moore D, Mac-Thiong JM, Petit Y. Gait analysis of a post induced traumatic spinal cord injury porcine model. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:3803-3806. [PMID: 33018829 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Porcine model constitutes a potential translational model to study traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) considering its recent use in numerous studies. Recovery of the animal is currently monitored through a qualitative evaluation of the gait. Adding a quantitative evaluation might help to better assess the functional recovery of the animal. In this study, a new controlled method involving the use of an electro-magnetic actuator was used on a pig to induce a TSCI. Chronic monitoring was done using a quantitative analysis of the gait. Results show both, the injury of the pig and its functional recovery. This large animal model will help to provide a better understanding of injury and recovery mechanisms and thus could constitute a strong preclinical model for future therapeutic studies.Clinical Relevance- Methodology and results from this study would provide a better insight on the functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injuries.
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15
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Melià-Sorolla M, Castaño C, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Rodríguez-Esparragoza L, Dávalos A, Martí-Sistac O, Gasull T. Relevance of Porcine Stroke Models to Bridge the Gap from Pre-Clinical Findings to Clinical Implementation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186568. [PMID: 32911769 PMCID: PMC7555414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search of animal stroke models providing translational advantages for biomedical research, pigs are large mammals with interesting brain characteristics and wide social acceptance. Compared to rodents, pigs have human-like highly gyrencephalic brains. In addition, increasingly through phylogeny, animals have more sophisticated white matter connectivity; thus, ratios of white-to-gray matter in humans and pigs are higher than in rodents. Swine models provide the opportunity to study the effect of stroke with emphasis on white matter damage and neuroanatomical changes in connectivity, and their pathophysiological correlate. In addition, the subarachnoid space surrounding the swine brain resembles that of humans. This allows the accumulation of blood and clots in subarachnoid hemorrhage models mimicking the clinical condition. The clot accumulation has been reported to mediate pathological mechanisms known to contribute to infarct progression and final damage in stroke patients. Importantly, swine allows trustworthy tracking of brain damage evolution using the same non-invasive multimodal imaging sequences used in the clinical practice. Moreover, several models of comorbidities and pathologies usually found in stroke patients have recently been established in swine. We review here ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models reported so far in pigs. The advantages and limitations of each model are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Melià-Sorolla
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (N.D.-R.)
| | - Carlos Castaño
- Neurointerventional Radiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Núria DeGregorio-Rocasolano
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (N.D.-R.)
| | - Luis Rodríguez-Esparragoza
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (L.R.-E.); (A.D.)
| | - Antoni Dávalos
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (L.R.-E.); (A.D.)
| | - Octavi Martí-Sistac
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (N.D.-R.)
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Carretera del Canyet, Camí de les Escoles s/n, Edifici Mar, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Correspondence: (O.M.-S.); (T.G.); Tel.: +34-930330531 (O.M.-S.)
| | - Teresa Gasull
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (N.D.-R.)
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Carretera del Canyet, Camí de les Escoles s/n, Edifici Mar, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Correspondence: (O.M.-S.); (T.G.); Tel.: +34-930330531 (O.M.-S.)
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16
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Kaiser EE, Waters ES, Fagan MM, Scheulin KM, Platt SR, Jeon JH, Fang X, Kinder HA, Shin SK, Duberstein KJ, Park HJ, West FD. Characterization of tissue and functional deficits in a clinically translational pig model of acute ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2020; 1736:146778. [PMID: 32194080 PMCID: PMC10671789 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The acute stroke phase is a critical time frame used to evaluate stroke severity, therapeutic options, and prognosis while also serving as a major tool for the development of diagnostics. To further understand stroke pathophysiology and to enhance the development of treatments, our group developed a translational pig ischemic stroke model. In this study, the evolution of acute ischemic tissue damage, immune responses, and functional deficits were further characterized. Stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in Landrace pigs. At 24 h post-stroke, magnetic resonance imaging revealed a decrease in ipsilateral diffusivity, an increase in hemispheric swelling resulting in notable midline shift, and intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke negatively impacted white matter integrity with decreased fractional anisotropy values in the internal capsule. Like patients, pigs showed a reduction in circulating lymphocytes and a surge in neutrophils and band cells. Functional responses corresponded with structural changes through reductions in open field exploration and impairments in spatiotemporal gait parameters. Characterization of acute ischemic stroke in pigs provided important insights into tissue and functional-level assessments that could be used to identify potential biomarkers and improve preclinical testing of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Kaiser
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Waters
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Madison M Fagan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kelly M Scheulin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Simon R Platt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Julie H Jeon
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Soo K Shin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kylee J Duberstein
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hea J Park
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
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17
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Kentar M, Mann M, Sahm F, Olivares-Rivera A, Sanchez-Porras R, Zerelles R, Sakowitz OW, Unterberg AW, Santos E. Detection of spreading depolarizations in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model in swine. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020; 162:581-592. [PMID: 31940093 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-019-04132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objective of this study was to generate a hemodynamically stable swine model to detect spreading depolarizations (SDs) using electrocorticography (ECoG) and intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging and laser speckle flowmetry (LSF) after a 30-h middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion (MCAo) in German Landrace Swine. METHODS A total of 21 swine were used. The study comprised a training group (group 1, n = 7), a group that underwent bilateral craniectomy and MCAo (group 2, n = 10) and a group used for 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium (TTC) staining (group 3, n = 5). RESULTS In group 2, nine animals that underwent MCAo survived for 30 h, and one animal survived for 12 h. We detected MCA variants with 2 to 4 vessels. In all cases, all of the MCAs were occluded. The intensity changes exhibited by IOS and LSF after clipping were closely correlated and indicated a lower blood volume and reduced blood flow in the middle cerebral artery territory. Using IOS, we detected a mean of 2.37 ± (STD) 2.35 SDs/h. Using ECoG, we detected a mean of 0.29 ± (STD) 0.53 SDs/h. Infarctions were diagnosed using histological analysis. TTC staining in group 3 confirmed that the MCA territory was compromised and that the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries were preserved. CONCLUSIONS We confirm the reliability of performing live monitoring of cerebral infarctions using our MCAo protocol to detect SDs.
