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Du ZR, Gu Y, Xie XM, Zhang M, Jiang GY, Chen WF. GPER and IGF-1R mediate the anti-inflammatory effect of genistein against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nigrostriatal injury in rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:105989. [PMID: 34478828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Genistein is an estrogen-like phytoestrogen that can exert biological effects via the crosstalk of estrogen receptor and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). The present study aimed to evaluate the involvement of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and IGF-1R in the anti-inflammatory effects of genistein against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nigrostriatal injury in ovariectomized rats. Our results showed that genistein treatment could ameliorate the apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in LPS-induced inflammatory PD rat model. Genistein attenuated LPS-induced decrease of the contents of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites in striatum as well as the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of the lesioned side, which could be blocked by GPER antagonist G15 or IGF-1R antagonist JB1. Meanwhile, G15 or JB1 could attenuate the anti-inflammatory effects of genistein in LPS-induced microglial activation and production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Moreover, genistein could inhibit the LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK and IκB in the lesioned side of SN and these effects could also be blocked by G15 or JB1. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence that genistein can inhibit the increase of microglia and protect dopaminergic neurons at least in part via GPER and IGF-1R signaling pathways in ovariectomized PD rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Rui Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Sports of Human Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiao-Man Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guo-Yi Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wen-Fang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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2
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Khuleshwari K, Vijay P. Genistein enhances expression of extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, and learning and memory of mouse. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:90-95. [PMID: 33842915 PMCID: PMC8019993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genistein (GEN) is a well known phytoestrogen. It acts through estrogen receptor (ER) and performs plethora of functions in the brain. ERK1/2 is an activated kinase which involves in neuron differentiation, adult neurogenesis and several brain functions including learning and memory. However, GEN dependent expression of ERK1/2 and its effect in learning and memory of mice are unknown. In this study, Swiss albino male mice of 25weeks weighing 30 g were used for the experiments. Mice were placed in two groups- control (C) and genistein treated (GEN). Treated group received GEN dissolved in sesame oil (1 mg/kg/day) whereas the control group received sesame oil only. To study the effects of GEN on learning and memory, open-field (OF) test and novel object recognition (NOR) test were performed. Moreover, immunoblotting (IB) was performed to check the expression of ERK1/2 in the mouse brain of both groups. In the OF test, no significant change was observed in motor activity and anxiety in GEN treated mice as compared to control. Moreover, NOR test suggested that entry towards the dissimilar object was higher in case of GEN treated mice as compared to control. These findings suggest higher learning and memory of GEN treated mice than of control. IB showed that the expression of ERK1/2 was significantly high in GEN treated mouse brain as compared to control. Such study may be helpful to understand GEN mediated learning and memory involving ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurrey Khuleshwari
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology & Drug Targeting Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, MP-484 887, India
| | - Paramanik Vijay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology & Drug Targeting Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, MP-484 887, India
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3
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Rumman M, Pandey S, Singh B, Gupta M, Ubaid S, Mahdi AA. Genistein Prevents Hypoxia-Induced Cognitive Dysfunctions by Ameliorating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Hippocampus. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1123-1133. [PMID: 33740236 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genistein (GE), a plant-derived isoflavone, is a polyphenolic non-steroidal compound. Studies showed that GE possesses anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities. However, the neuroprotective role of GE in amnesia has not been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-amnesic potential of GE in a mice model of hypoxia-induced amnesia and to understand the underlying mechanism. Mice were exposed to hypoxia (10% O2) and administered vehicle or GE (10, 20, 30 mg/kg) orally for 28 days. Thereafter, Morris water maze (MWM), novel object recognition (NOR), and passive avoidance task (PAT) were performed to evaluate cognitive behavior. Next, we performed biochemical tests and gene expression analysis to uncover the mechanism underlying GE mode of action. Our results showed that GE-treatment ameliorated hypoxia-induced cognitive dysfunctions in mice. Further, GE-treatment suppressed the oxidative stress in the hippocampus of amnesic mice as evidenced by reduced lipid peroxidation, reduced nitrite and ROS levels, and increased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and increased total antioxidant capacity. GE treatment reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL1β, IL6, and MCP-1 and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in the hippocampus of amnesic mice. Finally, GE treatment enhanced the expression of neuroprotective genes including BDNF, CREB, CBP, and IGF1 in the hippocampus of amnesic mice. Altogether, our results showed that GE treatment prevents hypoxia-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing neuroinflammation while increasing the expression of neuroprotective genes in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rumman
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India
| | - Shivani Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India.
