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Metcalfe RS, Vollaard NBJ. Reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT): a feasible approach for improving health and fitness? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:984-992. [PMID: 38688037 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2024-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, research investigating the dose-response to sprint interval training (SIT) has provided evidence that the number and duration of repetitions in a SIT session can be reduced whilst preserving the beneficial health-related adaptations. Together this research has led to the development of protocols involving minimal doses of SIT: regularly performing just two or three 20-30 s all-out sprints in a 10 min training session has been shown to elicit beneficial metabolic and cardiovascular adaptations. These SIT protocols, which we originally termed "reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training" (or REHIT), have the potential to remove many of the common barriers associated with other SIT protocols, as well as with HIT and aerobic exercise. Here, we critically review the evidence on the efficacy, feasibility and acceptability, and effectiveness of REHIT for improving health and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Metcalfe
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN Wales, UK
| | - Niels B J Vollaard
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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2
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Coe LN, Astorino TA. No Sex Differences in Perceptual Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training or Sprint Interval Training. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1025-1032. [PMID: 38781466 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Coe, LN and Astorino, TA. No sex differences in perceptual responses to high-intensity interval training or sprint interval training. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1025-1032, 2024-High-intensity interval training (HIIT) elicits similar and, in some cases, superior benefits vs. moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). However, HIIT is typically more aversive than MICT because of the higher intensity and in turn, greater blood lactate accumulation (BLa). This study explored potential sex differences in perceptual responses to acute HIIT and sprint interval training. Fifteen men (age and V̇O2max = 29 ± 8 years and 39 ± 3 ml·kg-1·min-1) and 13 women (age and V̇O2max = 22 ± 2 years and 38 ± 5 ml·kg-1·min-1) who are healthy and recreationally active initially underwent testing of maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) on a cycle ergometer. In randomized order on 3 separate occasions, they performed the 10 × 1-minute protocol at 85% of peak power output, 4 × 4-minute protocol at 85-95% maximal heart rate (%HRmax), or reduced exertion high intensity interval training consisting of 2 "all-out" 20-second sprints at a load equal to 5% body mass. Before and throughout each protocol, rating of perceived exertion (rating of perceived exertion [RPE] 6-20 scale), affective valence (+5 to -5 of the Feeling Scale), and BLa were assessed. Five minutes postexercise, enjoyment was measured using the Physical Activity Enjoyment scale survey. Results showed no difference in RPE (p = 0.17), affective valence (0.27), or enjoyment (p = 0.52) between men and women. Blood lactate accumulation increased in response to all protocols (p < 0.001), and men showed higher BLa than women (p = 0.03). Previous research suggests that interval exercise protocols are not interchangeable between men and women, yet our data reveal that men and women having similar V̇O2max exhibit no differences in perceptual responses to interval exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah N Coe
- Department of Kinesiology, CSU-San Marcos, San Marcos, California
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Ekkekakis P, Hartman ME, Ladwig MA. When Studying Affective Responses to Exercise, the Definition of "Intensity" Must Reference Homeostatic Perturbations: A Retort to Vollaard et al. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 46:66-72. [PMID: 38580300 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2024-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
In articles on the methodology of studies investigating affective and enjoyment responses to high-intensity interval training, we noted that, occasionally, exercise conditions described as involving "high" intensity exhibited heart rates that were only as high as, or even lower than, heart rates recorded during comparator conditions described as being of "moderate" intensity. Drs. Vollaard, Metcalfe, Kinghorn, Jung, and Little suggest instead that exercise intensity in high-intensity interval-training studies can be defined in terms of percentages of peak workload. Although we maintain that defining exercise intensity in terms of percentages of maximal heart rate is a suboptimal way to quantify the degree of homeostatic perturbations in response to exercise, we are unconvinced that definitions of intensity relying solely on workload are appropriate for studies investigating affective and enjoyment responses to exercise. The reason is that affect is theorized to have evolved to relay information about homeostatic perturbations to consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark E Hartman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Matthew A Ladwig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, IN, USA