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18
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Chen Y, Quddusi A, Harrison KA, Ryan PE, Cook DJ. Selection of preclinical models to evaluate intranasal brain cooling for acute ischemic stroke. Brain Circ 2019; 5:160-168. [PMID: 31950091 PMCID: PMC6950506 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_20_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke accounts for a large proportion of global mortality and morbidity. Selective hypothermia, via intranasal cooling devices, is a promising intervention in acute ischemic stroke. However, prior to large clinical trials, preclinical studies in large animal models of ischemic stroke are needed to assess the efficacy, safety, and feasibility of intranasal cooling for selective hypothermia as a neuroprotective strategy. Here, we review the available scientific literature for evidence supporting selective hypothermia and make recommendations of a preclinical, large, animal-based, ischemic stroke model that has the greatest potential for evaluating intranasal cooling for selective hypothermia and neuroprotection. We conclude that among large animal models of focal ischemic stroke including pigs, sheep, dogs, and nonhuman primates (NHPs), cynomolgus macaques have nasal anatomy, nasal vasculature, neuroanatomy, and cerebrovasculature that are most similar to those of humans. Moreover, middle cerebral artery stroke in cynomolgus macaques produces functional and behavioral deficits that are quantifiable to a greater degree of precision and detail than those that can be revealed through available assessments for other large animals. These NHPs are also amenable to extensive neuroimaging studies as a means of monitoring stroke evolution and evaluating infarct size. Hence, we suggest that cynomolgus macaques are best suited to assess the safety and efficacy of intranasal selective hypothermia through an evaluation of hyperacute diffusion-weighted imaging and subsequent investigation of chronic functional recovery, prior to randomized clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Chen
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ayesha Quddusi
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Paige E Ryan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas J Cook
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
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19
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Edwards GL, Azain MJ, Parks A. Agricultural Animals as Biomedical Models: Occupational Health and Safety Considerations. ILAR J 2019; 59:161-167. [PMID: 30476116 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of agricultural animals in biomedical research is increasing. Their overall size and metabolic rate, organ size, longer gestation period, and other physiological similarities make them good candidates for animal models of human disease. There are a number of special considerations for use of traditional farm animals for biomedical research. Differences in physical plant infrastructure, handling equipment, training of personnel, and potential zoonoses are some of the important considerations when traditional farm animals are used in biomedical research. This article provides an overview of some of the special considerations for using traditional agricultural animals in biomedical research. With the growing need for improved translational research, it is reasonable to predict significant growth in these animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaylen L Edwards
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Michael J Azain
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Georgia College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Athens, Georgia
| | - Andrew Parks
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
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20
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Karunakaran KK, Pilkar R, Ehrenberg N, Bentley KS, Cheng J, Nolan KJ. Kinematic and Functional Gait Changes After the Utilization of a Foot Drop Stimulator in Pediatrics. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:732. [PMID: 31417338 PMCID: PMC6682640 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot drop is one of the most common secondary conditions associated with hemiplegia post stroke and cerebral palsy (CP) in children, and is characterized by the inability to lift the foot (dorsiflexion) about the ankle. This investigation focuses on children and adolescents diagnosed with brain injury and aims to evaluate the orthotic and therapeutic effects due to continuous use of a foot drop stimulator (FDS). Seven children (10 ± 3.89 years) with foot drop and hemiplegia secondary to brain injury (stroke or CP) were evaluated at baseline and after 3 months of FDS usage during community ambulation. Primary outcome measures included using mechanistic (joint kinematics, toe displacement, temporal-spatial asymmetry), and functional gait parameters (speed, step length, time) to evaluate the orthotic and therapeutic effects. There was a significant correlation between spatial asymmetry and speed without FDS at 3 months (r = 0.76, p < 0.05, df = 5) and no correlation between temporal asymmetry and speed for all conditions. The results show orthotic effects including significant increase in toe displacement (p < 0.025 N = 7) during the swing phase of gait while using the FDS. A positive correlation exists between toe displacement and speed (with FDS at 3 months: r = 0.62, p > 0.05, without FDS at 3 months: r = 0.44, p > 0.05). The results indicate an orthotic effect of increased dorsiflexion and toe displacement during swing with the use of the FDS in children with hemiplegia. Further, the study suggests that there could be a potential long-term effect of increased dorsiflexion during swing with continuous use of FDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K. Karunakaran
- Center for Mobility and Rehabilitation Engineering Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute for Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers – New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
- Children’s Specialized Hospital, Mountainside, NJ, United States
| | - Rakesh Pilkar
- Center for Mobility and Rehabilitation Engineering Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers – New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Naphtaly Ehrenberg
- Center for Mobility and Rehabilitation Engineering Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, United States
- Children’s Specialized Hospital, Mountainside, NJ, United States
| | - Katherine S. Bentley
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers – New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
- Children’s Specialized Hospital, Mountainside, NJ, United States
| | - JenFu Cheng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers – New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
- Children’s Specialized Hospital, Mountainside, NJ, United States
