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Klein LM, Lamp J, Schopf C, Gabler AM, Kaltner F, Guldimann C, Rychlik M, Schwake-Anduschus C, Knappstein K, Gottschalk C. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and tropane alkaloids in milk samples from individual dairy farms of the German federal states of Bavaria and Schleswig-Holstein. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:629-647. [PMID: 38592240 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2336054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
1,2-Dehydro-pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), their corresponding N-oxides (PANO) and tropane alkaloids (TA), are toxic plant metabolites. If plant material, containing these toxins, is present in the feed of dairy cows these toxins can be transferred into milk. Here, milk was sampled directly from dairy farms in the German federal states of Bavaria and Schleswig-Holstein in 2020-2022 in order to investigate a possible contamination of milk at the production stage. In total, 228 milk samples were analysed for 54 PA/PANO and two TA by a sensitive LC-ESI-MS/MS method. In addition, a subset of milk samples (n = 85) was independently analysed for TA by a cooperating laboratory for verification. PA/PANO were found in 26 samples (11%) with a low median sum content of the contaminated samples of 0.024 µg/L. The highest level of contamination was 5.6 µg/L. Senecionine-, lycopsamine- and heliotrine-type PA/PANO were detected. In four samples (1.8%), atropine was determined up to 0.066 µg/L. The toxin levels in the milk samples hardly contributed to the total daily exposure. These data are first-time results on contamination rates and levels occurring in milk from individual dairy farms, based on a large sample number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Monika Klein
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Julika Lamp
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina Schopf
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Angelika Miriam Gabler
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Guldimann
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christine Schwake-Anduschus
- Department of Safety and Quality of Cereals, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Detmold, Germany
| | - Karin Knappstein
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
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Ojeda-Prieto L, Medina-van Berkum P, Unsicker SB, Heinen R, Weisser WW. Intraspecific chemical variation of Tanacetum vulgare affects plant growth and reproductive traits in field plant communities. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024. [PMID: 38593287 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The study investigated the impact of intraspecific plant chemodiversity on plant growth and reproductive traits at both the plant and plot levels. It also aimed to understand how chemodiversity at stand level affects ecosystem functioning and plant-plant interactions. We describe a biodiversity experiment in which we manipulated intraspecific plant chemodiversity at the plot level using six different chemotypes of common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L., Asteraceae). We tested the effects of chemotype identity and plot-level chemotype richness on plant growth and reproductive traits and plot-level headspace emissions. The study found that plant chemotypes differed in growth and reproductive traits and that traits were affected by the chemotype richness of the plots. Although morphological differences among chemotypes became less pronounced over time, reproductive phenology patterns persisted. Plot-level trait means were also affected by the presence or absence of certain chemotypes in a plot, and the direction of the effect depended on the specific chemotype. However, chemotype richness did not lead to overyielding effects. Lastly, chemotype blends released from plant communities were neither richer nor more diverse with increasing plot-level chemotype richness, but became more dissimilar as they became more dissimilar in their leaf terpenoid profiles. We found that intraspecific plant chemodiversity is crucial in plant-plant interactions. We also found that the effects of chemodiversity on plant growth and reproductive traits were complex and varied depending on the chemotype richness of the plots. This long-term field experiment will allow further investigation into plant-insect interactions and insect community assembly in response to intraspecific chemodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ojeda-Prieto
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - P Medina-van Berkum
- Department for Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - S B Unsicker
- Department for Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Plant-Environment-Interactions Group, Botanical Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - R Heinen
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - W W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Benali T, Lemhadri A, Harboul K, Chtibi H, Khabbach A, Jadouali SM, Quesada-Romero L, Louahlia S, Hammani K, Ghaleb A, Lee LH, Bouyahya A, Rusu ME, Akhazzane M. Chemical Profiling and Biological Properties of Essential Oils of Lavandula stoechas L. Collected from Three Moroccan Sites: In Vitro and In Silico Investigations. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1413. [PMID: 36987101 PMCID: PMC10057000 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the determination of the chemical compounds of Lavandula stoechas essential oil from Aknol (LSEOA), Khenifra (LSEOK), and Beni Mellal (LSEOB), and the in vitro investigation of their antibacterial, anticandidal, and antioxidant effects, and in silico anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. The chemical profile of LSEO was determined using GC-MS-MS analysis, the results of which showed a qualitative and quantitative variation in the chemical composition of volatile compounds including L-fenchone, cubebol, camphor, bornyl acetate, and τ-muurolol; indicating that the biosynthesis of essential oils of Lavandula stoechas (LSEO) varied depending on the site of growth. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the ABTS and FRAP methods, our results showed that this tested oil is endowed with an ABTS inhibitory effect and an important reducing power which varies between 4.82 ± 1.52 and 15.73 ± 3.26 mg EAA/g extract. The results of antibacterial activity of LSEOA, LSEOK and LSEOB, tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, revealed that B. subtilis (20.66 ± 1.15-25 ± 4.35 mm), P. mirabilis (18.66 ± 1.15-18.66 ± 1.15 mm), and P. aeruginosa (13.33 ± 1.15-19 ± 1.00 mm) are the most susceptible strains to LSEOA, LSEOK and LSEOB of which LSEOB exhibits bactericidal effect against P. mirabilis. furthermore The LSEO exhibited varying degrees of anticandidal activity with an inhibition zones of 25.33 ± 0.5, 22.66 ± 2.51, and 19 ± 1 mm for LSEOK, LSEOB, and LSEOA, respectively. Additionally, the in silico molecular docking process, performed using Chimera Vina and Surflex-Dock programs, indicated that LSEO could inhibit SARS-CoV-2. These important biological properties of LSEO qualify this plant as an interesting source of natural bioactive compounds with medicinal actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoufiq Benali
- Environment and Health Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 46030, Morocco
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, B.P. 1223 Taza-Gare, Taza 30050, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Lemhadri
- Environment and Health Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 46030, Morocco
| | - Kaoutar Harboul
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, B.P. 1223 Taza-Gare, Taza 30050, Morocco
| | - Houda Chtibi
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, B.P. 1223 Taza-Gare, Taza 30050, Morocco
| | - Abdelmajid Khabbach
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorisation of Natural Resources (BCVRN), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, B.P. 1796, Fez 30003, Morocco
| | - Si Mohamed Jadouali
- Department of Biotechnology and Analysis EST Khenifra, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Khenifra 23000, Morocco
| | - Luisa Quesada-Romero
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias Para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, General Lagos 1163, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Said Louahlia
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, B.P. 1223 Taza-Gare, Taza 30050, Morocco
| | - Khalil Hammani
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, B.P. 1223 Taza-Gare, Taza 30050, Morocco
| | - Adib Ghaleb
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Multidisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Safi 46030, Morocco
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Marius Emil Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mohamed Akhazzane
- Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic and Molecular Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
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Wiggering H, Diekötter T, Donath TW. Regulation of Jacobaea vulgaris by varied cutting and restoration measures. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0248094. [PMID: 36201549 PMCID: PMC9536583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of the noxious grassland weed Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. in pastures is a threat to grazing animals. This is especially true when it dominates vegetation cover, which often occurs on non-intensively used pastures that are managed for nature-conservation, to maintain and promote biodiversity. Thus, we wanted to find management techniques to reduce J. vulgaris without harming the floral biodiversity on the pastures. We tested six different mechanical and cultural methods to reduce the presence and spread of J. vulgaris. Seven study sites in Northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein) were treated with tilling and seeding (1), tilling and hay transfer (2), mowing twice within bloom (3), mowing before seed set and combinations of mowing and seeding with a slit drill (5) or by hand (6). Our results show that cutting within the bloom of the plant at the end of June and again four weeks later, when the plant is in its second bloom was the only treatment leading to a significant reduction in population growth rate without reducing surrounding plant species richness. The study reveals that management of J. vulgaris in non-intensively used pastures is possible, while preserving species-rich grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Wiggering
- Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tim Diekötter
- Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias W Donath
- Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Profiling of Essential Oils from the Leaves of Pistacia lentiscus Collected in the Algerian Region of Tizi-Ouzou: Evidence of Chemical Variations Associated with Climatic Contrasts between Littoral and Mountain Samples. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134148. [PMID: 35807395 PMCID: PMC9268259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaves of Pistacia lentiscus were collected from two Algerian sites in the mountains and the littoral of the Tizi-Ouzou region. The harvest was conducted in four consecutive seasons on the same selected set of trees. Essential oils (EOs) were extracted by hydrodistillation; then, they were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forty-seven constituents could be detected and quantified, including α-pinene (2–13%), β-caryophyllene (8–25%), β-myrcene (0.3–19%), bornyl acetate (0.8–7%), δ-cadinene (3–8%), bisabolol (1–9%), β-pinene (0.9–7%), caryophyllene oxide (4–9%), and α-cadinol (3–11%). Antioxidant (AOx) activities of the EOs were assessed by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. Significant differences in EO composition and AOx activities appeared dependent on the season and the site. Variations of AOx activities were significant for the FRAP and ABTS tests but not for DPPH. Characterization of the leaf fatty acyl (FA) profiles was performed by GC-MS. Variability appeared according to season and altitude. Polyunsaturated fatty acids levels were high (27–55%) at the coldest date and place. The levels of linolenic acyl in the leaves were significantly correlated with bisabolol levels in the EOs (Spearman’s correlation coefficient: 0.818). Such results will be useful for the sustainable local valorization of wild P. lentiscus. These data also open new routes for further studies on terpenoid biosynthesis using correlation networks and fluxomic approaches.