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Clausen RD, Astorino TA. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption after reduced exertion high-intensity interval training on the cycle ergometer and rowing ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:815-825. [PMID: 37787925 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine differences in oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2), ventilation ([Formula: see text]E), excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), energy expenditure (EE), and blood lactate concentration (BLa) between reduced exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT) performed on the cycle- and rowing ergometer. METHODS Fourteen active participants (age = 27 ± 7 yr) initially completed two assessments of maximal oxygen uptake. On two subsequent days, participants completed REHIT requiring three 20 s "all-out" sprints on the cycle-(REHIT-CE) and rowing ergometer (REHIT-RE), followed by 60 min rest during which gas exchange data and BLa were measured. RESULTS During exercise, [Formula: see text]O2 increased significantly in response to REHIT-CE (0.21 ± 0.04 L/min vs. 1.34 ± 0.37 L/min, p < 0.001) and REHIT-RE (0.23 ± 0.05 L/min vs. 1.57 ± 0.47 L/min, p < 0.001) compared to rest, and [Formula: see text]O2 remained elevated at 15, 30, and 45 min post-exercise in REHIT-CE (p < 0.001). However, [Formula: see text]O2 was only elevated 15 min after REHIT-RE (0.23 ± 0.05 L/min vs. 0.40 ± 0.11 L/min, p < 0.001). [Formula: see text]O2 (1.57 ± 0.47 L/min vs. 1.34 ± 0.37 L/min, p = 0.003) and EE (94.98 ± 29.60 kcal vs. 82.05 ± 22.85 kcal, p < 0.001) were significantly greater during REHIT-RE versus REHIT-CE. EPOC was significantly greater after REHIT-CE versus REHIT-RE (6.69 ± 2.18 L vs. 5.52 ± 1.67 L, p = 0.009). BLa was ~ twofold higher in response to REHIT-CE vs. REHIT-RE (11.11 ± 2.43 vs. 7.0 ± 2.4, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Rowing-based REHIT elicits greater oxygen consumption and EE during exercise, yet lower EPOC and BLa. Whether rowing-based REHIT augments reductions in fat loss remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Dahl Clausen
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, USA.
| | - Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, USA
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5
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Coe LN, Astorino TA. Sex differences in hemodynamic response to high-intensity interval exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14495. [PMID: 37724816 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in the cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic response to exercise exist due to differences in heart size, blood volume, and hemoglobin mass, eliciting higher maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max ) in men versus women. Data are equivocal whether sex differences in training responsiveness occur. This study investigated potential sex differences in the hemodynamic response (stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO)) to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Habitually active men (n = 15) and women (n = 13) underwent VO2max testing, followed by three HIIE sessions consisting of the 4 × 4, 10 × 1, and reduced exertion high-intensity training (REHIT), whose order was randomized. During exercise, oxygen uptake (VO2 ) and hemodynamic responses were determined. Results showed no sex difference in peak relative VO2 (p = 0.263), CO (p = 0.277), or SV (p = 0.116), although absolute values were higher in men (p < 0.05). Peak absolute (127.3 ± 20.6 vs. 115.2 ± 16.6 mL/beat, p = 0.004, d = 0.66) and relative SV (111.0 ± 15.5 vs. 100.7 ± 11.1% max, p = 0.005, d = 0.78) were higher with REHIT versus 4 × 4. No sex differences in mean relative VO2 , CO, or SV occurred (p > 0.05). Data showed lower mean VO2 during REHIT versus 4 × 4 (59.3 ± 6.8 vs. 65.8 ± 5.8 %VO2max , p < 0.001, d = 1.05) and 10 × 1 (59.3 ± 6.8 vs. 69.1 ± 7.4 %VO2max , p < 0.001, d = 1.4). Mean CO was lower in REHIT than 10 × 1 (79.8 ± 8.6 vs. 84.0 ± 7.4% max, p = 0.012, d = 0.53). Previously reported differences in VO2max response to HIIE may not be due to unique hemodynamic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Noël Coe
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, California, USA