| | - Karen J. Nolan
- Center for Mobility and Rehabilitation Engineering Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers – New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
- Children’s Specialized Hospital, Mountainside, NJ, United States
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21
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Simchick G, Shen A, Campbell B, Park HJ, West FD, Zhao Q. Pig Brains Have Homologous Resting-State Networks with Human Brains. Brain Connect 2019; 9:566-579. [PMID: 31115245 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2019.0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurological and psychiatric diseases in humans are caused by disruptions to large-scale functional properties of the brain, including functional connectivity. There has been growing interest in discovering the functional organization of brain networks in larger animal models. As a result, the use of translational pig models in neuroscience has significantly increased in the past decades. The gyrencephalic pig brain resembles the human brain more in anatomy, growth, and development than the brains of commonly used small laboratory animals such as rodents. In this work, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were acquired from a group of pigs (n = 12). rs-fMRI data were analyzed for resting-state networks (RSNs) by using independent component analysis and sparse dictionary learning. Six RSNs (executive control, cerebellar, sensorimotor, visual, auditory, and default mode) were detected that resemble their counterparts in human brains, as measured by Pearson spatial correlations and mean ratios. Supporting evidence of the validity of these RSNs was provided through the evaluation and quantification of structural connectivity measures (mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, fiber length, and fiber density) estimated from the DTI data. This study shows that as a translational, large animal model, pigs demonstrate great potential for mapping connectome-scale functional connectivity in experimental modeling of human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Simchick
- Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Alice Shen
- Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Brandon Campbell
- Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Hea Jin Park
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Qun Zhao
- Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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22
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Kinder HA, Baker EW, Wang S, Fleischer CC, Howerth EW, Duberstein KJ, Mao H, Platt SR, West FD. Traumatic Brain Injury Results in Dynamic Brain Structure Changes Leading to Acute and Chronic Motor Function Deficits in a Pediatric Piglet Model. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2930-2942. [PMID: 31084386 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in children. Pediatric TBI patients often suffer from crippling cognitive, emotional, and motor function deficits that have negative lifelong effects. The objective of this study was to longitudinally assess TBI pathophysiology using multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), gait analysis, and histological approaches in a pediatric piglet model. TBI was produced by controlled cortical impact in Landrace piglets. MRI data, including from proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), were collected 24 hours and 12 weeks post-TBI, and gait analysis was performed at multiple time-points over 12 weeks post-TBI. A subset of animals was sacrificed 24 hours, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks post-TBI for histological analysis. MRI results demonstrated that TBI led to a significant brain lesion and midline shift as well as microscopic tissue damage with altered brain diffusivity, decreased white matter integrity, and reduced cerebral blood flow. MRS showed a range of neurochemical changes after TBI. Histological analysis revealed neuronal loss, astrogliosis/astrocytosis, and microglia activation. Further, gait analysis showed transient impairments in cadence, cycle time, % stance, step length, and stride length, as well as long-term impairments in weight distribution after TBI. Taken together, this study illustrates the distinct time course of TBI pathoanatomic and functional responses up to 12 weeks post-TBI in a piglet TBI model. The study of TBI injury and recovery mechanisms, as well as the testing of therapeutics in this translational model, are likely to be more predictive of human responses and clinical outcomes compared to traditional small animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Emily W Baker
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Silun Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Candace C Fleischer
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kylee J Duberstein
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Simon R Platt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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23
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Kinder HA, Baker EW, Howerth EW, Duberstein KJ, West FD. Controlled Cortical Impact Leads to Cognitive and Motor Function Deficits that Correspond to Cellular Pathology in a Piglet Traumatic Brain Injury Model. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2810-2826. [PMID: 31084390 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, with children who sustain a TBI having a greater risk of developing long-lasting cognitive, behavioral, and motor function deficits. This has led to increased interest in utilizing large animal models to study pathophysiologic and functional changes after injury in hopes of identifying novel therapeutic targets. In the present study, a controlled cortical impact (CCI) piglet TBI model was utilized to evaluate cognitive, motor, and histopathologic outcomes. CCI injury (4 m/sec velocity, 9 mm depression, 400 msec dwell time) was induced at the parietal cortex. Compared with normal pigs (n = 5), TBI pigs (n = 5) exhibited appreciable cognitive deficiencies, including significantly impaired spatial memory in spatial T-maze testing and a significant decrease in exploratory behaviors followed by marked hyperactivity in open field testing. Additionally, gait analysis revealed significant increases in cycle time and stance percent, significant decreases in hind reach, and a shift in the total pressure index from the front to the hind limb on the affected side, suggesting TBI impairs gait and balance. Pigs were sacrificed 28 days post-TBI and histological analysis revealed that TBI lead to a significant decrease in neurons and a significant increase in microglia activation and astrogliosis/astrocytosis at the perilesional area, a significant loss in neurons at the dorsal hippocampus, and significantly increased neuroblast proliferation at the subventricular zone. These data demonstrate a strong relationship between TBI-induced cellular changes and functional outcomes in our piglet TBI model that lay the framework for future studies that assess the ability of therapeutic interventions to contribute to functional improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Emily W Baker
