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Pathway Engineering Using Escherichia coli to Produce Commercialized Carotenoids. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1261:191-199. [PMID: 33783741 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of commercialized carotenoids (e.g., lycopene, β-carotene, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin) using recombinant microorganisms is one of the reasonable and cost-effective alternatives to extraction from natural sources and chemical synthesis. Among heterologous hosts, Escherichia coli is one of the most useful and manageable. To date, many approaches using recombinant E. coli are available to produce various carotenoids. Here we outline the latest carotenoid production research using recombinant E. coli produced through pathway engineering and its future prospects.
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Fidan O, Zhan J. Discovery and engineering of an endophytic Pseudomonas strain from Taxus chinensis for efficient production of zeaxanthin diglucoside. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:66. [PMID: 31388354 PMCID: PMC6676639 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endophytic microorganisms are a rich source of bioactive natural products. They are considered as promising biofertilizers and biocontrol agents due to their growth-promoting interactions with the host plants and their bioactive secondary metabolites that can help manage plant pathogens. Identification of new endophytes may lead to the discovery of novel molecules or provide new strains for production of valuable compounds. RESULTS In this study, we isolated an endophytic bacterium from the leaves of Taxus chinensis, which was identified as Pseudomonas sp. 102515 based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and physiological characteristics. Analysis of its secondary metabolites revealed that this endophytic strain produces a major product zeaxanthin diglucoside, a promising antioxidant natural product that belongs to the family of carotenoids. A carotenoid (Pscrt) biosynthetic gene cluster was amplified from this strain, and the functions of PsCrtI and PsCrtY in the biosynthesis of zeaxanthin diglucoside were characterized in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The entire Pscrt biosynthetic gene cluster was successfully reconstituted in E. coli BL21(DE3) and Pseudomonas putida KT2440. The production of zeaxanthin diglucoside in Pseudomonas sp. 102515 was improved through the optimization of fermentation conditions such as medium, cultivation temperature and culture time. The highest yield under the optimized conditions reached 206 mg/L. The engineered strain of P. putida KT2440 produced zeaxanthin diglucoside at 121 mg/L in SOC medium supplemented with 0.5% glycerol at 18 °C, while the yield of zeaxanthin diglucoside in E. coli BL21(DE3) was only 2 mg/L. To further enhance the production, we introduced an expression plasmid harboring the Pscrt biosynthetic gene cluster into Pseudomonas sp. 102515. The yield in this engineered strain reached 380 mg/L, 85% higher than the wild type. Through PCR, we also discovered the presence of a turnerbactin biosynthetic gene cluster in Pseudomonas sp. 102515. Because turnerbactin is involved in nitrogen fixation, this endophytic strain might have a role in promoting growth of the host plant. CONCLUSIONS We isolated and identified an endophytic strain of Pseudomonas from T. chinensis. A zeaxanthin diglucoside biosynthetic gene cluster was discovered and characterized in this bacterium. Through fermentation and genetic engineering, the engineered strain produced zeaxanthin diglucoside at 380 ± 12 mg/L, representing a promising strain for the production of this antioxidant natural product. Additionally, Pseudomonas sp. 102515 might also be utilized as a plant-promoting strain for agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Fidan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105 USA
| | - Jixun Zhan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105 USA
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
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Li L, Furubayashi M, Otani Y, Maoka T, Misawa N, Kawai-Noma S, Saito K, Umeno D. Nonnatural biosynthetic pathway for 2-hydroxylated xanthophylls with C 50-carotenoid backbone. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:438-444. [PMID: 31029539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are structurally diverse pigments with various important biological functions. There has been a large interest in the search for novel carotenoid structures, since only a slight structural changes can result in a drastic difference in their biological functions. Carotenoid-modifying enzymes show remarkable substrate promiscuity, allowing rapid access to a vast set of novel carotenoids by combinatorial biosynthesis. We previously constructed a nonnatural carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli that can produce C50 carotenoids having a longer chain than their natural C40 counterparts. In this study, a carotenoid 2,2'-hydroxylase (crtG) from Brevundimonas sp. SD212 was coexpressed together with our laboratory-engineered C50-zeaxanthin and C50-astaxanthin biosynthetic pathways. We identified six novel nonnatural C50-xanthophylls, namely, C50-nostoxanthin, C50-caloxanthin, C50-adonixanthin, C50-4-ketonostoxanthin, C50-2-hydroxyastaxanthin, and C50-2,2'-dihydroxyastaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Maiko Furubayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yusuke Otani