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Howard I, Niven A, Kelly P, Phillips SM. Investigating Affective Responses to Remotely Delivered "At Home" Low Volume High Intensity Interval Exercise: A Non-Randomized Parallel Group Feasibility Study. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:862019. [PMID: 35873208 PMCID: PMC9299251 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.862019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low volume-high intensity interval exercise (LV-HIIE) has gained interest, due to its efficiency in invoking health and fitness benefits. However, little research has studied "at home" feasibility or effects of LV-HIIE. This study aimed to demonstrate that remote "at-home" LV-HIIE research is possible and to investigate if affective responses to the LV-HIIE protocol, subsequent intentions, and self-efficacy to repeat were related to self-reported tolerance of the intensity of exercise. Methods Using self-reported tolerance of the intensity of exercise, 41 healthy, physically active participants (25 female and 16 male; age 21.3 ± 1.0 years, body mass index 23.0 ± 2.9 kg.m2) were divided into low tolerance (LT, n = 14), middle tolerance (MT, n = 15), and high tolerance (HT, n = 12) groups. Participants completed a 20-min LV-HIIE circuit training video [2 × (10 ×30 s work, 15 s rest)] at home. Participants reported ratings of perceived exertion, affective valence, and perceived activation at baseline, during the protocol, immediately post-protocol, and during the cool down. 20-min after completion, respondents answered questions on exercise task self-efficacy and intentions to repeat LV-HIIE. Results The study recruited n = 65 individuals, of whom n = 50 passed screening. Ultimately n = 41 (82%) completed the exercise protocol and data collection. Ratings of perceived exertion were not significantly different between groups (p = 0.56), indicating similar perceptions of task difficulty. There was no significant effect of tolerance on affective valence (p = 0.36) or felt arousal (p = 0.06). There was evidence of high individual variability in affective responses within and between participants. Subsequent intentions and self-efficacy to repeat the exercise protocol did not seem to be related to affective valence during or after the protocol. Discussion Recruitment and data collection indicated that research into "at home" LV-HIIE is possible. High individual differences in affective responses suggest that LV-HEII may be appropriate for some but not all as an exercise option. Assessing self-reported tolerance of intensity of exercise may not appropriately identify whether or not LV-HIIE will be suitable for an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Howard
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ailsa Niven
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kelly
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun M. Phillips
- Human Performance Science Research Group, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Mayr Ojeda E, Castro FADS, Reich M, Astorino TA, Benítez-Flores S. Burpee Interval Training Is Associated With a More Favorable Affective Valence and Psychological Response Than Traditional High Intensity Exercise. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:767-786. [DOI: 10.1177/00315125221083180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute psychological responses to physical activity may help explain long-term adherence to it. Thus, we compared acute psychological responses to different exercise protocols with identical durations. Eighteen moderately active young adults [ Mage = 23, SD = 3 years; MVO2max (maximum oxygen consumption) = 42.8, SD = 4.3 mL·kg−1·min−1; MBMI (body mass index) = 24, SD = 2 kg·m−2] completed three low-volume exercise sessions in a crossover research design: (a) sprint interval training (SIT), (b) burpee interval training (BIT) requiring 10 × 5 second efforts with 35 seconds of passive recovery, and (c) a single bout of vigorous intensity continuous training (VICT) requiring 6 minutes and 5 seconds of running at ∼85% of peak heart rate (HRpeak). We assessed participants’ ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), affective valence, enjoyment, intention, preference, and self-reported recovery and wellness before, during, and after each session. BIT was associated with significantly greater enjoyment, preference, and exercise intention (at 5 × week) than VICT ( p ≤ .05). SIT elicited greater RPE ( M = 5.38, SD = 2.00) than both BIT ( M = 2.88, SD = 1.23) and VICT ( M = 3.55, SD = 1.38) ( p ≤ .05), and we observed a higher increase in RPE over time with SIT versus BIT ( p = .019). For affective valence, SIT ( M = 0.55, SD = 2.12) elicited a more aversive response than both BIT ( M = 2.55, SD = 1.09) and VICT ( M = 1.94, SD = 1.51) ( p ≤ .05), and there was a higher increase in this aversive response to SIT over time ( p < .05). Forty-eight-hour postexercise session muscle soreness was significantly lower with VICT than with BIT ( p = .03). Overall, BIT was associated with more positive psychological responses than SIT and VICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Mayr Ojeda
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Higher Institute of Physical Education, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Flávio Antônio de Souza Castro
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Aquatic Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Micaela Reich
- School of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Todd A. Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Stefano Benítez-Flores