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kylee J Duberstein
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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24
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Baker EW, Kinder HA, Hutcheson JM, Duberstein KJJ, Platt SR, Howerth EW, West FD. Controlled Cortical Impact Severity Results in Graded Cellular, Tissue, and Functional Responses in a Piglet Traumatic Brain Injury Model. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:61-73. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. Baker
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Holly A. Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jessica M. Hutcheson
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kylee Jo J. Duberstein
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Simon R. Platt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth W. Howerth
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Franklin D. West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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25
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Balkaya MG, Trueman RC, Boltze J, Corbett D, Jolkkonen J. Behavioral outcome measures to improve experimental stroke research. Behav Brain Res 2018; 352:161-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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Lau VW, Platt SR, Grace HE, Baker EW, West FD. Human iNPC therapy leads to improvement in functional neurologic outcomes in a pig ischemic stroke model. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00972. [PMID: 29761021 PMCID: PMC5943801 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is the leading cause of disability in the United States but current therapies are limited with no regenerative potential. Previous translational failures have highlighted the need for large animal models of ischemic stroke and for improved assessments of functional outcomes. The aims of this study were first, to create a post-stroke functional outcome assessment scale in a porcine model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and second, to use this scale to determine the effect of human-induced-pluripotent-cell-derived neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) on functional outcome in this large animal stroke model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight 6-month-old Landrace mix pigs underwent permanent MCAO. Five days following MCAO, pigs received intraparenchymal injections of either iNPCs or PBS. A post-stroke assessment scale was developed to measure functional outcome. Evaluations were performed at least 1-3 days prior to MCAO and repeated 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days post-stroke as well as 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 9 weeks, and 12 weeks post-injection. Comparisons of scores between animals receiving iNPCs or PBS only were compared using a two-way ANOVA and a Tukey's post-hoc t test. RESULTS The developed scale was able to consistently determine differences between healthy and stroked pigs at all time points. iNPC-treated pigs showed a significantly faster recovery in their overall scores relative to PBS-only treated pigs with the parameters of appetite and body posture exhibiting the most improvement in the iNPC-treated group. CONCLUSIONS We developed a robust and repeatable functional assessment tool that can reliably detect stroke and recovery, while also showing for the first time that iNPC therapy leads to functional recovery in a translational pig ischemic stroke model. These promising results suggest that iNPCs may 1 day serve as a first in class cell therapeutic for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W Lau
- Regenerative Bioscience Center University of Georgia Athens GA USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science University of Georgia Athens GA USA.,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Simon R Platt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center University of Georgia Athens GA USA.,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Harrison E Grace
- Regenerative Bioscience Center University of Georgia Athens GA USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Emily W Baker
- Regenerative Bioscience Center University of Georgia Athens GA USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center University of Georgia Athens GA USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science University of Georgia Athens GA USA
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27
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Vanden Hole C, Goyens J, Prims S, Fransen E, Ayuso Hernando M, Van Cruchten S, Aerts P, Van Ginneken C. How innate is locomotion in precocial animals? A study on the early development of spatio-temporal gait variables and gait symmetry in piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:2706-2716. [PMID: 28768747 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.157693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Locomotion is one of the most important ecological functions in animals. Precocial animals, such as pigs, are capable of independent locomotion shortly after birth. This raises the question whether coordinated movement patterns and the underlying muscular control in these animals is fully innate or whether there still exists a rapid maturation. We addressed this question by studying gait development in neonatal pigs through the analysis of spatio-temporal gait characteristics during locomotion at self-selected speed. To this end, we made video recordings of piglets walking along a corridor at several time points (from 0 h to 96 h). After digitization of the footfalls, we analysed self-selected speed and spatio-temporal characteristics (e.g. stride and step lengths, stride frequency and duty factor) to study dynamic similarity, intralimb coordination and interlimb coordination. To assess the variability of the gait pattern, left-right asymmetry was studied. To distinguish neuromotor maturation from effects caused by growth, both absolute and normalized data (according to the dynamic similarity concept) were included in the analysis. All normalized spatio-temporal variables reached stable values within 4 h of birth, with most of them showing little change after the age of 2 h. Most asymmetry indices showed stable values, hovering around 10%, within 8 h of birth. These results indicate that coordinated movement patterns are not entirely innate, but that a rapid neuromotor maturation, potentially also the result of the rearrangement or recombination of existing motor modules, takes place in these precocial animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Vanden Hole
