Synergistic interactions between mirtazapine and prazosin prevent the induction and expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine in rats

Mirtazapine attenuates the cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization in male and female C57BL/6J and BALBA/cJ mouse

BACKGROUND

Clinical studies have described the efficacy of various therapeutic approaches. Results are inconsistent and clinical application is limited. Clinical trials have suggested that individual variability in the response to pharmacological therapies and sex affects the efficacy of some antidepressant drugs. Mouse strain-dependent variability influenced the response to antidepressant drugs. Some mouse strains respond faster and better to antidepressants than other mouse strains. We recently reported a series of preclinical studies that showed that dosing of mirtazapine, a noradrenergic and serotonergic antidepressant, in male and female Wistar rats decreased cocaine-induced locomotor activity and attenuated the induction and expression of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the mirtazapine effects, on cocaine-induced locomotor activity and cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization in male and female mice of the C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ strains, which differ in sensitivity to the cocaine motor effects and response to antidepressant drugs.

METHODS

Male and female BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J inbred mice (20-25 g) were daily dosed with 10 mg/kg of cocaine during the induction and expression of locomotor sensitization. During drug withdrawal, cocaine was withdrawn, and the groups received daily mirtazapine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. Mirtazapine was administered 30 min before cocaine. After each administration, locomotor activity for each animal was recorded for 30 min in transparent Plexiglass activity chambers.

RESULTS

Cocaine-induced locomotor activity were greater in C57BL/6J strain mice than BALB/cJ strain mice during the induction and expression phase of locomotor sensitization. The female mice of both strains showed a higher cocaine locomotor response than males and mirtazapine significantly decreased cocaine-induced locomotor activity, as well as the induction and expression of locomotor sensitization, regardless of mouse strain or sex.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest mirtazapine may be considered an effective therapeutic option to treat cocaine use disorder in men and women with very diverse genetic backgrounds.

Mirtazapine-induced decrease in cocaine sensitization is enhanced by environmental enrichment in rats

Several studies have reported that mirtazapine attenuated the induction and expression of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Animals placed in enriched housing environments have shown a decrease in cocaine-induced locomotor activity and sensitization. In addition, it has been suggested that a pharmacological treatment combined with a behavioral intervention increases the efficacy of the former. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine if dosing of mirtazapine in an enriched housing environment enhanced the mirtazapine-induced decrease on the induction and expression of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Wistar male rats were dosed with cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.). During the drug-withdrawal phase, mirtazapine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered under standard and enriched housing environmental conditions. The environmental enrichment consisted of housing the animals in enclosures with plastic toys, tunnels, and running wheels. After each administration, locomotor activity for each animal was recorded for 30 min. The study found that treatment with mirtazapine in an enriched housing environment produced an enhanced and persistent attenuation of the induction and expression of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Additionally, it reduced the duration of cocaine-induced locomotor activity in the expression phase of locomotor sensitization. Dosing of mirtazapine in an enriched housing environment enhanced the effectiveness of mirtazapine to decrease cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. This suggests the potential use of enriched environments to enhance the effect of mirtazapine.

Mirtazapine decreased induction and expression of cocaine + nicotine-induced locomotor sensitisation in rats

Objectives: Concurrent abuse of cocaine and nicotine is considered a public health problem. To date, no effective therapy has been known to reduce the reinforcing effects of concurrent use of cocaine and nicotine. Mirtazapine, an antagonist of the α₂-adrenoceptor and the 5-HT_2A/C and the 5-HT₃ receptors has proven effective in reducing the cocaine, nicotine and methamphetamine behavioural effects in humans and animals. Our study evaluated the effect of mirtazapine on enhancing locomotor activity during the induction and expression of locomotor sensitisation induced by a cocaine + nicotine mixture.Methods: Wistar rats were dosed with cocaine, nicotine or cocaine + nicotine combination. Mirtazapine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered during the extinction phase.Results: Mirtazapine decreased cocaine + nicotine-induced locomotor activity and induction and expression of locomotor sensitisation. In addition, we found that co-administration of mecamylamine and mirtazapine significantly enhanced the effect of mirtazapine on cocaine + nicotine-induced locomotor activity during induction and expression of behavioural sensitisation.Conclusions: Our results suggest that mirtazapine demonstrated efficacy in decreasing the psycho-stimulant effects of concurrent use of cocaine and nicotine.

