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Abstract
Saponins, as secondary metabolites in terrestrial plants and marine invertebrate, constitute one of the largest families of natural products. The long history of folk medicinal applications of saponins makes them attractive candidates for innovative drug design and development. Chemical synthesis has become a practical alternative to the availability of the natural saponins and their modified analogs, so as to facilitate SAR studies and the discovery of optimal structures for clinical applications. The recent achievements in the synthesis of these complex saponins reflect the advancements of both steroid/triterpene chemistry and carbohydrate chemistry. This chapter provides an updated review on the chemical synthesis of natural saponins, covering the literature from 2014 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Shao XC, Chen ZH, Liu SS, Wu F, Mu HY, Wei WH, Feng Y, Zuo JP, Zhang JQ, He SJ, Zhao WM. Minor immunosuppressive spiroorthoester group-containing pregnane glycosides from the root barks of Periploca sepium. Bioorg Chem 2021; 108:104641. [PMID: 33517004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
LC-MS guided chemical investigation of the periploside-rich extract of the root barks of Periploca sepium afforded six new minor pregnane glycosides, named periplosides A1-A6 (1-6). Their structures were characterized on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1-6 were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in vitro, among them, compound 5 exhibited significant inhibitory activities and the most favorite selective index (SI) values against the proliferation of T lymphocyte (IC50 = 0.30 μM, SI = 176) and B lymphocyte (IC50 = 0.55 μM, SI = 97).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Cheng Shao
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Hua Chen
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Mu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hui Wei
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Zuo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Quan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shi-Jun He
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Min Zhao
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Nazarian
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum SciencesShahid Beheshti University, District 1 Daneshjou Boulevard 1983969411 Tehran Tehran Province Iran P.O. Box: 1983963113
| | - Minoo Dabiri
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum SciencesShahid Beheshti University, District 1 Daneshjou Boulevard 1983969411 Tehran Tehran Province Iran P.O. Box: 1983963113
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Huang M, Shen S, Luo C, Ren Y. Genus Periploca (Apocynaceae): A Review of Its Classification, Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Toxicology. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152749. [PMID: 31362394 PMCID: PMC6696197 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Periploca belongs to the family Apocynaceae, which is composed of approximately ten species of plants according to incomplete statistics. Most of these plants serve as folk medicines with a long history, especially Periploca sepium and Periploca forrestii. The botanical classifications, chemical constituents, biological activities and toxicities of the genus Periploca were summarized in the literature from 1897 to early 2019. Though the botanical classification of this genus is controversial, these species are well-known to be rich sources of diverse and complex natural products-above all, cardiac steroids and C21 pregnane steroids with special structures and obvious pharmacological activities. The various crude extracts and 314 isolated metabolites from this genus have attracted much attention in intensive biological studies, indicating that they are equipped with cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, insecticidal and other properties. It is noteworthy that some cardiac glycosides showed hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity at certain doses. Therefore, in view of the medical and agricultural value of the genus Periploca, in-depth investigations of the pharmacology in vivo, the mechanisms of biological actions, and the pharmacokinetics of the active ingredients should be carried out in the future. Moreover, in order to ensure the safety of clinical medication, the potential toxicities of cardiac glycosides or other compounds should also be paid attention. This systematic review provides an important reference base for applied research on pharmaceuticals and pesticides from this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjin Huang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Shoumao Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunli Luo
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yan Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
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Qin JJ, Lin ZM, Xu YS, Ren JW, Zuo JP, Zhao WM. Spiroorthoester group-containing pregnane glycosides from the root barks of Periploca chrysantha and their inhibitory activities against the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:330-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li W, Yu B. Gold-catalyzed glycosylation in the synthesis of complex carbohydrate-containing natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7954-7984. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00209f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gold(i)- and gold(iii)-catalyzed glycosylation reactions and their application in the synthesis of natural glycoconjugates are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Davison EK, Sperry J. Natural Products with Heteroatom-Rich Ring Systems. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:3060-3079. [PMID: 29135244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on all known natural products that contain a "heteroatom-rich" ring system, specifically a five-, six- or seven-membered ring that contains three or more heteroatoms. The isolation and biological activity of these natural products is discussed, along with the biosynthetic processes that Nature employs to assemble these rare heterocyclic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Davison