| | - Babita Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India
| | - Mrinal Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India
| | - Saba Ubaid
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India
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4
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Kaur S, Kinkade JA, Green MT, Martin RE, Willemse TE, Bivens NJ, Schenk AK, Helferich WG, Trainor BC, Fass J, Settles M, Mao J, Rosenfeld CS. Disruption of global hypothalamic microRNA (miR) profiles and associated behavioral changes in California mice (Peromyscus californicus) developmentally exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals. Horm Behav 2021; 128:104890. [PMID: 33221288 PMCID: PMC7897400 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), e.g., bisphenol A (BPA) or genistein (GEN), causes longstanding epigenome effects. MicroRNAs (miRs) regulate which mRNAs will be translated to proteins and thereby serve as the final checkpoint in epigenetic control. Scant amount is known, however, whether EDCs affect neural miRNA (miR) patterns. We aimed to test the hypothesis that developmental exposure of California mice (Peromyscus californicus) to GEN, BPA, or both chemicals influences hypothalamic miR/small RNA profiles and ascertain the extent such biomolecular alterations correlate with behavioral and metabolic changes. California mice were developmentally exposed to GEN (250 mg/kg feed weight, FW), GEN (250 mg/kg FW)+BPA (5 mg/kg FW), low dose (LD) BPA (5 mg/kg FW), or upper dose (UD) BPA (50 mg/kg FW). Adult offspring were tested in a battery of behavioral and metabolic tests; whereupon, mice were euthanized, brains were collected and frozen, small RNAs were isolated from hypothalamic punches, and subsequently sequenced. California mice exposed to one or both EDCs engaged in one or more repetitive behaviors. GEN, LD BPA, and UD BPA altered aspects of ultrasonic and audible vocalizations. Each EDC exposure led to sex-dependent differences in differentially expressed miR/small RNAs with miR7-2, miR146, and miR148a being increased in all female and male EDC exposed groups. Current findings reveal that developmental exposure to GEN and/or BPA affects hypothalamic miR/small RNA expression patterns, and such changes correlate with EDC-induced behavioral and metabolic alterations. miR146 is likely an important mediator and biomarker of EDC exposure in mammals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarabjit Kaur
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jessica A Kinkade
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Madison T Green
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Rachel E Martin
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Tess E Willemse
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Nathan J Bivens
- DNA Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - William G Helferich
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brian C Trainor
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joseph Fass
- Bioinformatics Core, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Matthew Settles
- Bioinformatics Core, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jiude Mao
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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5
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Han Y, Gao C, Wang H, Sun J, Liang M, Feng Y, Liu Q, Fu S, Cui L, Gao C, Li Y, Yang Y, Sun B. Macrophage membrane-coated nanocarriers Co-Modified by RVG29 and TPP improve brain neuronal mitochondria-targeting and therapeutic efficacy in Alzheimer's disease mice. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:529-542. [PMID: 32995678 PMCID: PMC7492821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction caused by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an early event of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), and considered to be a key pathologic factor in the progression of AD. The targeted delivery of the antioxidants to mitochondria of injured neurons in brain is a promising therapeutic strategy for AD. A safe and effective drug delivery system (DDS) which is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and target neuronal mitochondria is necessary. Recently, bioactive materials-based DDS has been widely investigated for the treatment of AD. Herein, we developed macrophage (MA) membrane-coated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) by attaching rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG29) and triphenylphosphine cation (TPP) molecules to the surface of MA membrane (RVG/TPP-MASLNs) for functional antioxidant delivery to neuronal mitochondria. According to the results, MA membranes camouflaged the SLNs from being eliminated by RES-rich organs by inheriting the immunological characteristics of macrophages. The unique properties of the DDS after decoration with RVG29 on the surface was demonstrated by the ability to cross the BBB and the selective targeting to neurons. After entering the neurons in CNS, TPP further lead the DDS to mitochondria driven by electric charge. The Genistein (GS)- encapsulated DDS (RVG/TPP-MASLNs-GS) exhibited the most favorable effects on reliveing AD symptoms in vitro and in vivo by the synergies gained from the combination of MA membranes, RVG29 and TPP. These results demonstrated a promising therapeutic candidate for delaying the progression of AD via neuronal mitochondria-targeted delivery by the designed biomimetic nanosystems. MA membranes inherited the immunological properties of macrophages, providing RVG/TPP-MASLNs with enhanced RES evasion. RVG/TPP-MASLNs combined the advantages of RVG29, TPP and MA, greatly improving the efficiency for brain targeting delivery. The biomimetic nanosystems effectively improve the curative effect of genistein on the symptoms of AD mice with biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Chunhong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Jiejie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Meng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Ye Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Shiyao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Lin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Baoshan Sun