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Higher Institute of Physical Education, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Hu M, Jung ME, Nie J, Kong Z. Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Sprint Interval Training in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2022; 13:820228. [PMID: 35356357 PMCID: PMC8959769 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.820228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) is characterized by intensity of “all-out” effort and superior time-efficiency compared to traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and has been proposed as one viable solution to address the commonly reported barrier of lack of time for physical activity. While substantial physiological benefits of participation in SIT have been well-documented, the psychological responses to SIT are less clear. No systematic review has been conducted thus far to respond to the assumption that its supramaximal intensity will induce adverse feelings. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to synthesize studies analyzing affective and enjoyment responses to SIT and to compare the responses to SIT with MICT and other high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols with lower intensities. After searching relevant databases up until 22nd March 2021, twenty-five studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the present review. Random effect meta-analysis using the pooled data demonstrated that SIT induced similar post-exercise affective valences during the training compared to MICT and HIIT, but lower affective valences immediately post-exercise compared to MICT. Moreover, affective responses during SIT decreased to negative valences according to the results from most included studies, while low-volume SIT protocols with shorter sprint duration and repetitions induced more positive affective responses. Level of enjoyment after SIT were positive and were comparable to MICT or HIIT. Overall, the results from the existing literature indicate that SIT might cause unpleasant feelings during the training and be perceived less pleasurable than MICT immediately post training but could be a comparably enjoyable modality for healthy individuals in relation to MICT or HIIT, despite its supramaximal intensity. Low-volume SIT may be a realistic option for individuals seeking a time-efficient workout with comparable affective responses to MICT or HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Hu
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Mary E Jung
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, BC, Canada
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
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Metcalfe RS, Williams S, Fernandes GS, Astorino TA, Stork MJ, Phillips SM, Niven A, Vollaard NBJ. Affecting Effects on Affect: The Impact of Protocol Permutations on Affective Responses to Sprint Interval Exercise; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pooled Individual Participant Data. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:815555. [PMID: 35252858 PMCID: PMC8891702 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.815555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Responses to sprint interval exercise (SIE) are hypothesized to be perceived as unpleasant, but SIE protocols are diverse, and moderating effects of various SIE protocol parameters on affective responses are unknown. We performed a systematic search to identify studies (up to 01/05/2021) measuring affective valence using the Feeling Scale during acute SIE in healthy adults. Thirteen studies involving 18 unique trials and 316 unique participant (142 women and 174 men) affective responses to SIE were eligible for inclusion. We received individual participant data for all participants from all studies. All available end-of-sprint affect scores from each trial were combined in a linear mixed model with sprint duration, mode, intensity, recovery duration, familiarization and baseline affect included as covariates. Affective valence decreased significantly and proportionally with each additional sprint repetition, but this effect was modified by sprint duration: affect decreased more during 30 s (0.84 units/sprint; 95% CI: 0.74–0.93) and 15–20 s sprints (1.02 units/sprint; 95% CI: 0.93–1.10) compared with 5–6 s sprints (0.20 units/sprint; 95% CI: 0.18–0.22) (both p < 0.0001). Although the difference between 15–20 s and 30 s sprints was also significant (p = 0.02), the effect size was trivial (d = −0.12). We observed significant but trivial effects of mode, sprint intensity and pre-trial familiarization, whilst there was no significant effect of recovery duration. We conclude that affective valence declines during SIE, but the magnitude of the decrease for an overall SIE session strongly depends on the number and duration of sprints. This information can be applied by researchers to design SIE protocols that are less likely to be perceived as unpleasant in studies of real-world effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Metcalfe
- Applied Sports Science, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Gwen S. Fernandes
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Todd A. Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
| | - Matthew J. Stork
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Shaun M. Phillips
