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Ifran MC, Suárez AB, Avellaneda MA, Kamenetzky GV. The presence of chemosensory cues transmitted through the mother's milk increases the search and ingestion responses toward bitter and sour solutions. Appetite 2021; 161:105147. [PMID: 33535059 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction is of major importance during early stages of life in altricial species. This sense allows newborns to develop different behaviors that will allow them to survive. Odors tend to be associated to contextual stimuli (such as warmth); this, in turn, enables the pups to recognize when to withdraw or approach. At the same time, olfaction modulates the acceptance of aversive flavors. The increase of approach responses toward a bitter substance during early life is enhanced by stimulation with familiar, pre-exposed odors. Newborn rats exhibit heightened grasp responses toward an artificial nipple dispensing quinine, and drink more of this bitter solution, in the presence of a pre-exposed odor (lemon or the mother's odor). The present research assessed the replicability of previous results by pre-exposing the subjects to the scent through maternal milk and using solutions with different aversive tastes. Half of the subjects (3 day-old Wistar rats) were pre-exposed to lemon odor through the maternal milk (the mother had previously ingested the lemon essence via an intragastric injection); 4 h later, all the rats were evaluated in the presence of the lemon odor with an artificial nipple containing quinine, citric acid, saline solution, or water. The results showed enhanced seeking and intake of the bitter (quinine) and sour solution (citric acid). However, this did not occur when the nipple contained water or saline solution. The evidence suggests that: During the early stages of development, familiar odors regulate the acceptance of non-palatable, otherwise rejected, flavors; and that the route of transmission of the pre-exposed odor can be through air, or through food (amniotic fluid in previous studies and, in this case, breast milk), that is, via the retronasal and orthonasal routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Ifran
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A Lanari, IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, CP 1427, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Abierta Interamericana - Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de La Salud, Av. Montes de Oca 745, CP 1270, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Andrea B Suárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A Lanari, IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, CP 1427, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías A Avellaneda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A Lanari, IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, CP 1427, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Giselle V Kamenetzky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A Lanari, IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, CP 1427, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Abierta Interamericana - Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de La Salud, Av. Montes de Oca 745, CP 1270, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ifran MC, Suárez AB, Pautassi RM, Kamenetzky GV. Sensitive period for the acceptance of unpalatable flavors in the presence of a preexposed odor in infant rats. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:1092-1099. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María C. Ifran
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A LanariIDIM‐CONICETUniversidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
- Universidad Abierta Interamericana– Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud Capital Federal Argentina
| | - Andrea B. Suárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC‐CONICET‐Universidad Nacional de Córdoba) Córdoba Argentina
| | - Ricardo M. Pautassi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC‐CONICET‐Universidad Nacional de Córdoba) Córdoba Argentina
| | - Giselle V. Kamenetzky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A LanariIDIM‐CONICETUniversidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
- Universidad Abierta Interamericana– Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud Capital Federal Argentina
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Exposure to maternal odor enhances intake of a taste that mimicks the sensory attributes of ethanol. Learn Behav 2019; 47:302-309. [PMID: 31264146 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-019-00373-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Early exposure to ethanol increases subsequent acceptance of this drug. Little attention, however, has been devoted to the interaction of the taste of the drug with other, familiar or non-familiar, odors contingent with ethanol access, particularly early in ontogeny. This study assessed the influence of exposure to maternal odor on intake and grasp responses to an artificial nipple providing a solution (a sucrose-quinine mix) that emulates the taste of alcohol, in 4-day-old rat pups. The results showed that the mother's odor enhanced intake from and seeking responses to an artificial nipple that provided the solution that mimicked the taste of alcohol (Experiment 1). This pattern of results was not evoked by the odor of an unrelated dam (Experiment 2), nor was it observed when the nipple delivered water. The main new finding of the present study is that 4-day-old rats tested in the presence of the mother (and hence exposed to her odor cues) exhibited enhanced seeking and intake of a solution that mimics the chemosensory properties of ethanol.