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jana Goyens
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sara Prims
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Miriam Ayuso Hernando
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peter Aerts
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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28
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Webb RL, Kaiser EE, Jurgielewicz BJ, Spellicy S, Scoville SL, Thompson TA, Swetenburg RL, Hess DC, West FD, Stice SL. Human Neural Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles Improve Recovery in a Porcine Model of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2018; 49:1248-1256. [PMID: 29650593 PMCID: PMC5916046 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent work from our group suggests that human neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle (NSC EV) treatment improves both tissue and sensorimotor function in a preclinical thromboembolic mouse model of stroke. In this study, NSC EVs were evaluated in a pig ischemic stroke model, where clinically relevant end points were used to assess recovery in a more translational large animal model. METHODS Ischemic stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and either NSC EV or PBS treatment was administered intravenously at 2, 14, and 24 hours post-MCAO. NSC EV effects on tissue level recovery were evaluated via magnetic resonance imaging at 1 and 84 days post-MCAO. Effects on functional recovery were also assessed through longitudinal behavior and gait analysis testing. RESULTS NSC EV treatment was neuroprotective and led to significant improvements at the tissue and functional levels in stroked pigs. NSC EV treatment eliminated intracranial hemorrhage in ischemic lesions in NSC EV pigs (0 of 7) versus control pigs (7 of 8). NSC EV-treated pigs exhibited a significant decrease in cerebral lesion volume and decreased brain swelling relative to control pigs 1-day post-MCAO. NSC EVs significantly reduced edema in treated pigs relative to control pigs, as assessed by improved diffusivity through apparent diffusion coefficient maps. NSC EVs preserved white matter integrity with increased corpus callosum fractional anisotropy values 84 days post-MCAO. Behavior and mobility improvements paralleled structural changes as NSC EV-treated pigs exhibited improved outcomes, including increased exploratory behavior and faster restoration of spatiotemporal gait parameters. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated for the first time that in a large animal model novel NSC EVs significantly improved neural tissue preservation and functional levels post-MCAO, suggesting NSC EVs may be a paradigm changing stroke therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Webb
- From the ArunA Biomedical, Athens, GA (R.L.W., S.L. Scoville, T.A.T., R.L.S).,Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice)
| | - Erin E Kaiser
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice).,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (E.E.K., F.D.W.)
| | - Brian J Jurgielewicz
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice)
| | - Samantha Spellicy
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice)
| | - Shelley L Scoville
- From the ArunA Biomedical, Athens, GA (R.L.W., S.L. Scoville, T.A.T., R.L.S)
| | - Tyler A Thompson
- From the ArunA Biomedical, Athens, GA (R.L.W., S.L. Scoville, T.A.T., R.L.S)
| | | | - David C Hess
- University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens; and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, GA (D.C.H.)
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice).,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (E.E.K., F.D.W.)
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice)
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29
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Sorby-Adams AJ, Vink R, Turner RJ. Large animal models of stroke and traumatic brain injury as translational tools. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29537289 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00163.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute central nervous system injury, encompassing traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, accounts for a significant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in animal models have greatly enhanced our understanding of the complex pathophysiology that underlies TBI and stroke and enabled the preclinical screening of over 1,000 novel therapeutic agents. Despite this, the translation of novel therapeutics from experimental models to clinical therapies has been extremely poor. One potential explanation for this poor clinical translation is the choice of experimental model, given that the majority of preclinical TBI and ischemic stroke studies have been conducted in small animals, such as rodents, which have small lissencephalic brains. However, the use of large animal species such as nonhuman primates, sheep, and pigs, which have large gyrencephalic human-like brains, may provide an avenue to improve clinical translation due to similarities in neuroanatomical structure when compared with widely adopted rodent models. This purpose of this review is to provide an overview of large animal models of TBI and ischemic stroke, including the surgical considerations, key benefits, and limitations of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel J Sorby-Adams
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Robert Vink
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Renée J Turner
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
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30
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Stem Cell Therapy Enhances Recovery in an Ischemic Stroke Pig Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10075. [PMID: 28855627 PMCID: PMC5577218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells (iNSCs) have significant potential as an autologous, multifunctional cell therapy for stroke, which is the primary cause of long term disability in the United States and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Here we show that iNSC transplantation improves recovery through neuroprotective, regenerative, and cell replacement mechanisms in a novel ischemic pig stroke model. Longitudinal multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following iNSC therapy demonstrated reduced changes in white matter integrity, cerebral blood perfusion, and brain metabolism in the infarcted tissue. The observed tissue level recovery strongly correlated with decreased immune response, enhanced neuronal protection, and increased neurogenesis. iNSCs differentiated into neurons and oligodendrocytes with indication of long term integration. The robust recovery response to iNSC therapy in a translational pig stroke model with increased predictive potential strongly supports that iNSCs may be the critically needed therapeutic for human stroke patients.