Mitragynine, bioactive alkaloid of kratom, reduces chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain in rats through α-adrenoceptor mechanism

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Kratom is a coffee-like plant containing compounds that cause opioid and stimulant effects. The most prevalent bioactive alkaloid of kratom is mitragynine (MG). Opioid effects of MG are apparent (e.g. antinociception and nanomolar affinity for μ, κ and δ opioid receptors), but effects encompassing interactions with additional systems, such as adrenergic and dopaminergic, remain undefined. Given that enhanced adrenergic transmission is a mechanism common to most first-line neuropathic pain medications, we tested the hypothesis that MG reduces chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain through a mechanism involving α-adrenoceptor activation.

METHODS

Rats were injected once with oxaliplatin (6 mg/kg IP) to induce allodynia and then treated with MG (0, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg IP) for 5-7 days. To investigate receptor mechanisms, a fixed dose of MG (5 mg/kg IP) was injected with yohimbine (5 mg/kg IP, α₂-adrenoceptor antagonist), prazosin (5 mg/kg IP, α₁-adrenoceptor antagonist), or naltrexone (5 mg/kg IP, opioid antagonist).

KEY RESULTS

MG (5, 10 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced mechanical sensitivity in oxaliplatin-injected rats. Anti-allodynic effects of MG were completely inhibited by yohimbine, and significantly reduced by prazosin and naltrexone. MG produced modest hyperlocomotion but only at a dose (30 mg/kg) higher than those required to reduce allodynia.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION

The finding that MG reduced neuropathic pain through a mechanism requiring active α-adrenoceptors indicates that the pharmacological profile of MG includes activation of adrenergic, as well as opioid, systems.

Melatonin decreases cocaine-induced locomotor activity in pinealectomized rats

Objective:

Several studies have shown that the time of day regulates the reinforcing effects of cocaine. Additionally, melatonin and its MT₁ and MT₂ receptors have been found to participate in modulation of the reinforcing effects of such addictive drugs as cocaine. Loss of the diurnal variation in cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization and cocaine-induced place preference has been identified in pinealectomized mice. In addition, several studies in rodents have shown that administration of melatonin decreased the reinforcing effects of cocaine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of melatonin on cocaine-induced locomotor activity in pinealectomized rats at different times of day (zeitgeber time [ZT]4, ZT10, ZT16, and ZT22).

Methods:

Naïve, pinealectomized Wistar rats received cocaine at different times of day. Melatonin was administered 30 min before cocaine; luzindole was administered 15 min prior to melatonin and 45 min before cocaine. After administration of each treatment, locomotor activity for each animal was recorded for a total of 30 min. Pinealectomy was confirmed at the end of the experiment through melatonin quantitation by ELISA.

Results:

Cocaine-induced locomotor activity varied according to the time of day. Continuous lighting and pinealectomy increased cocaine-induced locomotor activity. Melatonin administration decreased cocaine-induced locomotor activity in naïve and pinealectomized rats at different times of day. Luzindole blocked the melatonin-induced reduction in cocaine-induced locomotor activity in pinealectomized rats.

Conclusion:

Given its ability to mitigate various reinforcing effects of cocaine, melatonin could be a useful therapy for cocaine abuse.

Cocaine + nicotine mixture enhances induction and expression of behavioral sensitization in rats

BACKGROUND

Psychoactive substance abuse is a health problem worldwide. Has been reported a high prevalence of use of tobacco and cocaine, either separately or in combination. Clinical and animal studies have suggested that the concurrent use of cocaine and nicotine reinforces the potency of one or both drugs and that nicotine may enhance the reinforcing effects of cocaine. Our study evaluated the combined effects of cocaine and nicotine on locomotor activity during the induction and expression phases of locomotor sensitization-a physiological mechanism that plays an important role in establishing some of the defining characteristics of drug abuse.

METHODS

We used Wistar rats which were dosed with cocaine, nicotine or cocaine and nicotine combination and recorded their locomotor activity in different phases of the experiment.

RESULTS

We found that a daily dose of cocaine combined with nicotine enhanced cocaine- and nicotine-induced locomotor activity, as well as induction and expression of locomotor sensitization. Moreover, we found that pretreatment with nicotine enhanced the locomotor sensitization expression.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that concurrent use of cocaine and nicotine may result in co-abuse of these drugs.