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Bi Y, Zhang X, Chang X, Li J, Xiao S, Zhang B, Dang C, Sun L, Yao H, Fang Q, Wang F, Ye G. Olfactory behavioral responses of two Drosophila species and their pupal parasitoid to volatiles from bananas. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4309-4318. [PMID: 37357260 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavior-based manipulation is an essential part of Drosophila integrated pest management (IPM). Effective compounds are useful for improving the efficiency of baits and the development of attract-and-kill or push-pull strategies to manage Drosophila populations. Here, we investigated the olfactory behavior of two Drosophila species, as well as their pupal parasitoid, to volatiles from bananas, for the identification of effective compounds to control fly populations. RESULTS The results showed that overripe bananas were most attractive to both flies, with a higher attraction index (AI) in Drosophila melanogaster than in Drosophila suzukii. The profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from bananas with three different ripening stages were compared, and six VOCs were selected for behavioral tests. D. suzukii showed significantly different responses to isoamyl alcohol with D. melanogaster. The effects of ethyl butyrate and ethyl isovalerate on the two flies were dose-dependent, with lower concentrations acting as repellent and higher concentrations acting as attractant. Isoamyl acetate, isoamyl butyrate and isoamyl isovalerate (0.005-0.05% v/v) were attractive to both flies. The parasitoid wasp Pachycrepoidus vindemmiae was repelled by isoamyl alcohol and ethyl butyrate, and attracted by ethyl isovalerate, but showed no significant response to isoamyl acetate, isoamyl butyrate and isoamyl isovalerate at the tested concentration. CONCLUSION This study indicated that the behavioral response of Drosophila to the odor of chemical compounds is dose-dependent. Isoamyl alcohol and isoamyl acetate at certain concentrations could be used as repellents, whereas ethyl isovalerate as an attractant in control strategy design for D. suzukii. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaluan Bi
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuefei Chang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shan Xiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Dang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Sun
- Qixia Agricultural and Technology Extension Center, Qixia, China
| | - Hongwei Yao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Babin A, Gatti JL, Poirié M. Bacillus thuringiensis bioinsecticide influences Drosophila oviposition decision. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230565. [PMID: 37650056 PMCID: PMC10465210 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural avoidance has obvious benefits for animals facing environmental stressors such as pathogen-contaminated foods. Most current bioinsecticides are based on the environmental and opportunistic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that kills targeted insect pests upon ingestion. While food and oviposition avoidance of Bt bioinsecticide by targeted insect species was reported, this remained to be addressed in non-target organisms, especially those affected by chronic exposure to Bt bioinsecticide such as Drosophila species. Here, using a two-choice oviposition test, we showed that female flies of three Drosophila species (four strains of D. melanogaster, D. busckii and D. suzukii) avoided laying eggs in the presence of Bt var. kurstaki bioinsecticide, with potential benefits for the offspring and female's fitness. Avoidance occurred rapidly, regardless of the fraction of the bioinsecticide suspension (spores and toxin crystals versus soluble toxins/compounds) and independently of the female motivation for egg laying. Our results suggest that, in addition to recent findings of developmental and physiological alterations upon chronic exposure to non-target Drosophila, this bioinsecticide may modify the competitive interactions between Drosophila species in treated areas and the interactions with their associated natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Babin
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Agrobiotech Institute (ISA), 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Agrobiotech Institute (ISA), 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Agrobiotech Institute (ISA), 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
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Havaux M. β-Cyclocitral and derivatives: Emerging molecular signals serving multiple biological functions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:35-41. [PMID: 32738580 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
β-cyclocitral is a volatile short-chain apocarotenoid generated by enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of the carotenoid β-carotene. β-cyclocitral has recently emerged as a new bioactive compound in various organisms ranging from plants and cyanobacteria to fungi and animals. In vascular plants, β-cyclocitral and its direct oxidation product, β-cyclocitric acid, are stress signals that accumulate under unfavorable environmental conditions such as drought or high light. Both compounds regulate nuclear gene expression through several signaling pathways, leading to stress acclimation. In cyanobacteria, β-cyclocitral functions as an inhibitor of competing microalgae and as a repellent against grazers. As a volatile compound, this apocarotenoid plays also an important role in intra-species and inter-species communication. This review summarizes recent findings on the multiple roles of β-cyclocitral and of some of its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Havaux