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31
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Webb RL, Gallegos-Cárdenas A, Miller CN, Solomotis NJ, Liu HX, West FD, Stice SL. Pig Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Rosettes Parallel Human Differentiation Into Sensory Neural Subtypes. Cell Reprogram 2017; 19:88-94. [PMID: 28266869 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig is the large animal model of choice for study of nerve regeneration and wound repair. Availability of porcine sensory neural cells would conceptually allow for analogous cell-based peripheral nerve regeneration in porcine injuries of similar severity and size to those found in humans. After recently reporting that porcine (or pig) induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) differentiate into neural rosette (NR) structures similar to human NRs, here we demonstrate that pig NR cells could differentiate into neural crest cells and other peripheral nervous system-relevant cell types. Treatment with either bone morphogenetic protein 4 or fetal bovine serum led to differentiation into BRN3A-positive sensory cells and increased expression of sensory neuron TRK receptor gene family: TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC. Porcine sensory neural cells would allow determination of parallels between human and porcine cells in response to noxious stimuli, analgesics, and reparative mechanisms. In vitro differentiation of pig sensory neurons provides a novel model system for neural cell subtype specification and would provide a novel platform for the study of regenerative therapeutics by elucidating the requirements for innervation following injury and axonal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Webb
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Amalia Gallegos-Cárdenas
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Colette N Miller
- 2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Nicholas J Solomotis
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Hong-Xiang Liu
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Franklin D West
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Steven L Stice
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
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32
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Schomberg DT, Miranpuri GS, Chopra A, Patel K, Meudt JJ, Tellez A, Resnick DK, Shanmuganayagam D. Translational Relevance of Swine Models of Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:541-551. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic T. Schomberg
- Biomedical and Genomic Research Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gurwattan S. Miranpuri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Abhishek Chopra
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kush Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jennifer J. Meudt
- Biomedical and Genomic Research Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Daniel K. Resnick
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dhanansayan Shanmuganayagam
- Biomedical and Genomic Research Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin
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Young pigs exhibit differential exploratory behavior during novelty preference tasks in response to age, sex, and delay. Behav Brain Res 2016; 321:50-60. [PMID: 28042005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Novelty preference paradigms have been widely used to study recognition memory and its neural substrates. The piglet model continues to advance the study of neurodevelopment, and as such, tasks that use novelty preference will serve especially useful due to their translatable nature to humans. However, there has been little use of this behavioral paradigm in the pig, and previous studies using the novel object recognition paradigm in piglets have yielded inconsistent results. The current study was conducted to determine if piglets were capable of displaying a novelty preference. Herein a series of experiments were conducted using novel object recognition or location in 3- and 4-week-old piglets. In the novel object recognition task, piglets were able to discriminate between novel and sample objects after delays of 2min, 1h, 1 day, and 2 days (all P<0.039) at both ages. Performance was sex-dependent, as females could perform both 1- and 2-day delays (P<0.036) and males could perform the 2-day delay (P=0.008) but not the 1-day delay (P=0.347). Furthermore, 4-week-old piglets and females tended to exhibit greater exploratory behavior compared with males. Such performance did not extend to novel location recognition tasks, as piglets were only able to discriminate between novel and sample locations after a short delay (P>0.046). In conclusion, this study determined that piglets are able to perform the novel object and location recognition tasks at 3-to-4 weeks of age, however performance was dependent on sex, age, and delay.