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Picket B, Dando R. Environmental Immersion's Influence on Hedonics, Perceived Appropriateness, and Willingness to Pay in Alcoholic Beverages. Foods 2019; 8:foods8020042. [PMID: 30691117 PMCID: PMC6406405 DOI: 10.3390/foods8020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The eating experience is multimodal. As we consume a dish, we perceive much more than that which initially activates the senses, including influences from our surroundings. Foods sampled in experimental settings are largely evaluated within a sensory booth, an environment designed to be devoid of such external or non-standardized stimuli, so that participants can focus solely on the sample itself. In natural experiences, we rarely consume food in such isolation—context is actually key to many dining experiences and can have an integral role in how we perceive the foods we eat. Using virtual reality to artificially provide this context, we tested how the setting in which a beverage was consumed influenced perception of two different samples. Virtual environments were formed by processing custom-recorded 360 degree videos and overlaying audio, text, and sensory scales to simulate a typical sensory evaluation. Participants were asked to taste two alcoholic beverages, a beer and a sparkling wine, in two virtual contexts, a bar and a winery. The results indicated that participants’ willingness to pay for, and overall enjoyment of the sparkling wine increased when placed in the winery context, with no change between the two virtual contexts for the beer sample. This occurred without alteration of the samples’ sensory properties or the ability of panelists to identify the beverage they were drinking; however, perceived appropriateness of the samples for the setting was strongly influenced by the context in which they were sampled, suggesting that perceived appropriateness for a surrounding may play a role in the degree to which we enjoy a food. Results provide further proof that artificially-applied context, such as that provided by virtual reality, can further the sensory testing of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Picket
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Robin Dando
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Ifrán MC, Suárez AB, Pautassi RM, Kamenetzky GV. Maternal Odor Exposure Modulates Acceptance of a Bitter Taste in Newborn and Infant Rats. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1327. [PMID: 30108539 PMCID: PMC6079235 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The acceptance of bitter, aversive, substances during early life is enhanced by stimulation with familiar, pre-exposed odors. Newborn rats exhibited heightened grasp responses toward an artificial nipple dispensing quinine, and drank more of this bitter solution, if concurrently stimulated with a lemon odor they had been exposed to shortly after birth. It yet unknown, however, if odors made familiar via normative developmental milestones also acquire modulatory influence upon seeking and intake of basic tastants. The current study assessed the influence of exposure to maternal odor on intake and grasp responses toward a surrogate nipple providing quinine, in 3-day (Experiment 1) or 12-day (Experiment 2) old, Wistar rat pups. The results revealed enhanced seeking and intake of the bitter solution, but not of water, in animals tested in the presence of the mother (and hence exposed to its odor cues), at both ages, compared to counterparts given either no explicit odor stimulation or stimulation to the odor of an unrelated dam. These results, obtained with a biologically relevant odor, are consistent with those previously found with a neutral, arbitrary odor. It seems that during the early stages of development, familiar odors regulate the acceptance of non-palatable, otherwise rejected, flavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Ifrán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud - Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea B Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ricardo M Pautassi
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Giselle V Kamenetzky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud - Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Influence of prenatal pre-exposure to an odor on intake behavior of an aversive solution in newborn rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 673:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Physical Interaction Is Required in Social Buffering Induced by a Familiar Conspecific. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39788. [PMID: 28008991 PMCID: PMC5180222 DOI: 10.1038/srep39788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In social animals, signals released from fearless conspecifics attenuate fear responses, namely social buffering. The presence of conspecific odor can suppress the expression of freezing response of conditioned mice. The present study investigated if physical social experience is required for this social buffering effect. The mice were exposed to donors, donor bedding (collected from cages of donors), or fresh bedding as control, respectively, for 10 days (1 hour daily) in prior to fear conditioning test. The fear expression test was examined in presence of donor bedding. The results showed that only the donor group mice showed reduced freezing time than the other two groups in the fear memory test. This phenomenon indicated that physical interaction might be required for the social buffering effect.
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Deak T, Hunt PS. Early ontogeny as a unique developmental epoch for learning, memory and consequences of alcohol exposure: A Festschrift to honor the work of Dr. Norman E. Spear. Physiol Behav 2015; 148:1-5. [PMID: 26066730 PMCID: PMC4783627 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terrence Deak
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
| | - Pamela S Hunt
- Department of Psychology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, United States
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