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR7265, CEA, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix-Marseille, CEA/Cadarache, F-13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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Wang Y, Farine JP, Yang Y, Yang J, Tang W, Gehring N, Ferveur JF, Moussian B. Transcriptional Control of Quality Differences in the Lipid-Based Cuticle Barrier in Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster. Front Genet 2020; 11:887. [PMID: 32849846 PMCID: PMC7423992 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuticle barrier efficiency in insects depends largely on cuticular lipids. To learn about the evolution of cuticle barrier function, we compared the basic properties of the cuticle inward and outward barrier function in adults of the fruit flies Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster that live on fruits sharing a similar habitat. At low air humidity, D. suzukii flies desiccate faster than D. melanogaster flies. We observed a general trend indicating that in this respect males are less robust than females in both species. Xenobiotics penetration occurs at lower temperatures in D. suzukii than in D. melanogaster. Likewise, D. suzukii flies are more susceptible to contact insecticides than D. melanogaster flies. Thus, both the inward and outward barriers of D. suzukii are less efficient. Consistently, D. suzukii flies have less cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) that participate as key components of the cuticle barrier. Especially, the relative amounts of branched and desaturated CHCs, known to enhance desiccation resistance, show reduced levels in D. suzukii. Moreover, the expression of snustorr (snu) that encodes an ABC transporter involved in barrier construction and CHC externalization, is strongly suppressed in D. suzukii. Hence, species-specific genetic programs regulate the quality of the lipid-based cuticle barrier in these two Drosophilae. Together, we conclude that the weaker inward and outward barriers of D. suzukii may be partly explained by differences in CHC composition and by a reduced Snu-dependent transport rate of CHCs to the surface. In turn, this suggests that snu is an ecologically adjustable and therefore relevant gene in cuticle barrier efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Farine
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR-CNRS 6265, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Yang Yang
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jing Yang
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Weina Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nicole Gehring
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jean-François Ferveur
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR-CNRS 6265, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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Lukša J, Vepštaitė-Monstavičė I, Apšegaitė V, Blažytė-Čereškienė L, Stanevičienė R, Strazdaitė-Žielienė Ž, Ravoitytė B, Aleknavičius D, Būda V, Mozūraitis R, Servienė E. Fungal Microbiota of Sea Buckthorn Berries at Two Ripening Stages and Volatile Profiling of Potential Biocontrol Yeasts. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030456. [PMID: 32210172 PMCID: PMC7143951 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides L., has considerable potential for landscape reclamation, food, medicinal, and cosmetics industries. In this study, we analyzed fungal microorganism populations associated with carposphere of sea buckthorn harvested in Lithuania. An amplicon metagenomic approach based on the ITS2 region of fungal rDNA was used to reveal the ripening-affected fungal community alterations on sea buckthorn berries. According to alpha and beta diversity analyses, depending on the ripening stage, sea buckthorn displayed significantly different fungal communities. Unripe berries were shown to be prevalent by Aureobasidium, Taphrina, and Cladosporium, while ripe berries were dominated by Aureobasidium and Metschnikowia. The selected yeast strains from unripe and mature berries were applied for volatile organic compounds identification by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. It was demonstrated that the patterns of volatiles of four yeast species tested were distinct from each other. The current study for the first time revealed the alterations of fungal microorganism communities colonizing the surface of sea buckthorn berries at different ripening stages. The novel information on specific volatile profiles of cultivable sea buckthorn-associated yeasts with a potential role in biocontrol is important for the development of the strategies for plant cultivation and disease management, as well as for the improvement of the quality and preservation of the postharvest berries. Management of the fungal microorganisms present on the surface of berries might be a powerful instrument for control of phytopathogenic and potentially antagonistic microorganisms affecting development and quality of the berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Lukša
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania (I.V.-M.); (R.S.); (Ž.S.-Ž.); (B.R.)