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6
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Kim D, Kim S, Yim UH, Ha SY, An JG, Loh A, Kim S. Determination of anthropogenic organics in dichlomethane extracts of aerosol particulate matter collected from four different locations in China and Republic of Korea by GC-MS and FTICR-MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150230. [PMID: 34536876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the hypothesis that particulate matter in east of Korea peninsula would be significantly influenced by particulate matter originated from east of China was evaluated. To test the hypothesis, water-insoluble compounds in particulate matter samples collected from three different locations in Korea and one in China were characterized by atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Each sample was collected twice, in winter and in spring. The GC-MS data revealed the presence of high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo[a]anthracene in the samples from Tianjin, China. The sample collected in the winter from Baengnyeong Island, which is the location in Korea that is geographically closest to the east coast of China was also rich in aromatic compounds. Meanwhile, the APPI FTICR-MS data showed that polycondensed PAHs and two- to four-ring PAHs with long alkyl chains were abundant in the winter samples from Tianjin and Baengnyeong Island which stems most likely from coal combustion in the eastern China. In contrast, nonaromatic compounds with a biogenic origin were mostly observed in samples collected from islands located in eastern (Ulleung Island) and southern (Jeju Island) Korea. A principal component analysis by FTICR-MS and GC-MS also showed that the samples from Tianjin and those collected from Baengnyeong Island in the winter are strongly associated with coal combustion, whereas the other samples are mainly influenced by vehicle emissions. Therefore, it is concluded that the atmosphere from east of China has significant influence over atmosphere in west of Korea peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Kim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjune Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Geon An
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Loh
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Mass Spectrometry Convergence Research Center and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Wei X, Klinkhamer PGL, Mulder PPJ, van der Veen-van Wijk K, Vrieling K. Seasonal variation in defence compounds: A case study on pyrrolizidine alkaloids of clones of Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica and their hybrids. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111067. [PMID: 34763859 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Concentration of plant secondary metabolites (SMs) show seasonal variations. However, it is still not well understood how these abiotic and biotic factors influence the seasonal variations of SMs. In addition, it is of interest to know if and how SMs are reallocated to the different plant organs, in particular whether SMs are reallocated to the remaining tissues when biomass is lost, e.g., during winter. Here we used Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica, two F1 and four F2 hybrids that differed in their pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) bouquet as a study system. A series of clones of these genotypes were investigated during their vegetative stage spanning 14 months in a semi-natural environment. We found that the total PA concentration in roots and shoots showed a gradual increase until the spring of the second year, whereafter it dropped substantially in shoots. The variation in PA composition due to seasonal changes was significant but relatively small. Senecionine-like PAs were the dominant PAs in roots, while jacobine-/erucifoline-like PAs were dominant in shoots. The variation of PA concentration was significantly correlated with temperature, day length, and plant age. A correlation analysis showed that PAs were not reallocated when biomass was lost in winter. Overall, our study showed that PA composition of each genotype changed over seasons in a different manner but seasonal variation did not overrule the differences in PA composition among genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China; Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research-Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin van der Veen-van Wijk
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids of European Senecio/Jacobaea species in forage and their carry-over to milk: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Metabolic Toxification of 1,2-Unsaturated Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Causes Human Hepatic Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome: The Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910419. [PMID: 34638760 PMCID: PMC8508847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saturated and unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are present in more than 6000 plant species growing in countries all over the world. They have a typical heterocyclic structure in common, but differ in their potential toxicity, depending on the presence or absence of a double bond between C1 and C2. Fortunately, most plants contain saturated PAs without this double bond and are therefore not toxic for consumption by humans or animals. In a minority of plants, however, PAs with this double bond between C1 and C2 exhibit strong hepatotoxic, genotoxic, cytotoxic, neurotoxic, and tumorigenic potentials. If consumed in error and in large emouns, plants with 1,2-unsaturated PAs induce metabolic breaking-off of the double bonds of the unsaturated PAs, generating PA radicals that may trigger severe liver injury through a process involving microsomal P450 (CYP), with preference of its