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Alizadehgoradel J, Pouresmali A, Taherifard M. Safety and Efficacy of an Intensified and Repeated Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Targeting Supplementary Motor Area and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling Disorder): A Case Report. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 22:188-193. [PMID: 38247425 PMCID: PMC10811400 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.23.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Trichotillomania (or hair pulling disorder) is a habitual condition in which patients constantly pull their hair. Although psychotherapies such as behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy have shown relative effectiveness for trichotillomania, some patients fail to respond to these interventions or show only partial responses. Recently, noninvasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation have shown promise in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. We designed a new protocol that included intensified and repeated during 16 sessions, every other day, 2 sessions one day, current intensity of 2 mA for 20 minutes, which regions dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and supplementary motor area (SMA): Anodal (F3) and cathodal (SMA) were selected as stimulation target areas. The results showed that after the electrical stimulation intervention and also in the follow-up phase, there was a significant improvement in hair pulling behavior and psychiatric evaluations such as depression and anxiety. Therefore, there are many hopes in the effectiveness of the protocol used (intensified and repeated DLPFC and SMA areas) in the treatment of trichotillomania disorder, although there is a need for a future experimental study with a larger group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asghar Pouresmali
- Department of Family Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mina Taherifard
- Department of Psychology, Mohaghegh-Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran
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Ha OR, Lim SL. The role of emotion in eating behavior and decisions. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1265074. [PMID: 38130967 PMCID: PMC10733500 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1265074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The present paper aims to provide the latest perspectives and future directions on the association between emotions and eating behavior. We discussed individual differences in the impact of negative emotions on eating, emotional eating as disinhibited eating decisions with heightened reward values of and sensitivity to palatable foods in response to negative emotions and social isolation, in addition to emotional eating as maladaptive coping strategies under negative emotion and stress, hedonic (pleasure-oriented) eating decisions mediated by the brain reward system, and self-controlled (health-oriented) eating decisions mediated by the brain control system. Perspectives on future directions were addressed, including the development of early eating phenotypes in infancy, shared neural mechanisms mediated by the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in emotion and eating decision regulation, possible roles of interoception incorporating hunger and satiety signals, gut microbiome, the insula and the orbitofrontal cortex, and emotional processing capacities in hedonic eating and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Lark Lim
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
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Vignaud P, Adam O, Palm U, Baeken C, Prieto N, Poulet E, Brunelin J. Can a single session of noninvasive brain stimulation applied over the prefrontal cortex prevent stress-induced cortisol release? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 121:110667. [PMID: 36273508 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A better understanding of how the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis can be externally regulated is of major importance, especially because hyperreactivity to stress has been proposed as a key factor in the onset and maintenance of many psychiatric conditions. Over the past decades, numerous studies have investigated whether non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) can regulate HPA axis reactivity in acute stress situation. As the current results did not allow us to draw clear conclusions, we decided to conduct a systematic review of the literature investigating the effect of a single NIBS session on stress-induced cortisol release. METHODS We searched MEDLINE and Web Of Science for articles indexed through December 2021. Among the 246 articles identified, 15 fulfilled our inclusion criteria with a quality estimated between 52 and 93%. RESULTS Of the different NIBS used and targeted brain regions, stimulating the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with either high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or anodal transcranial direct current stimulation, seems to be the most appropriate for reducing cortisol release in acute stress situations. CONCLUSIONS Despite the heterogeneity of the stimulation parameters, the characteristics of participants, the modalities of cortisol collection, the timing of the NIBS session in relation to the stressor exposure, and methodological considerations, stimulating the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can be efficient to modulate stress-induced cortisol release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vignaud
- Regional Centre for Psychotraumatic Disorders, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, F-69437 Lyon, France; Emergency Medical Service, Cellule D'urgences Medico-Psychologiques, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, F-69437 Lyon, France; INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France.
| | - Ondine Adam
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France; CH Le Vinatier, 95 boulevard Pinel, F-69500 Bron, France.