| | - Iglė Vepštaitė-Monstavičė
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania (I.V.-M.); (R.S.); (Ž.S.-Ž.); (B.R.)
| | - Violeta Apšegaitė
- Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioral Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.A.); (L.B.-Č.); (D.A.); (V.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Laima Blažytė-Čereškienė
- Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioral Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.A.); (L.B.-Č.); (D.A.); (V.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Ramunė Stanevičienė
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania (I.V.-M.); (R.S.); (Ž.S.-Ž.); (B.R.)
| | - Živilė Strazdaitė-Žielienė
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania (I.V.-M.); (R.S.); (Ž.S.-Ž.); (B.R.)
| | - Bazilė Ravoitytė
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania (I.V.-M.); (R.S.); (Ž.S.-Ž.); (B.R.)
| | - Dominykas Aleknavičius
- Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioral Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.A.); (L.B.-Č.); (D.A.); (V.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Vincas Būda
- Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioral Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.A.); (L.B.-Č.); (D.A.); (V.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Raimondas Mozūraitis
- Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioral Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.A.); (L.B.-Č.); (D.A.); (V.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Elena Servienė
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania (I.V.-M.); (R.S.); (Ž.S.-Ž.); (B.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5-272-93-63
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Mozūraitis R, Aleknavičius D, Vepštaitė-Monstavičė I, Stanevičienė R, Emami SN, Apšegaitė V, Radžiutė S, Blažytė-Čereškienė L, Servienė E, Būda V. Hippophae rhamnoides berry related Pichia kudriavzevii yeast volatiles modify behaviour of Rhagoletis batava flies. J Adv Res 2019; 21:71-77. [PMID: 32071775 PMCID: PMC7015468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pichia kudriavzevii yeasts were isolated from ripe Hippophae rhamnoides berries. Thirty-five yeast volatiles were identified from the headspace of P. kudriavzevii. Esters and alcohols contributed by 32% and 66% to the total blend amount. Ten of those volatiles elicited antenna responses of Rhagoletis batava flies. Mixture of synthetic olfactory active compounds attracted R. batava males and females.
Olfactory cues have a large impact on insect behaviour and fitness consequently showing potential in pest management. Yeast released volatiles are used by insects as olfactory cues for finding feeding and oviposition sites. The yeast strain SB-16-15 was isolated from spontaneous fermentation of Hippophae rhamnoides berries and identified as Pichia kudriavzevii. Thirty-nine volatiles were sampled from the headspace of P. kudriavzevii yeasts by solid phase micro extraction and identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. Ten of those volatiles elicited antennal responses of Rhagoletis batava flies, one of the most serious pest of H. rhamnoides berries. In the two-choice experiments, R. batava flies preferred the mixture composed of nine synthetic compounds analogous to electroanntenographic active volatiles released by the yeasts compare to the solvent control. Female flies were significantly attracted to the mixture at the concentration 0.1 µL mL−1 and showed no preference to the mixture at the concentration 1 µL mL−1 versus control while males reacted positively to the synthetic blend at the concentration 1 µL mL−1. Herein, for the first time, behaviour modifying effect of H. rhamnoides berry related yeast volatiles was shown suggesting these semiochemicals have potential in use for monitoring R. batava flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimondas Mozūraitis
- Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dominykas Aleknavičius
- Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Iglė Vepštaitė-Monstavičė
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ramunė Stanevičienė
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Seyedeh Noushin Emami
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Violeta Apšegaitė
- Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sandra Radžiutė
- Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Laima Blažytė-Čereškienė
- Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Elena Servienė
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vincas Būda
- Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Krittika S, Indhumathi P, Vedha Hari BN, Ramya Devi D, Yadav P. Evidence of nanoemulsion as an effective control measure for fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10578. [PMID: 31332229 PMCID: PMC6646352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticide resistance is a common concern. It exerts close association with economic and health associated problems in various plants and other organisms. Several approaches have been trialled for attracting and trapping the insects and flies that are acting as vectors for transmission of communicable diseases. Although Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) is not an agricultural pest, its presence in consumer dwelling areas is an objection to human, as it indicates signs of an unhealthy environment or products. The current study focuses on the development of nanoemulsion with synthetic attractants and entrapping in sticky glue formulation that could provide prolonged effect for attracting and trapping the fruit flies. The results of our study showed the efficient attractive ability of exposed nanoemulsion (A3E1T) containing amyl acetate, ammonia, ethanol and Tween 80 compared to that of control. While the sex-based effect was not very prominent, the nanoemulsion showed a higher relative response index to the flies and increased activity even during their siesta time. Therefore, the nanoemulsion-based approach could be identified as one of the promising lines of attack and a suitable alternative for the existing fruit fly control measures. The present study is the first of its kind in reporting the ability of nanoemulsion formulation to attract and influence the activity of fruit flies D. melanogaster, up to our best of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Krittika
- Fly Laboratory # 210, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Indhumathi
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory # 214, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B N Vedha Hari
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory # 214, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - D Ramya Devi
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory # 214, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pankaj Yadav
- Fly Laboratory # 210, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Brankatschk M, Gutmann T, Knittelfelder O, Palladini A, Prince E, Grzybek M, Brankatschk B, Shevchenko A, Coskun Ü, Eaton S. A Temperature-Dependent Switch in Feeding Preference Improves Drosophila Development and Survival in the Cold. Dev Cell 2018; 46:781-793.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Evolutionary compromises to metabolic toxins: Ammonia and urea tolerance in Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster. Physiol Behav 2018; 191:146-154. [PMID: 29679661 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The invasive pest Drosophila suzukii has evolved morphological and behavioural adaptations to lay eggs under the skin of fresh fruits. This results in severe damage to a wide range of small fruits. Drosophila suzukii females typically lay few eggs per fruit, preferring healthy fruits. Hence, larvae are exposed to a reduced amount of nitrogenous waste. Differently, the innocuous Drosophila melanogaster lays eggs on fermented fruits already infested by conspecifics, with larvae developing in a crowded environment with the accumulation of nitrogenous waste such as ammonia and urea. These compounds derive from nitrogen metabolism, protein degradation, and amino acids catabolism and are relatively toxic at high concentrations in an organism. The observed differences in oviposition site and larval ecological niche suggest that these species might differ in behavioural and physiological mechanisms used to cope with nitrogenous waste. We investigated how different concentrations of ammonia and urea affect oviposition and larval development in both species. Females and larvae of D. suzukii showed greater susceptibility to high concentrations of both compounds, with a dramatic decrease in the number of eggs laid and egg viability. Moreover, we tested the chemotactic response of third instar larvae to high concentrations of the compounds. Interestingly, ammonia resulted in a repulsive behaviour in respect of the control and urea groups. To better understand the pathways underlying these differences, we evaluated the effect on ornithine aminotransferase and glutathione-S-transferase, two enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism and stress response that are expressed during larval development. Both ammonia and urea significantly reduced the expression of these enzymes in D. suzukii compared to D. melanogaster. This shows how the ecological shift of D. suzukii to fresh fruit is accompanied by less efficient detoxifying and excretory mechanisms, with important implications for evolutionary biology and applied research. Our data suggest that the ecological shift of D. suzukii to fresh fruit as oviposition substrate is accompanied by a reduced tolerance to metabolic toxins during larval development.
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