isoforms CYP 2A6, CYP 3A4, and CYP 3A5. This toxifying CYP-dependent conversion occurs primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes equivalent to the microsomal fraction. Toxified PAs injure the protein membranes of hepatocytes, and after passing their plasma membranes, more so the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), leading to life-threatening hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS). This injury is easily diagnosed by blood pyrrolizidine protein adducts, which are perfect diagnostic biomarkers, supporting causality evaluation using the updated RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method). HSOS is clinically characterized by weight gain due to fluid accumulation (ascites, pleural effusion, and edema), and may lead to acute liver failure, liver transplantation, or death. In conclusion, plant-derived PAs with a double bond between C1 and C2 are potentially hepatotoxic after metabolic removal of the double bond, and may cause PA-HSOS with a potential lethal outcome, even if PA consumption is stopped.
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Hama JR, Strobel BW. Occurrence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in ragwort plants, soils and surface waters at the field scale in grassland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142822. [PMID: 33348479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA)s are natural toxins produced by a variety of plants including ragwort. The PAs present a serious health risk to human and livestock. Although these compounds have been extensively studied in food and feed, little is known regarding their environmental fate. To fill this data gap, we investigated the occurrence of PAs in ragwort plants, soils and surface waters at three locations where ragwort was the dominant plant species to better understand their environmental distribution. The concentrations of PAs were quantified during the full growing season (April-November) and assessed in relation to rain events. PA concentrations ranged from 3.2-6.6 g/kg dry weight (dw) in plants, 0.8-4.0 mg/kg dw in soils, and 6.0-529 μg/L in surface waters. Maximum PA concentrations in the soil (4 mg/kg) and water (529 μg/L) were in mid-May just before flowering. The average distribution of PAs in water was approximately 5 g/10,000 L, compared to the average amounts present in ragwort (506 kg/ha), and soil (1.7 kg/ha). In general, concentrations of PAs increase in the soil and surface water following rain events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawameer R Hama
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Bjarne W Strobel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Günthardt BF, Wettstein FE, Hollender J, Singer H, Härri J, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K, Bucheli TD. Retrospective HRMS Screening and Dedicated Target Analysis Reveal a Wide Exposure to Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Small Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1036-1044. [PMID: 33372520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are found to be toxic pollutants emitted into the environment by numerous plant species, resulting in contamination. In this article, we investigate the occurrence of PAs in the aquatic environment of small Swiss streams combining two different approaches. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced by numerous plant species. Although they were classified as persistent and mobile and found to be emitted into the environment, their occurrence in surface waters is largely unknown. Therefore, we performed a retrospective data analysis of two extensive HRMS campaigns each covering five small streams in Switzerland over the growing season. All sites were contaminated with up to 12 individual PAs and temporal detection frequencies between 36 and 87%. Individual PAs were in the low ng/L range, but rain-induced maximal total PA concentrations reached almost 100 ng/L in late spring and summer. Through PA patterns in water and plants, several species were tentatively identified as the source of contamination, with Senecio spp. and Echium vulgare being the most important. Additionally, two streams were monitored, and PAs were quantified with a newly developed, faster, and more sensitive LC-MS/MS method to distinguish different plant-based and indirect human PA sources. A distinctly different PA fingerprint in aqueous plant extracts pointed to invasive Senecio inaequidens as the main source of the surface water contamination at these sites. Results indicate that PA loads may increase if invasive species are sufficiently abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara F Günthardt
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, Zürich 8046, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Felix E Wettstein
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, Zürich 8046, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Singer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Jana Härri
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, Zürich 8046, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Thomas D Bucheli
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, Zürich 8046, Switzerland
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12
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Dolwitsch CB, Pires FB, Colim AN, Wiethan BA, Dal Prá V, Schneider VM, Maciel A, da Rosa MB. Mineral Composition of <I>Connarus (Connarus perrottetii var. angustifolius)</i> and <i>Mansoa (Mansoa alliacea)</I> Species. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401314666180910131524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
This paper provides an overview of mineral composition of the medicinal
species Connarus perrottetii var. angustifolius and Mansoa alliacea collected in 2012, 2013 and
2014, using atomic absorption spectrometry as analytical technique.