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Shigeko Kawai-Noma
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Daisuke Umeno
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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Adadi P, Barakova NV, Krivoshapkina EF. Selected Methods of Extracting Carotenoids, Characterization, and Health Concerns: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5925-5947. [PMID: 29851485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are the most powerful nutrients (medicine) on earth due to their potent antioxidant properties. The ability of these tetraterpenoids in obviating human chronic ailments like cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and diabetes has drawn public attention toward these novel compounds. Conventionally, carotenoids have been extracted from plant materials and agro-industrial byproduct using different solvents, but these procedures result in contaminating the target compound (carotenoids) with extraction solvents. Furthermore, some utilized solvents are not safe and hence are harmful to the environment. This has attracted criticism from consumers, ecologists, environmentalists, and public health workers. However, there is clear consumer preference for carotenoids from natural origin without traces of extracting solvent. Therefore, this review seeks to discuss methods for higher recovery of pure carotenoids without contamination from a solvent. Methods such as enzyme-based extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction, and postextraction treatment (saponification) are discussed. Merits and demerits of these methods along with health concerns during intake of carotenoids were also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parise Adadi
- ITMO University , Lomonosova Street 9 , 191002 , St. Petersburg , Russia Federation
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Combinatorial Biosynthesis of Novel Multi-Hydroxy Carotenoids in the Red Yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3010009. [PMID: 29371528 PMCID: PMC5715969 DOI: 10.3390/jof3010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is an established platform for the synthesis of carotenoids. It was used for the generation of novel multi oxygenated carotenoid structures. This was achieved by a combinatorial approach starting with the selection of a β-carotene accumulating mutant, stepwise pathway engineering by integration of three microbial genes into the genome and finally the chemical reduction of the resulting 4,4'-diketo-nostoxanthin (2,3,2',3'-tetrahydroxy-4,4'-diketo-β-carotene) and 4-keto-nostoxanthin (2,3,2',3'-tetrahydroxy-4-monoketo-β-carotene). Both keto carotenoids and the resulting 4,4'-dihydroxy-nostoxanthin (2,3,4,2',3',4'-hexahydroxy-β-carotene) and 4-hydroxy-nostoxanthin (2,3,4,2'3'-pentahydroxy-β-carotene) were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Their molecular masses and fragmentation patterns allowed the unequivocal identification of all four carotenoids.
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3-β-Glucosyl-3'-β-quinovosyl zeaxanthin, a novel carotenoid glycoside synthesized by Escherichia coli cells expressing the Pantoea ananatis carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8479-86. [PMID: 23880877 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli cells that express the full six carotenoid biosynthesis genes (crtE, crtB, crtI, crtY, crtZ, and crtX) of the bacterium Pantoea ananatis have been shown to biosynthesize zeaxanthin 3,3'-β-D-diglucoside. We found that this recombinant E. coli also produced a novel carotenoid glycoside that contained a rare carbohydrate moiety, quinovose (chinovose; 6-deoxy-D-glucose), which was identified as 3-β-glucosyl-3'-β-quinovosyl zeaxanthin by chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses. The chirality of the aglycone of these zeaxanthin glycosides had been shown to be 3R,3'R, in which the hydroxyl groups were formed with the CrtZ enzyme. It was here demonstrated that zeaxanthin synthesized from β-carotene with CrtR or CYP175A1, the other hydroxylase with similar catalytic function to CrtZ, possessed the same stereochemistry. It was also suggested that the singlet oxygen-quenching activity of zeaxanthin 3,3'-β-D-diglucoside, which has a chemical structure close to the new carotenoid glycoside, was superior to that of zeaxanthin.