- Human Performance Science Research Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ailsa Niven
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Niels B. J. Vollaard
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Niels B. J. Vollaard
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Songsorn P, Somnarin K, Jaitan S, Kupradit A. The effect of whole-body high-intensity interval training on heart rate variability in insufficiently active adults. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:48-53. [PMID: 34987590 PMCID: PMC8689198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective Low physical activity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause morbidity and mortality. CVD alters heart rate variability (HRV). Interestingly, HRV can improve after exercise training. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of whole-body high-intensity interval training (whole-body HIIT) on HRV in low physical activity adults. Methods Twenty-one low physical activity young adults were randomly assigned into two groups: whole-body HIIT (n = 10, females = 2/males = 8, age 22 ± 0.8 years, BMI 19.5 ± 1.0 kg/m2) and control (n = 11, females = 4/males = 7, age 21.7 ± 0.8 years, BMI 19.8 ± 0.9 kg/m2). A 6-week exercise program (3 days per week) consisting of 10 min of whole-body HIIT (burpees, mountain climbers, jumping jacks, and squats) at their maximal effort was administered. Baseline and post-training HRV (time domain: SDNN and RMSSD, frequency domain: LF, HF, and LF/HF ratio) and resting heart rate (HRrest) were recorded. Results The time domain parameter increased significantly in the whole-body HIIT group (SDNN; 50.95 ± 37.17 vs. 73.40 ± 40.70 ms, p < 0.05, RMSSD; 54.45 ± 56.04 vs. 81.26 ± 60.14 ms, p < 0.05). HRrest decreased significantly following training (73.94 ± 13.2 vs. 66.1 ± 10.8 bpm, p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in all frequency-domain parameters. Conclusion Six weeks of whole-body HIIT improved cardiovascular autonomic function in insufficiently active adults. Thus, whole-body HIIT might be considered an alternative exercise for reducing the risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyaphorn Songsorn
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Thailand
| | - Kawinpop Somnarin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Thailand
| | - Supakij Jaitan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Thailand
| | - Atcharaphan Kupradit
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Thailand
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11
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Kong Z, Hu M, Sun S, Zou L, Shi Q, Jiao Y, Nie J. Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Sprint Interval Exercise at Different Hypoxia Levels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158171. [PMID: 34360464 PMCID: PMC8346060 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Benefits of performing sprint interval training (SIT) under hypoxic conditions on improving cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition have been well-documented, yet data is still lacking regarding affective responses to SIT under hypoxia. This study aimed to compare affective responses to SIT exercise under different oxygen conditions. Nineteen active males participated in three sessions of acute SIT exercise (20 repetitions of 6 s of all-out cycling bouts interspersed with 15 s of passive recovery) under conditions of normobaric normoxia (SL: PIO2 150 mmHg, FIO2 0.209), moderate hypoxia (MH: PIO2 117 mmHg, FIO2 0.154, simulating an altitude corresponding to 2500 m), and severe hypoxia (SH: PIO2 87 mmHg, FIO2 0.112, simulating an altitude of 5000 m) in a randomized order. Perceived exertions (RPE), affect, activation, and enjoyment responses were recorded before and immediately after each SIT session. There were no significant differences across the three conditions in RPE or the measurements of affective responses, despite a statistically lower SpO2 (%) in severe hypoxia. Participants maintained a positive affect valence and reported increased activation in all the three SIT conditions. Additionally, participants experienced a medium level of enjoyment after exercise as indicated by the exercise enjoyment scale (EES) and physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES). These results indicated that performing short duration SIT exercise under severe hypoxia could be perceived as pleasurable and enjoyable as performing it under normoxia in active male population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Z.K.); (Y.J.)
| | - Mingzhu Hu
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Z.K.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +853-8822-8730
| | - Shengyan Sun
- Institute of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China;
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Qingde Shi
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao 999078, China; (Q.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Yubo Jiao
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Z.K.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao 999078, China; (Q.S.); (J.N.)
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