Methods:
Statistical tests were performed aiming to identify the similarities and the differences between
the different sampling years.
Result:
It was found a variation in the content of the elements for the three years of sampling, but
with no uniform behavior.
Conclusion:
Connarus perrottetii var. angustifolius and Mansoa alliacea showed low concentrations
of metals that may be toxic above specific concentrations (Cr, Ni, As, Pb, Cd and Hg). Accordingly,
a regular consumption of these species cannot cause intoxication. On the other hand, we should consider
the mineral contribution of other foods on the daily diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina B. Dolwitsch
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda B. Pires
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro N. Colim
- Post-Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna A. Wiethan
- Post-Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Valeria Dal Prá
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Viviane M. Schneider
- Post-Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Augusto Maciel
- Department of Statistics, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B. da Rosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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13
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Huang W, Bont Z, Hervé MR, Robert CAM, Erb M. Impact of Seasonal and Temperature-Dependent Variation in Root Defense Metabolites on Herbivore Preference in Taraxacum officinale. J Chem Ecol 2019; 46:63-75. [PMID: 31832894 PMCID: PMC6954900 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants experience seasonal fluctuations in abiotic and biotic factors such as herbivore attack rates. If and how root defense expression co-varies with seasonal fluctuations in abiotic factors and root herbivore attack rates is not well understood. Here, we evaluated seasonal changes in defensive root latex chemistry of Taraxacum officinale plants in the field and correlated the changes with seasonal fluctuations in abiotic factors and damage potential by Melolontha melolontha, a major natural enemy of T. officinale. We then explored the causality and consequences of these relationships under controlled conditions. The concentration of the defensive sesquiterpene lactone taraxinic acid β-D glucopyranosyl ester (TA-G) varied substantially over the year and was most strongly correlated to mean monthly temperature. Both temperature and TA-G levels were correlated with annual fluctuations in potential M. melolontha damage. Under controlled conditions, plants grown under high temperature produced more TA-G and were less attractive for M. melolontha. However, temperature-dependent M. melolontha feeding preferences were not significantly altered in TA-G deficient transgenic lines. Our results suggest that fluctuations in temperature leads to variation in the production of a root defensive metabolites that co-varies with expected attack of a major root herbivore. Temperature-dependent herbivore preference, however, is likely to be modulated by other phenotypic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Zoe Bont
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maxime R Hervé
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.,Inra, Agrocampus Ouest, IGEPP - UMR-A 1349, University of Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Christelle A M Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.
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14
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Flade J, Beschow H, Wensch-Dorendorf M, Plescher A, Wätjen W. Occurrence of Nine Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Senecio vulgaris L. Depending on Developmental Stage and Season. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E54. [PMID: 30841617 PMCID: PMC6473320 DOI: 10.3390/plants8030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of phytopharmaceuticals and herbal teas with toxic plants is an increasing problem. Senecio vulgaris L. is a particularly noxious weed in agricultural and horticultural crops due to its content of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Since some of these compounds are carcinogenic, the distribution of this plant should be monitored. The amount of PAs in S. vulgaris is affected by various factors. Therefore, we investigated the occurrence of PAs depending on the developmental stage and season. A systematic study using field-plot experiments (four seasons, five developmental stages of the plants: S1 to S5) was performed and the PA concentration was determined via LC-MS/MS analysis. The total amount of PAs in the plant increased with the plant development, however, the total PA concentrations in µg/g dry matter remained nearly unchanged, whilst trends for specific PAs were observed. The concentrations of PA-N-oxides (PANOs) were much higher than that of tertiary PAs. Maximal amounts of the PA total were 54.16 ± 4.38 mg/plant (spring, S5). The total amount of PAs increased strongly until later developmental stages. Therefore, even small numbers of S. vulgaris may become sufficient for relevant contaminations set out by the maximal permitted daily intake levels recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Flade
- Plant Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
- PHARMAPLANT Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen Forschungs- und Saatzucht GmbH, Am Westbahnhof 4, 06556 Artern, Germany.