| | - Ulrich Palm
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany; Medicalpark Chiemseeblick, Bernau-Felden, Germany.
| | - Chris Baeken
- Ghent University, Dept. of Head and Skin (UZGent), Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Department of Psychiatry (UZBrussel), Belgium; Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of ELectrical Engineering, the Netherlands.
| | - Nathalie Prieto
- Regional Centre for Psychotraumatic Disorders, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, F-69437 Lyon, France; Emergency Medical Service, Cellule D'urgences Medico-Psychologiques, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, F-69437 Lyon, France.
| | - Emmanuel Poulet
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France; CH Le Vinatier, 95 boulevard Pinel, F-69500 Bron, France; Department of Psychiatric Emergency, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, F-69437 Lyon, France.
| | - Jérôme Brunelin
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France; CH Le Vinatier, 95 boulevard Pinel, F-69500 Bron, France.
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Perrey S. Probing the Promises of Noninvasive Transcranial Electrical Stimulation for Boosting Mental Performance in Sports. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020282. [PMID: 36831825 PMCID: PMC9954379 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
While the importance of physical abilities is noncontested to perform in elite sport, more focus has recently been turned toward cognitive processes involved in sport performance. Practicing any sport requires a high demand of cognitive functioning including, but not limited to, decision-making, processing speed, working memory, perceptual processing, motor functioning, and attention. Noninvasive transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) has recently attracted considerable scientific interest due to its ability to modulate brain functioning. Neuromodulation apparently improves cognitive functions engaged in sports performance. This opinion manuscript aimed to reveal that tES is likely an adjunct ergogenic resource for improving cognitive processes, counteracting mental fatigue, and managing anxiety in elite athletes. Nevertheless, the first evidence is insufficient to guarantee its real effectiveness and benefits. All tES techniques could be add-ons to make performance-related cognitive functions more efficient and obtain better results. Modulating inhibitory control through tES over the frontal cortex might largely contribute to the improvement of mental performance. Nevertheless, studies in elite athletes are required to assess the long-term effects of tES application as an ergogenic aid in conjunction with other training methods (e.g., neurofeedback, mental imagery) where cognitive abilities are trainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, 34090 Montpellier, France
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Machado S, Sant’Ana LDO, Travassos B, Monteiro D. Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Reduces Competitive Anxiety and Modulates Heart Rate Variability in an eSports Player. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2022; 18:e174501792209270. [PMID: 37274860 PMCID: PMC10156019 DOI: 10.2174/17450179-v18-e2209270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has recently shown that high cognitive and somatic anxiety and low self-confidence, before and during sport competitions have a significant correlation with heart rate variability (HRV) changes and can reduce overall athletic performance. Therefore, interventions, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), can be a potential tool to reduce psychophysiological anxiety-related and enhance athletic performance. We present a case of a male professional athlete of eSports. We explored the effects of a single session of anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) at 2mA over the dosrsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on competitive anxiety and HRV assessed in baseline (BL), pre-tDCS, post-tDCS and post-game moments and compared between moments. Here, we found a decrease in somatic and cognitive anxiety, as well as an increase in self-confidence and in SDNN index in the post-tDCS moment compared with BL, pre-tDCS and post-game moments. These findings can be a result of an acute change in the attentional state, influencing the processing of threatening information essential for cognitive anxiety and of a self-regulatory process, which can regulate physiological arousal response, such as HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Machado
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
- Department of Sports Science, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, 6201-001, Portugal
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Neurodiversity Institute, Queimados, 26325-020, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Travassos
- Department of Sports Science, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, 6201-001, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real 5000-558, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz 1495-433, Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real 5000-558, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), Rio Maior, 2040-413, Portugal
- ESECS, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, 2411-901, Portugal
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The Application of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in Sports Psychology. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1008346. [PMID: 35872940 PMCID: PMC9300323 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1008346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The problem of sports psychological fatigue has become one of the focal points of common concern among scholars at home and abroad. Athletes will face many problems and challenges in competition or training, and if they are not handled properly, they will have negative experiences, which will affect the training benefits and develop psychological fatigue. Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), which contains transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial alternating current stimulation, and transcranial random noise stimulation, is a noninvasive brain stimulation method. By applying specific patterns of low-intensity electrical currents to specific brain regions through electrodes of different sizes, it modulates cortical neural activity and/or excitability and enhances the connections between the brain and nerves and muscles to achieve improved motor performance. TES technology is currently making the transition from laboratory research to applied research in sports science. In this paper, we first describe the neural mechanisms of TES action on the cerebral cortex, including five aspects of body balance, endurance performance, exercise fatigue, muscle strength, and motor learning ability; then, we review the relevant studies on the application of TES in functional connectivity of brain networks and explore the importance of this field for TES to improve athletic performance. This research provides a machine learning-based and transcranial electrical stimulation model for the locomotor psychological fatigue problem in rock climbers since rock climbing is a sport that places great demands on athletes’ psychological quality. The research on the factors influencing the psychological fatigue of climbers and the intervention measures is beneficial to the early diagnosis and the prevention and intervention of it.