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 10016, PR China.,Instituto National de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Pólo Dois Portos, Quinta da Almoinha, Dois Portos, 2565-191, Portugal
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6
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Kaur S, Sarma SJ, Marshall BL, Liu Y, Kinkade JA, Bellamy MM, Mao J, Helferich WG, Schenk AK, Bivens NJ, Lei Z, Sumner LW, Bowden JA, Koelmel JP, Joshi T, Rosenfeld CS. Developmental exposure of California mice to endocrine disrupting chemicals and potential effects on the microbiome-gut-brain axis at adulthood. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10902. [PMID: 32616744 PMCID: PMC7331640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenoestrogens are chemicals found in plant products, such as genistein (GEN), and in industrial chemicals, e.g., bisphenol A (BPA), present in plastics and other products that are prevalent in the environment. Early exposure to such endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) may affect brain development by directly disrupting neural programming and/or through the microbiome-gut-brain axis. To test this hypothesis, California mice (Peromyscus californicus) offspring were exposed through the maternal diet to GEN (250 mg/kg feed weight) or BPA (5 mg/kg feed weight, low dose- LD or 50 mg/kg, upper dose-UD), and dams were placed on these diets two weeks prior to breeding, throughout gestation, and lactation. Various behaviors, gut microbiota, and fecal metabolome were assessed at 90 days of age. The LD but not UD of BPA exposure resulted in individuals spending more time engaging in repetitive behaviors. GEN exposed individuals were more likely to exhibit such behaviors and showed socio-communicative disturbances. BPA and GEN exposed females had increased number of metabolites involved in carbohydrate metabolism and synthesis. Males exposed to BPA or GEN showed alterations in lysine degradation and phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism. Current findings indicate cause for concern that developmental exposure to BPA or GEN might affect the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarabjit Kaur
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Saurav J Sarma
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Brittney L Marshall
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,MU Institute of Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jessica A Kinkade
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Madison M Bellamy
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jiude Mao
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - William G Helferich
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Nathan J Bivens
- DNA Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhentian Lei
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- Environmental Health Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,MU Institute of Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Department of Health Management and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,MU Institute of Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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7
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT. Emerging Signal Regulating Potential of Genistein Against Alzheimer's Disease: A Promising Molecule of Interest. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:197. [PMID: 31620438 PMCID: PMC6763641 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by pathological aggregation of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and tau protein; both of these are toxic to neurons. Currently, natural products are regarded as an alternative approach to discover novel multipotent drugs against AD. Dietary soy isoflavone genistein is one of the examples of such agents that occurs naturally and is known to exert a number of beneficial health effects. It has been observed that genistein has the capacity to improve the impairments triggered by Aβ and also it possesses the antioxidant potential to scavenge the AD-mediated generation of free radicals. Furthermore, genistein can interact directly with the targeted signaling proteins and also can stabilize their activity to combat AD. In order to advance the development of AD treatment, a better comprehension of the direct interactions of target proteins and genistein might prove beneficial. Therefore, this article focuses on the therapeutic effects and molecular targets of genistein, which has been found to target directly the Aβ and tau to control the intracellular signaling pathways responsible for neurons death in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Kondo T, Yoshida S, Nagai H, Takeshita A, Mino M, Morioka H, Nakajima T, Kusakabe KT, Okada T. Transient forebrain ischemia induces impairment in cognitive performance prior to extensive neuronal cell death in Mongolian gerbil ( Meriones unguiculatus). J Vet Sci 2018; 19:505-511. [PMID: 29695143 PMCID: PMC6070588 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.4.