- Biofunctionality of Secondary Plant Compounds, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Heidrun Beschow
- Plant Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Monika Wensch-Dorendorf
- AG Biometrie und Agrarinformatik, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Andreas Plescher
- PHARMAPLANT Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen Forschungs- und Saatzucht GmbH, Am Westbahnhof 4, 06556 Artern, Germany.
| | - Wim Wätjen
- Biofunctionality of Secondary Plant Compounds, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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15
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Wang M, Ruan W, Kostenko O, Carvalho S, Hannula SE, Mulder PPJ, Bu F, van der Putten WH, Bezemer TM. Removal of soil biota alters soil feedback effects on plant growth and defense chemistry. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1478-1491. [PMID: 30220096 PMCID: PMC6587519 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We examined how the removal of soil biota affects plant-soil feedback (PSF) and defense chemistry of Jacobaea vulgaris, an outbreak plant species in Europe containing the defense compounds pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Macrofauna and mesofauna, as well as fungi and bacteria, were removed size selectively from unplanted soil or soil planted with J. vulgaris exposed or not to above- or belowground insect herbivores. Wet-sieved fractions, using 1000-, 20-, 5- and 0.2-μm mesh sizes, were added to sterilized soil and new plants were grown. Sieving treatments were verified by molecular analysis of the inocula. In the feedback phase, plant biomass was lowest in soils with 1000- and 20-μm inocula, and soils conditioned with plants gave more negative feedback than without plants. Remarkably, part of this negative PSF effect remained present in the 0.2-μm inoculum where no bacteria were present. PA concentration and composition of plants with 1000- or 20-μm inocula differed from those with 5- or 0.2-μm inocula, but only if soils had been conditioned by undamaged plants or plants damaged by aboveground herbivores. These effects correlated with leaf hyperspectral reflectance. We conclude that size-selective removal of soil biota altered PSFs, but that these PSFs were also influenced by herbivory during the conditioning phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Wang
- College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesPO Box 102SE‐23053AlnarpSweden
| | - Weibin Ruan
- College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Olga Kostenko
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Carvalho
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - S. Emilia Hannula
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Patrick P. J. Mulder
- RIKILT – Wageningen University & ResearchPO Box 2306700 AEWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Fengjiao Bu
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen University & ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Wim H. van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 81236700 ESWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - T. Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands
- Institute of BiologySection Plant Ecology and PhytochemistryLeiden UniversityPO Box 95052300 RALeidenthe Netherlands
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16
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Uyi OO, Zachariades C, Heshula LU, Hill MP. Developmental and reproductive performance of a specialist herbivore depend on seasonality of, and light conditions experienced by, the host plant. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190700. [PMID: 29304104 PMCID: PMC5755886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Host plant phenology (as influenced by seasonality) and light-mediated changes in the phenotypic and phytochemical properties of leaves have been hypothesised to equivocally influence insect herbivore performance. Here, we examined the effects of seasonality, through host plant phenology (late growth-season = autumn vs flowering-season = winter) and light environment (shade vs full-sun habitat) on the leaf characteristics of the invasive alien plant, Chromolaena odorata. In addition, the performance of a specialist folivore, Pareuchaetes insulata, feeding on leaves obtained from both shaded and full-sun habitats during autumn and winter, was evaluated over two generations. Foliar nitrogen and magnesium contents were generally higher in shaded plants with much higher levels during winter. Leaf water content was higher in shaded and in autumn plants. Total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) and phosphorus contents did not differ as a function of season, but were higher in shaded foliage compared to full-sun leaves. Leaf toughness was noticeably higher on plants growing in full-sun during winter. With the exception of shaded leaves in autumn that supported the best performance [fastest development, heaviest pupal mass, and highest growth rate and Host Suitability Index (HSI) score], full-sun foliage in autumn surprisingly also supported an improved performance of the moth compared to shaded or full-sun leaves in winter. Our findings suggest that shaded and autumn foliage are nutritionally more suitable for the growth and reproduction of P. insulata. However, the heavier pupal mass, increased number of eggs and higher HSI score in individuals that fed on full-sun foliage in autumn compared to their counterparts that fed on shaded or full-sun foliage in winter suggest that full-sun foliage during autumn is also a suitable food source for larvae of the moth. In sum, our study demonstrates that seasonal and light-modulated changes in leaf characteristics can affect insect folivore performance in ways that are not linear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osariyekemwen O. Uyi