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Long CA, Timmins LH, Koutakis P, Goodchild TT, Lefer DJ, Pipinos II, Casale GP, Brewster LP. An endovascular model of ischemic myopathy from peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 2016; 66:891-901. [PMID: 27693032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.07.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a significant age-related medical condition with limited pharmacologic options. Severe PAD, termed critical limb ischemia, can lead to amputation. Skeletal muscle is the end organ most affected by PAD, leading to ischemic myopathy and debility of the patient. Currently, there are not any therapeutics to treat ischemic myopathy, and proposed biologic agents have not been optimized owing to a lack of preclinical models of PAD. Because a large animal model of ischemic myopathy may be useful in defining the optimal dosing and delivery regimens, the objective was to create and to characterize a swine model of ischemic myopathy that mimics patients with severe PAD. METHODS Yorkshire swine (N = 8) underwent acute right hindlimb ischemia by endovascular occlusion of the external iliac artery. The effect of ischemia on limb function, perfusion, and degree of ischemic myopathy was quantified by weekly gait analysis, arteriography, hindlimb blood pressures, femoral artery duplex ultrasound scans, and histologic examination. Animals were terminated at 5 (n = 5) and 6 (n = 3) weeks postoperatively. Ossabaw swine (N = 8) fed a high-fat diet were used as a model of metabolic syndrome for comparison of arteriogenic recovery and validation of ischemic myopathy. RESULTS There was persistent ischemia in the right hindlimb, and occlusion pressures were significantly depressed compared with the untreated left hindlimb out to 6 weeks (systolic blood pressure, 31 ± 21 vs 83 ± 15 mm Hg, respectively; P = .0007). The blood pressure reduction resulted in a significant increase of ischemic myopathy in the gastrocnemius muscle in the treated limb. Gait analysis revealed a functional deficit of the right hindlimb immediately after occlusion that improved rapidly during the first 2 weeks. Peak systolic velocity values in the right common femoral artery were severely diminished throughout the entire study (P < .001), and the hemodynamic environment after occlusion was characterized by low and oscillatory wall shear stress. Finally, the internal iliac artery on the side of the ischemic limb underwent significant arteriogenic remodeling (1.8× baseline) in the Yorkshire but not in the Ossabaw swine model. CONCLUSIONS This model uses endovascular technology to produce the first durable large animal model of ischemic myopathy. Acutely (first 2 weeks), this model is associated with impaired gait but no tissue loss. Chronically (2-6 weeks), this model delivers persistent ischemia, resulting in ischemic myopathy similar to that seen in PAD patients. This model may be of use for testing novel therapeutics including biologic therapies for promoting neovascularization and arteriogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler A Long
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Lucas H Timmins
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | | | - Traci T Goodchild
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - David J Lefer
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | | | | | - Luke P Brewster
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; Surgical and Research Services, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Ga.
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Atchaneeyasakul K, Guada L, Ramdas K, Watanabe M, Bhattacharya P, Raval AP, Yavagal DR. Large animal canine endovascular ischemic stroke models: A review. Brain Res Bull 2016; 127:134-140. [PMID: 27496066 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. Recent exciting developments in the field with endovascular treatments have shown excellent outcomes in acute ischemic stroke. Prior to translating these treatments to human populations, a large-animal ischemic stroke model is needed. With the advent of new technologies in digital subtraction angiography, less invasive endovascular stroke models have been developed. Canines have gyrencephalic brain similar to human brain and accessible neurovascular anatomy for stroke model creation. Canine stroke model can be widely utilized to understand the disease process of stroke and to develop novel treatment. Less invasive endovascular internal carotid emboli injection and coil embolization methods can be used to simulate transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Major restriction includes the extensive collateral circulation of canine cerebral arteries that can limit the stroke size. Transient internal carotid artery occlusion can decrease collateral circulation and increase stroke size to some degree. Additional method of manipulating the extent of collateral circulation needs to be studied. Other types of canine stroke models, including vertebral artery occlusion and basilar artery occlusion, can also be accomplished by endovascular thrombi injection. CONCLUSIONS We extensively review the literature on endovascular technique of creating canine ischemic stroke models and their application in finding new therapies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunakorn Atchaneeyasakul
- Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Luis Guada
- Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Kevin Ramdas
- Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Mitsuyoshi Watanabe
- Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Ami P Raval
- Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Dileep R Yavagal
- Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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Birch I, Vernon W, Walker J, Young M. Terminology and forensic gait analysis. Sci Justice 2015; 55:279-84. [PMID: 26087876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of appropriate terminology is a fundamental aspect of forensic gait analysis. The language used in forensic gait analysis is an amalgam of that used in clinical practice, podiatric biomechanics and the wider field of biomechanics. The result can often be a lack of consistency in the language used, the definitions used and the clarity of the message given. Examples include the use of 'gait' and 'walking' as synonymous terms, confusion between 'step' and 'stride', the mixing of anatomical, positional and pathological descriptors, and inability to describe appropriately movements of major body segments such as the torso. The purpose of this paper is to share the well-established definitions of the fundamental parameters of gait, common to all professions, and advocate their use in forensic gait analysis to establish commonality. The paper provides guidance on the selection and use of appropriate terminology in the description of gait in the forensic context. This paper considers the established definitions of the terms commonly used, identifies those terms which have the potential to confuse readers, and suggests a framework of terminology which should be utilised in forensic gait analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Birch
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Jordanthorpe Health Centre, 1 Dyche Close, Sheffield S8 8DJ, England, UK.
| | - Wesley Vernon
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Jordanthorpe Health Centre, 1 Dyche Close, Sheffield S8 8DJ, England, UK.
| | - Jeremy Walker
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Jordanthorpe Health Centre, 1 Dyche Close, Sheffield S8 8DJ, England, UK.
| | - Maria Young
- University of Brighton, School of Health Sciences, Robert Dodd Building, 49 Darley Road, Eastbourne BN20 7UR, England, UK.