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Cloning and characterization of genes involved in nostoxanthin biosynthesis of Sphingomonas elodea ATCC 31461. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35099. [PMID: 22509387 PMCID: PMC3324416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Most Sphingomonas species synthesize the yellow carotenoid nostoxanthin. However, the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of these species remains unclear. In this study, we cloned and characterized a carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster containing four carotenogenic genes (crtG, crtY, crtI and crtB) and a β-carotene hydroxylase gene (crtZ) located outside the cluster, from the gellan-gum producing bacterium Sphingomonas elodea ATCC 31461. Each of these genes was inactivated, and the biochemical function of each gene was confirmed based on chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis of the intermediates accumulated in the knockout mutants. Moreover, the crtG gene encoding the 2,2′-β-hydroxylase and the crtZ gene encoding the β-carotene hydroxylase, both responsible for hydroxylation of β-carotene, were confirmed by complementation studies using Escherichia coli producing different carotenoids. Expression of crtG in zeaxanthin and β-carotene accumulating E. coli cells resulted in the formation of nostoxanthin and 2,2′-dihydroxy-β-carotene, respectively. Based on these results, a biochemical pathway for synthesis of nostoxanthin in S. elodea ATCC 31461 is proposed.
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Harada H, Misawa N. Novel approach in the biosynthesis of functional carotenoids in Escherichia coli. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 892:133-141. [PMID: 22623299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-879-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many carotenoid pigments are present in a small quantity in nature or low yielding from their natural sources, despite these vivid colorations. Thus, the synthesis of useful carotenoids with metabolic pathway-engineered microorganisms should offer an alternative and promising approach for their efficient production. Here, we describe a novel method for an efficient production of such carotenoids, using E. coli cells that carry heterologous mevalonate pathway-based genes. This method also enables relevant researchers to efficiently identify the function of an isolated carotenogenic gene candidate. For example, the recombinant E. coli cells, which harbor a lycopene-producing plasmid, can synthesize 12.5 mg/g dry cell weight of lycopene with the addition of lithium acetoacetate to the medium. This level corresponded to an 11.8-fold increase of that of E. coli cells carrying only the lycopene-producing plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Harada
- KNC Bio-Research Center, KNC Laboratories Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Misawa N. Carotenoid β-ring hydroxylase and ketolase from marine bacteria-promiscuous enzymes for synthesizing functional xanthophylls. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:757-771. [PMID: 21673887 PMCID: PMC3111180 DOI: 10.3390/md9050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine bacteria belonging to genera Paracoccus and Brevundimonas of the α-Proteobacteria class can produce C40-type dicyclic carotenoids containing two β-end groups (β rings) that are modified with keto and hydroxyl groups. These bacteria produce astaxanthin, adonixanthin, and their derivatives, which are ketolated by carotenoid β-ring 4(4′)-ketolase (4(4′)-oxygenase; CrtW) and hydroxylated by carotenoid β-ring 3(3′)-hydroxylase (CrtZ). In addition, the genus Brevundimonas possesses a gene for carotenoid β-ring 2(2′)-hydroxylase (CrtG). This review focuses on these carotenoid β-ring-modifying enzymes that are promiscuous for carotenoid substrates, and pathway engineering for the production of xanthophylls (oxygen-containing carotenoids) in Escherichia coli, using these enzyme genes. Such pathway engineering researches are performed towards efficient production not only of commercially important xanthophylls such as astaxanthin, but also of xanthophylls minor in nature (e.g., β-ring(s)-2(2′)-hydroxylated carotenoids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-machi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
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