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Wu Q, Fang G, Zhao J, Liu J. Effect of Transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation on Fatigue Delay after Medium-Intensity Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127042. [PMID: 35742289 PMCID: PMC9222574 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) on fatigue delay after medium-intensity training. Materials and Methods: Ninety healthy college athletes were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 45) and control group (n = 45). The experimental group received medium-intensity training for a week. After each training, the experimental group received true stimulation of tPCS (continuous 15 min 1.5 mA current intensity stimulation). The control group received sham stimulation. The physiological and biochemical indicators of participants were tested before and after the experiment, and finally 30 participants in each group were included for data analysis. Results: In the experimental group, creatine kinase (CK), cortisol (C), time-domain heart rate variability indices root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD), standard deviation of normal R-R intervals (SDNN), and frequency domain indicator low frequency (LF) all increased slowly after the intervention. Among these, CK, C, and SDNN values were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Testosterone (T), T/C, and heart rate variability frequency domain indicator high frequency (HF) in the experimental group decreased slowly after the intervention, and the HF value was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). The changes in all of the indicators in the experimental group were smaller than those in the control group. Conclusion: The application of tPCS after medium-intensity training enhanced the adaptability to training and had a significant effect on the maintenance of physiological state. The application of tPCS can significantly promote the recovery of autonomic nervous system function, enhance the regulation of parasympathetic nerves, and delay the occurrence of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchang Wu
- College of Sports Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China;
| | - Guoliang Fang
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Sports Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China;
- Correspondence:
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Cheng YC, Kuo PH, Su MI, Huang WL. The efficacy of non-invasive, non-convulsive electrical neuromodulation on depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2022; 52:801-812. [PMID: 35105413 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721005560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of non-invasive, non-convulsive electrical neuromodulation (NINCEN) on depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance are inconsistent in different studies. Previous meta-analyses on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and cerebral electrotherapy stimulation (CES) suggested that these methods are effective on depression. However, not all types of NINECN were included; results on anxiety and sleep disturbance were lacking and the influence of different populations and treatment parameters was not completely analyzed. We searched PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, PsycArticles and CINAHL before March 2021 and included published randomized clinical trials of all types of NINCEN for symptoms of depression, anxiety and sleep in clinical and non-clinical populations. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. The main outcome was change in the severity of depressive symptoms after NINCEN treatment. A total of 58 studies on NINCEN were included in the meta-analysis. Active tDCS showed a significant effect on depressive symptoms (Hedges' g = 0.544), anxiety (Hedges' g = 0.667) and response rate (odds ratio = 1.9594) compared to sham control. CES also had a significant effect on depression (Hedges' g = 0.654) and anxiety (Hedges' g = 0.711). For all types of NINCEN, active stimulation was significantly effective on depression, anxiety, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, total sleep time, etc. Our results showed that tDCS has significant effects on both depression and anxiety and that these effects are robust for different populations and treatment parameters. The rational expectation of the tDCS effect is 'response' rather than 'remission'. CES also is effective for depression and anxiety, especially in patients with disorders of low severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chih Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, China Medical University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-I Su
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taitung MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taitung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lieh Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cerebellar Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