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Wang LY, Qin JJ, Chen ZH, Zhou Y, Tang W, Zuo JP, Zhao WM. Absolute Configuration of Periplosides C and F and Isolation of Minor Spiro-orthoester Group-Containing Pregnane-type Steroidal Glycosides from Periploca sepium and Their T-Lymphocyte Proliferation Inhibitory Activities. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1102-1109. [PMID: 28294615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Further phytochemical investigation of the root bark of Periploca sepium afforded nine new spiro-orthoester group-containing pregnane-type glycosides termed periplosides O-V and 3-O-formyl-periploside A. The structures of these glycosides along with the absolute configuration of the unique seven-membered formyl acetal-bridged spiro-orthoester function and the 4,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-Δ3-2-hexosulosyl moiety were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation and chemical transformation. The absolute configurations of the major compounds periplosides C and F were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against the proliferation of T-lymphocytes. As a result, periploside C, the most abundant glycoside containing a spiro-orthoester moiety found in the plant, exhibited the most favorite selective index value (SI = 82.5). The length and constitution of the saccharide chain in the periplosides were found to influence the inhibitory activity and the SI value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Yi Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jun Qin
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Hua Chen
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Min Zhao
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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Gu XY, Wu ZW, Wang L, Li F, Chen B, Yu K, Wang MK. C 21 steroidal glycosides and oligosaccharides from the root bark of Periploca sepium. Fitoterapia 2017; 118:6-12. [PMID: 28214554 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Four new C21 steroidal glycosides (1-4), named perisepiumosides FI (1-4) together with six known steroidal glycosides (5-10) and four oligosaccharides (11-14), were isolated from the root bark of Periploca sepium. Their structures were characterized on the basis of 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data as well as HR-ESI-MS analysis. The evaluation of inhibition activity against human A-549 and HepG2 cell lines indicated that compounds 2, 8, 10 and 13 showed different levels of cytotoxic activities with IC50 values ranging from 0.61 to 7.86μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Gu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhou-Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fu Li
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610013, China
| | - Ming-Kui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Pflästerer D, Hashmi ASK. Gold catalysis in total synthesis – recent achievements. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1331-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00721f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The most recent achievements of gold catalysed transformations applied in total synthesis of natural products are reviewed and analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pflästerer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
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Immunosuppressive C21 steroidal glycosides from the root of Cynanchum atratum. Fitoterapia 2015; 105:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zuo J, Yu B. Total synthesis of periploside A, a unique pregnane hexasaccharide with potent immunosuppressive effects. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5879. [PMID: 25600477 PMCID: PMC4309423 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periploside A is a pregnane hexasaccharide identified from the Chinese medicinal plant Periploca sepium, which features a unique seven-membered formyl acetal bridged orthoester (FABO) motif and potent immunosuppressive activities. Here, we show the synthesis of this molecule in a total of 76 steps with the longest linear sequence of 29 steps and 9.2% overall yield. The FABO motif is constructed via a combination of Sinaÿ's and Crich's protocol for the formation of orthoester and acetal glycosides, respectively. The 2-deoxy-β-glycosidic linkages are assembled stereoselectively with judicious choice of the glycosylation methods. The epimer at the spiro-quaternary carbon in the FABO motif has also been elaborated in a stereo-controlled manner. This epimer, as well as the synthetic analogues bearing the FABO motif, retain largely the inhibitory activities of periploside A against the proliferation of T-lymphocyte, indicating the importance of the chemical connection of the FABO motif to their immunosuppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianping Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Liu DZ, Liu JK. Peroxy natural products. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2013; 3:161-206. [PMCID: PMC4131620 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-013-0042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the structures and biological activities of peroxy natural products from a wide variety of terrestrial fungi, higher plants, and marine organisms. Syntheses that confirm or revise structures or stereochemistries have also been included, and 406 references are cited. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ze Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
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