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Santollo J, Daniels D. Fluid transitions. Neuropharmacology 2024; 256:110009. [PMID: 38823577 PMCID: PMC11184821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Water is critical for survival and thirst is a powerful way of ensuring that fluid levels remain in balance. Overconsumption, however, can have deleterious effects, therefore optimization requires a need to balance the drive for water with the satiation of that water drive. This review will highlight our current understanding of how thirst is both generated and quenched, with particular focus on the roles of angiotensin II, glucagon like-peptide 1, and estradiol in turning on and off the thirst drive. Our understanding of the roles these bioregulators play has benefited from modern behavioral analyses, which have improved the time resolution of intake measures, allowing for attention to the details of the patterns within a bout of intake. This has led to behavioral interpretation in ways that are helpful in understanding the many controls of water intake and has expanded our understanding beyond the dichotomy that something which increases water intake is simply a "stimulator" while something that decreases water intake is simply a "satiety" factor. Synthesizing the available information, we describe a framework in which thirst is driven directly by perturbations in fluid intake and indirectly modified by several bioregulators. This allows us to better highlight areas that are in need of additional attention to form a more comprehensive understanding of how the system transitions between states of thirst and satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Santollo
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Derek Daniels
- Department of Biology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Ali MA, Abu Damir H, Adem MA, Ali OM, Amir N, Shah AAM, Al Muhairi SSM, Al Abdouli KOS, Khawaja JR, Fagieri TA, Adam A, Elkhouly AA, Al Marri ZJ, Jamali M, Murphy D, Adem A. Effects of long-term dehydration on stress markers, blood parameters, and tissue morphology in the dromedary camel ( Camelus dromedarius). Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1236425. [PMID: 38116506 PMCID: PMC10728728 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1236425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dromedary camels robustly withstand dehydration, and the rough desert environment but the adaptation mechanisms are not well understood. One of these mechanisms is that the dromedary camel increases its body temperature to reduce the process of evaporative cooling during the hot weather. Stress in general, has deleterious effects in the body. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of dehydration and rehydration on stress parameters in the dromedary camels and how it pacifies these effects. Methods Nineteen male camels were randomly divided into control, dehydrated and rehydrated groups, and fed alfalfa hay ad-libitum. The dehydrated and rehydrated groups were water-restricted for 20 days after which the rehydrated camels were provided with water for 72 h. The control and dehydrated camels were slaughtered at day 20 from the start of experiment whereas the rehydrated group was killed 72 h later. Many biochemical, hematological histopathological parameters and gene analysis were performed in relevant tissues collected including blood, plasma, and tissues. Results and discussion It was observed that severely dehydrated camels lost body weight, passed very hard feces, few drops of concentrated urine, and were slightly stressed as reflected behaviorally by loss of appetite. Physiologically, the stress of dehydration elicited modulation of plasma stress hormones for water preservation and energy supply. Our results showed significant increase in cortisol, norepinephrine and dopamine, and significant decrease in epinephrine and serotonin. The significant increase in malondialdehyde was accompanied with significant increase in antioxidants (glutathione, retinol, thiamin, tocopherol) to provide tissue protection from oxidative stress. The physiological blood changes observed during dehydration serve different purposes and were quickly restored to normality by rehydration. The dehydrated/rehydrated camels showed reduced hump size and serous atrophy of perirenal and epicardial fat. The latter changes were accompanied by significantly increased expression of genes encoding proteins for energy production (ANGPTL4, ACSBG1) from fat and significantly decreased expression of genes (THRSP; FADS 1&2) encoding proteins enhancing energy expenditure. This process is vital for camel survival in the desert. Dehydration induced no major effects in the vital organs. Only minor degenerative changes were observed in hepatic and renal cells, physiological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in heart and follicular hyperplasia in splenic but lipidosis was not depicted in liver hepatocytes. Ketone bodies were not smelled in urine, sweat and breathing of dehydrated animals supporting the previous finding that the ß hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in ketone body formation, is low in the camel liver and rumen. Rehydration restored most of blood and tissues to normal or near normal. In conclusion, camels are adapted to combat dehydration stress and anorexia by increasing anti-stressors and modulating genes involved in fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassan Abu Damir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muna A Adem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Osman M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naheed Amir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma A M Shah
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salama S M Al Muhairi
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled O S Al Abdouli
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Javed R Khawaja
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tareq A Fagieri
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelnasir Adam
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aboubakr A Elkhouly
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zhaya J Al Marri
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Jamali
- Department of Biochemistry, Khawarizmi College, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Tracy AL, Temple JL. Introduction to ingestive behavior research across the generations (society for the study of ingestive behavior collection 2020). Physiol Behav 2021; 241:113561. [PMID: 34419457 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Tracy
- Department of Psychology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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