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Costas Zachariades
- ARC–Plant Protection Research Institute, Cedara, South Africa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Lelethu U. Heshula
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Martin P. Hill
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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17
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Harkes P, Verhoeven A, Sterken MG, Snoek LB, van den Elsen SJJ, Mooijman PJW, Quist CW, Vervoort MTW, Helder J. The differential impact of a native and a non-native ragwort species (Senecioneae) on the first and second trophic level of the rhizosphere food web. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Harkes
- Laboratory of Nematology, Dept Plant Sciences, Wageningen Univ., Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Ava Verhoeven
- Laboratory of Nematology, Dept Plant Sciences, Wageningen Univ., Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Mark G. Sterken
- Laboratory of Nematology, Dept Plant Sciences, Wageningen Univ., Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - L. Basten Snoek
- Laboratory of Nematology, Dept Plant Sciences, Wageningen Univ., Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB; Wageningen the Netherlands
- NIOO-KNAW, Terrestrial Ecology; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Sven J. J. van den Elsen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Dept Plant Sciences, Wageningen Univ., Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | | | - Casper W. Quist
- Laboratory of Nematology, Dept Plant Sciences, Wageningen Univ., Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte T. W. Vervoort
- Laboratory of Nematology, Dept Plant Sciences, Wageningen Univ., Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of Nematology, Dept Plant Sciences, Wageningen Univ., Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708 PB; Wageningen the Netherlands
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18
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Ramírez-Briones E, Rodríguez-Macías R, Salcedo-Pérez E, Martínez-Gallardo N, Tiessen A, Molina-Torres J, Délano-Frier JP, Zañudo-Hernández J. Seasonal variation in non-structural carbohydrates, sucrolytic activity and secondary metabolites in deciduous and perennial Diospyros species sampled in Western Mexico. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187235. [PMID: 29073239 PMCID: PMC5658181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to test the working hypothesis that the primary determinants influencing seasonal driven modifications in carbon mobilization and other key biochemical parameters in leaves of poorly known Diospyros digyna (Ddg; semi-domesticated; perennial) and D. rekoi (Dre; undomesticated; deciduous) trees are determined by environmental growing conditions, agronomic management and physiological plasticity. Thus, biochemical changes in leaves of both trees were recorded seasonally during two successive fruiting years. Trees were randomly sampled in Western Mexico habitats with differing soil quality, climatic conditions, luminosity, and cultivation practices. Leaves of Ddg had consistently higher total chlorophyll contents (CT) that, unexpectedly, peaked in the winter of 2015. In Dre, the highest leaf CT values recorded in the summer of 2015 inversely correlated with low average luminosity and high Chl a/ Chlb ratios. The seasonal CT variations in Dre were congruent with varying luminosity, whereas those in Ddg were probably affected by other factors, such as fluctuating leaf protein contents and the funneling of light energy to foliar non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) accumulation, which were consistently higher than those detected in Dre leaves. Seasonal foliar NSC fluctuations in both species were in agreement with the carbon (C) demands of flowering, fruiting and/ or leaf regrowth. Seasonal changes in foliar hexose to sucrose (Hex/ Suc) ratios coincided with cell wall invertase activity in both species. In Dre, high Hex/ Suc ratios in spring leaves possibly allowed an accumulation of phenolic acids, not observed in Ddg. The above results supported the hypothesis proposed by showing that leaf responses to changing environmental conditions differ in perennial and deciduous Diospyros trees, including a dynamic adjustment of NSCs to supply the C demands imposed by reproduction, leaf regrowth and, possibly, stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Ramírez-Briones
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Camino Ing., La Venta del Astillero, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Ramón Rodríguez-Macías
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Camino Ing., La Venta del Astillero, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Eduardo Salcedo-Pérez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería, Camino Ing., La Venta del Astillero, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Norma Martínez-Gallardo
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato León Kilómetro 9.6, Carretera Irapuato León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Axel Tiessen
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato León Kilómetro 9.6, Carretera Irapuato León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato León Kilómetro 9.6, Carretera Irapuato León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - John P. Délano-Frier
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato León Kilómetro 9.6, Carretera Irapuato León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Julia Zañudo-Hernández
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Camino Ing., La Venta del Astillero, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
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