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Mongolian gerbils, bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) for several minutes induces ischemia, due to an incomplete circle of Willis, resulting in delayed neuronal cell death in the Cornet d'Ammon 1 (CA1) region of the hippocampus. Neuronal cell death in the hippocampus and changes in behavior were examined after BCCAO was performed for 5 min in the gerbils. One day after BCCAO, the pyramidal neurons of the CA1 region of the hippocampus showed degenerative changes (clumped chromatin in nuclei). At 5 and 10 days after BCCAO, extensive neuronal cell death was observed in the hippocampal CA1 region. Cognitive performance was evaluated by using the radial maze and passive avoidance tests. In the radial maze test, which examines win-stay performance, the number of errors was significantly higher in ischemic gerbils than in sham-operated gerbils on days 1 and 2 post-operation. In the passive avoidance test, the latency and freezing times were significantly shorter in ischemic gerbils than in sham-operated gerbils on the days 1, 2, and 4-6 post-operation. These results indicate that transient forebrain ischemia impairs cognitive performance, even immediately after the ischemic insult when there are only subtle signs of neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kondo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagai
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Ai Takeshita
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Masaki Mino
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morioka
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakajima
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Ken Takeshi Kusakabe
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Common Veterinary Medicine, University of Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Toshiya Okada
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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9
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Mirahmadi SMS, Shahmohammadi A, Rousta AM, Azadi MR, Fahanik-Babaei J, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Soy isoflavone genistein attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairments in the rat via exerting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Cytokine 2018; 104:151-159. [PMID: 29102164 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation during infectious disorders usually accompanies chronic complications including cognitive dysfunction. Neuroinflammation and cognitive deficit are also observed in some debilitating neurological disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Genistein is a soy isoflavone with multiple beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and protective properties. In this research study, the effect of genistein in prevention of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive dysfunction was investigated. LPS was given i.p. (500 μg/kg/day) and genistein was orally given (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg) for one week. Findings showed that genistein could dose-dependently attenuate spatial recognition, discrimination, and memory deficits. Additionally, genistein treatment of LPS-challenged group lowered hippocampal level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase and glutathione (GSH) level. Furthermore, genistein ameliorated hippocampal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in LPS-challenged rats. Furthermore, genistein administration to LPS-injected group lowered hippocampal level of interleukin 6 (IL-6), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and increased hippocampal level of antioxidant element nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). In conclusion, genistein alleviated LPS-induced cognitive dysfunctions and neural inflammation attenuation of oxidative stress and AChE activity and appropriate modulation of Nrf2/NF-κB/IL-6/TNFα/COX2/iNOS/TLR4/GFAP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Javad Fahanik-Babaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Du ZR, Feng XQ, Li N, Qu JX, Feng L, Chen L, Chen WF. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor is involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of genistein in microglia. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 43:11-20. [PMID: 29747742 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genistein (GEN), a phytoestrogen that is extracted from leguminous plants, can bind to estrogen receptor and exert biological effects. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a novel membrane estrogen receptor, has been reported to be involved in the anti-inflammatory process. In the present study, using BV2 microglial cell line and primary microglial culture, we evaluated the involvement of GPER in the anti-inflammatory effects of genistein against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglia activation. METHODS The anti-inflammatory effects of genistein were investigated in LPS-induced microglial activation in murine BV2 microglial cell line and primary microglial culture. Anti-inflammatory properties of genistein were determined by MTT, real time PCR, ELISA and western blot analysis. The pharmacological blockade and lentivirus-mediated siRNA knockdown of GPER were used to study the underlying mechanism. RESULTS The results showed that genistein exerted inhibitory effects on LPS-induced expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Pre-treatment with GPER antagonist G15 could significantly block the anti-inflammatory effects of genistein. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of genistein on LPS-induced activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways could also be blocked by G15. Lentivirus-mediated siRNA knockdown of GPER significantly inhibited the anti-inflammatory effects of genistein in BV2 cells. Further study revealed that genistein treatment could increase the gene and protein expressions of GPER in BV2 cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data provide the first evidence that genistein exerts anti-inflammatory effects in microglial cells via GPER activation. These beneficial effects of genistein may represent a new strategy for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Rui Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Feng
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiang-Xue Qu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wen-Fang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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11
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Zheng J, Wang Y, Han S, Luo Y, Sun X, Zhu N, Zhao L, Li J. Identification of Protein Kinase C Isoforms Involved in Type 1 Diabetic Encephalopathy in Mice. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:8431249. [PMID: 29744369 PMCID: PMC5878894 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8431249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic encephalopathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by impaired cognitive functions. Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are rarely reported on diabetic encephalopathy, although they have been believed to play crucial roles in other diabetic complications. In this study, streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic mice were found to exhibit learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze test. Meanwhile, the expression of cPKCβII, nPKCε, and cPKCγ did not change in the hippocampus, cortex, and striatum at 2 and 8 weeks after STZ injection. The nPKCε translocation to the membrane, where it is activated, was not altered in the above brain regions at 2 and 8 weeks after STZ injection. Nevertheless, cPKCβII translocation to the membrane was significantly decreased in the cortex and hippocampus at 8 weeks after STZ injection. The translocation of cPKCγ from the cytosol to the membrane was remarkably decreased in the hippocampus at 2 and 8 weeks and in the cortex and striatum at 8 weeks after STZ injection. In addition, deletion of cPKCγ aggravated the impairment of spatial learning and memory. In conclusion, our results suggest that the decrease in the activity of cPKCβII and cPKCγ, especially cPKCγ, may play key roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Zheng
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanlin Luo
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiuli Sun
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Junfa Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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12
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Koga M, Toyomaki A, Miyazaki A, Nakai Y, Yamaguchi A, Kubo C, Suzuki J, Ohkubo I, Shimizu M, Musashi M, Kiso Y, Kusumi I. Mediators of the effects of rice intake on health in individuals consuming a traditional Japanese diet centered on rice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185816. [PMID: 28968452 PMCID: PMC5624626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Japanese diet is believed to be balanced and healthy, its benefits have been poorly investigated, especially in terms of effects on mental health. We investigated dietary patterns and physical and mental health in the Japanese population using an epidemiological survey to determine the health benefits of the traditional Japanese diet. Questionnaires to assess dietary habits, quality of life, sleep quality, impulsivity, and depression severity were distributed to 550 randomly selected middle-aged and elderly individuals. Participants with any physical or mental disease were excluded. Two-hundred and seventy-eight participants were selected for the final statistical analysis. We determined rice to be one of the most traditional foods in Japanese cuisine. Scores for each questionnaire were computed, and the correlations between rice intake and health indices were assessed. When analyzing the direct correlations between rice intake and health indices, we found only two correlations, namely those with quality of life (vitality) and sleep quality. Path analysis using structural equation modeling was performed to investigate the association between rice intake and health, with indirect effects included in the model. Additional associations between rice intake and health were explained using this model when compared to those using direct correlation analysis. Path analysis was used to identify mediators of the rice-health association. These mediators were miso (soybean paste) soup, green tea, and natto (fermented soybean) intake. Interestingly, these mediators have been major components of the Japanese diet since 1975, which has been considered one of the healthiest diets since the 1960s. Our results indicate that the combination of rice with other healthy foods, which is representative of the traditional Japanese diet, may contribute to improvements in physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Koga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Atsuhito Toyomaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akane Miyazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukiei Nakai