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Empie K, Rangarajan V, Juul SE. Is the ferret a suitable species for studying perinatal brain injury? Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 45:2-10. [PMID: 26102988 PMCID: PMC4793918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferret brain architecture, composition, and development are similar to humans. Postnatal ferret brain development is comparable to that of premature infants. Ferrets have potential to model preterm and term neonatal brain injury. Ferrets may fulfill the need for an intermediate model species of neurodevelopment. Many opportunities exist to expand the use of ferrets as research subjects.
Complications of prematurity often disrupt normal brain development and/or cause direct damage to the developing brain, resulting in poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. Physiologically relevant animal models of perinatal brain injury can advance our understanding of these influences and thereby provide opportunities to develop therapies and improve long-term outcomes. While there are advantages to currently available small animal models, there are also significant drawbacks that have limited translation of research findings to humans. Large animal models such as newborn pig, sheep and nonhuman primates have complex brain development more similar to humans, but these animals are expensive, and developmental testing of sheep and piglets is limited. Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) are born lissencephalic and undergo postnatal cortical folding to form complex gyrencephalic brains. This review examines whether ferrets might provide a novel intermediate animal model of neonatal brain disease that has the benefit of a gyrified, altricial brain in a small animal. It summarizes attributes of ferret brain growth and development that make it an appealing animal in which to model perinatal brain injury. We postulate that because of their innate characteristics, ferrets have great potential in neonatal neurodevelopmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Empie
- Department of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Sandra E Juul
- Department of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Stavrakakis S, Guy JH, Syranidis I, Johnson GR, Edwards SA. Pre-clinical and clinical walking kinematics in female breeding pigs with lameness: A nested case-control cohort study. Vet J 2015; 205:38-43. [PMID: 25986130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gait profiles were investigated in a cohort of female pigs experiencing a lameness period prevalence of 29% over 17 months. Gait alterations before and during visually diagnosed lameness were evaluated to identify the best quantitative clinical lameness indicators and early predictors for lameness. Pre-breeding gilts (n= 84) were recruited to the study over a period of 6 months, underwent motion capture every 5 weeks and, depending on their age at entry to the study, were followed for up to three successive gestations. Animals were subject to motion capture in each parity at 8 weeks of gestation and on the day of weaning (28 days postpartum). During kinematic motion capture, the pigs walked on the same concrete walkway and an array of infra-red cameras was used to collect three dimensional coordinate data of reflective skin markers attached to the head, trunk and limb anatomical landmarks. Of 24 pigs diagnosed with lameness, 19 had preclinical gait records, whilst 18 had a motion capture while lame. Depending on availability, data from one or two preclinical motion capture 1-11 months prior to lameness and on the day of lameness were analysed. Lameness was best detected and evaluated using relative spatiotemporal gait parameters, especially vertical head displacement and asymmetric stride phase timing. Irregularity in the step-to-stride length ratio was elevated (deviation ≥ 0.03) in young pigs which presented lameness in later life (odds ratio 7.2-10.8).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stavrakakis
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - J H Guy
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - I Syranidis
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - G R Johnson
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - S A Edwards
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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Platt SR, Holmes SP, Howerth EW, Duberstein KJJ, Dove CR, Kinder HA, Wyatt EL, Linville AV, Lau VW, Stice SL, Hill WD, Hess DC, West FD. Development and characterization of a Yucatan miniature biomedical pig permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2014; 6:5. [PMID: 24655785 PMCID: PMC3977938 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to develop stroke treatments have met with limited success despite an intense need to produce novel treatments. The failed translation of many of these therapies in clinical trials has lead to a close examination of the therapeutic development process. One of the major factors believed to be limiting effective screening of these treatments is the absence of an animal model more predictive of human responses to treatments. The pig may potentially fill this gap with a gyrencephalic brain that is larger in size with a more similar gray-white matter composition to humans than traditional stroke animal models. In this study we develop and characterize a novel pig middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) ischemic stroke model. METHODS Eleven male pigs underwent MCAO surgery with the first 4 landrace pigs utilized to optimize stroke procedure and 7 additional Yucatan stroked pigs studied over a 90 day period. MRI analysis was done at 24 hrs and 90 days and included T2w, T2w FLAIR, T1w FLAIR and DWI sequences and associated ADC maps. Pigs were sacrificed at 90 days and underwent gross and microscopic histological evaluation. Significance in quantitative changes was determined by two-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey's Pair-Wise comparisons. RESULTS MRI analysis of animals that underwent MCAO surgery at 24 hrs had hyperintense regions in T2w and DWI images with corresponding ADC maps having hypointense regions indicating cytotoxic edema consistent with an ischemic stroke. At 90 days, region of interest analysis of T1 FLAIR and ADC maps had an average lesion size of 59.17 cc, a loss of 8% brain matter. Histological examination of pig brains showed atrophy and loss of tissue, consistent with MRI, as well as glial scar formation and macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS The MCAO procedure led to significant and consistent strokes with high survivability. These results suggest that the pig model is potentially a robust system for the study of stroke pathophysiology and potential diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Platt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Small Animal and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shannon P Holmes
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kylee Jo J Duberstein
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C Robert Dove
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Emily L Wyatt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Amie V Linville
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Vivian W Lau
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William D Hill
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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