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Feasibility of Combining Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Active Fully Embodied Virtual Reality for Visual Height Intolerance: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020345. [PMID: 35054039 PMCID: PMC8779186 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) are individually increasingly used in psychiatric research. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Our study aimed to investigate the feasibility of combining tDCS and wireless 360° full immersive active and embodied VRET to reduce height-induced anxiety. METHODS We carried out a pilot randomized, double-blind, controlled study associating VRET (two 20 min sessions with a 48 h interval, during which, participants had to cross a plank at rising heights in a building in construction) with online tDCS (targeting the ventromedial prefrontal cortex) in 28 participants. The primary outcomes were the sense of presence level and the tolerability. The secondary outcomes were the anxiety level (Subjective Unit of Discomfort) and the salivary cortisol concentration. RESULTS We confirmed the feasibility of the association between tDCS and fully embodied VRET associated with a good sense of presence without noticeable adverse effects. In both groups, a significant reduction in the fear of height was observed after two sessions, with only a small effect size of add-on tDCS (0.1) according to the SUD. The variations of cortisol concentration differed in the tDCS and sham groups. CONCLUSION Our study confirmed the feasibility of the association between wireless online tDCS and active, fully embodied VRET. The optimal tDCS paradigm remains to be determined in this context to increase effect size and then adequately power future clinical studies assessing synergies between both techniques.
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Kozhushko NY, Evdokimov SA, Kropotov YD. Neuromarkers of the Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Children with Mental Development Disorders. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021060107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Moreira A, Machado DGDS, Bikson M, Unal G, Bradley PS, Moscaleski L, Costa T, Kalil GCSG, Chao LW, Baptista AF, Morya E, Okano AH. Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Professional Female Soccer Players' Recovery Following Official Matches. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1504-1529. [PMID: 34056967 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211021239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with a recovery training session on the well-being and self-perceived recovery of professional female soccer players after official matches. Data from 13 world-class players were analyzed after participating in four official soccer matches of the first division of the Brazilian Women's Soccer Championship (7-, 10-, and 13-day intervals). We applied anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with 2 mA for 20 minutes (+F3/-F4 montage) the day after each match. Participants underwent two randomly ordered sessions of a-tDCS or sham. Players completed the Well-Being Questionnaire (WBQ) and the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale before each experimental condition and again the following morning. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant time x condition interaction on the WBQ (F(1,11)=5.21; p=0.043; ηp2=0.32), but not on the TQR (F(1,12) = 0.552; p = 0.47; ηp2 = 0.044). There was a large effect size (ES) for a-tDCS for the WBQ score (ES = 1.02; 95%CI = 0.17;1.88), and there was a moderate WBQ score increase (ES = 0.53; 95%CI = -0.29;1.34) for the sham condition. We found similar increases in the TQR score for a-tDCS (ES = 1.50; 95%CI = 0.63-2.37) and the sham condition (ES = 1.36; 95%CI = 0.51-2.22). These results suggest that a-tDCS (+F3/-F4 montage) combined with a recovery training session may slightly improve perceived well-being beyond the level of improvement after only the recovery training session among world-class female soccer players. Prior to widely adopting this recovery approach, further study is needed with larger and more diverse samples, including for female teams of different performance levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Moreira
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/ CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gomes da Silva Machado
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Collective Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, United States
| | - Gozde Unal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, United States
| | - Paul S Bradley
- Research Institute of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Luciane Moscaleski
- Center for Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/ CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taline Costa
- Sports Medicine Department, Sport Clube Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriella C S G Kalil
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liaw W Chao
- Centro de Acupuntura, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia - HCFMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Abrahão F Baptista
- Center for Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Investigation 54 (LIM-54), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da USP, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/ CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgard Morya
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Santos Dumont Institute, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/ CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H Okano
- Center for Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/ CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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