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Chizuru Kubo
- Department of Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junko Suzuki
- Department of Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Iwao Ohkubo
- Department of Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mari Shimizu
- Department of Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinobu Kiso
- Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kusumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Yamada J, Hatabe J, Tankyo K, Jinno S. Cell type- and region-specific enhancement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by daidzein in middle-aged female mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 111:92-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Molecular and Therapeutic Targets of Genistein in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7028-7041. [PMID: 27796744 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating brain disorder characterized by an increased level of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide deposition and neuronal cell death leading to an impairment of learning and thinking skills. The Aβ deposition is a key factor in senile plaques of the AD brain which cause the elevation of intracellular calcium ions and the production of formidable free radicals, both of which greatly contribute to the AD-associated cascade, leading to unstoppable neuronal loss in the hippocampal region of the brain. Natural products are currently considered as an alternative strategy for the discovery of novel multipotent drugs against AD. They include the naturally occurring dietary soy isoflavone genistein which has been recognized to possess several health-promoting effects. Genistein has been mainly focused because of its potential on amelioration of Aβ-induced impairment and its antioxidant capacity to scavenge the free radicals produced in AD. It can also directly interact with the targeted signaling proteins and stabilize their activity to prevent AD. An improved understanding of the direct interactions between genistein and target proteins would contribute to the further development of AD treatment. This review mainly focuses on molecular targets and the therapeutic effects regulated by genistein, which has the ability to directly target the Aβ peptide and to control its activity involved in intracellular signaling pathways, which otherwise would lead to neuronal death in the hippocampal region of the AD brain.
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Garg S, Lule VK, Malik RK, Tomar SK. Soy Bioactive Components in Functional Perspective: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2015.1136936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheenam Garg
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Vaibhao Kisanrao Lule
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Ravinder Kumar Malik
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Tomar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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16
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Su P, Zhang J, Wang S, Aschner M, Cao Z, Zhao F, Wang D, Chen J, Luo W. Genistein alleviates lead-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo: Involvement of multiple signaling pathways. Neurotoxicology 2016; 53:153-164. [PMID: 26797587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous environmental and industrial pollutant. It induces neurotoxicity and cell death by disrupting the pro- and anti-oxidative balance; however, the mechanisms of its toxicity have yet to be fully understood. The soy-derived isoflavonoid, genistein (GEN), was reported to possess neuroprotective and antioxidative properties. The present study investigated the molecular mechanisms of Pb-induced neurotoxicity in vivo and in vitro, addressing the efficacy of GEN in protecting against Pb-induced toxicity. Pb exposure was associated with reduction of cell viability and cell apoptosis, concomitant with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in vitro, and pre-treatment with GEN markedly ameliorated the Pb-induced oxidative injury by increasing the expression of key antioxidant enzymes and the antioxidant transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Next, PKC-α activation was found after Pb exposure in vitro and pretreatment with GEN attenuated Pb-induced ROS generation by PKC-α inhibition. MAPK-NF-κB activation triggered by Pb was also inhibited by GEN. In summary, our study establishes that GEN alleviates Pb-induced impairment in spatial memory, and reduces cell apoptosis caused by Pb exposure and GEN protects neurons from Pb-induced neurotoxicity by downstream activation of antioxidant and anti-apoptotic pathways via regulation of Nrf2 and MAPK-NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Su
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Siwang Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | | | - Zipeng Cao
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Diya Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiangyuan Chen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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