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Tan Y, Cao J, Tang C, Liu K. Advances in Genome Sequencing and Natural Rubber Biosynthesis in Rubber-Producing Plants. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9342-9353. [PMID: 38132431 PMCID: PMC10741621 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene, NR) is an important raw material utilized widely in the manufacturing of medical, agricultural, and industrial products. Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) and several alternative rubber-producing plants (Taraxacum kok-saghyz, Lactuca sativa, and Parthenium argentatum) have the capability to produce high-quality NR. With the progress of genome sequencing, similar rubber biosynthesis pathways have been discovered among different rubber-producing plant species. NR is synthesized and stored in rubber particles, which are specialized organelles comprising a hydrophobic NR core surrounded by a lipid monolayer and membrane-bound proteins. The rubber transferase complex is considered to be the pivotal enzyme involved in catalyzing NR biosynthesis. However, the exact compositions of the RT complex in rubber-producing plants remain elusive and poorly understood. Here, we review the progress of genome sequencing, natural rubber biosynthesis, and the components of the RT complex in rubber-producing plants. We emphasize that identifying the detailed components of the RT complex holds great significance for exploring the mechanism of NR biosynthesis and accelerating molecular breeding in rubber-producing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Tan
- National Key Laboratory for Biological Breeding of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.T.); (J.C.); (C.T.)
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of P.R. China, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jie Cao
- National Key Laboratory for Biological Breeding of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.T.); (J.C.); (C.T.)
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of P.R. China, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chaorong Tang
- National Key Laboratory for Biological Breeding of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.T.); (J.C.); (C.T.)
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of P.R. China, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops, Xishuangbanna 666100, China
| | - Kaiye Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Biological Breeding of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.T.); (J.C.); (C.T.)
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of P.R. China, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Wang H, Fan X, Yu H, Li J, Cui X, Xu X. Characterization of natural rubber concerning its components and molecular weight in Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2201041. [PMID: 37609805 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202201041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin (TKS) has abundant natural rubber in its root and the molecular weight of its natural rubber is higher than that in Hevea brasiliensis. Thus, TKS is an excellent alternative for the commercial production of natural rubber. The content and molecular weight of natural rubber are two qualitative indicators. Efficient determination for both indicators is still a challenge. In this study, we developed a method to simultaneously determine the content and molecular weight of natural rubber in TKS with pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The content of natural rubber was quantified by internal standard method. We optimized the pyrolysis temperature and chromatographic method during content determination. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.47 and 1.56 μg, respectively. In addition, the arachidonic acid methyl ester, an unsaturated fatty acid proposed from the α-end group of natural rubber, was quantified to obtain the number of natural rubber polymers. Based on the content and the polymer number, we also quantified the molecular weight of natural rubber. Thus, the content and molecular weight of natural rubber were simultaneously determined in TKS. Our study provides a new perspective for the high throughput analysis of natural rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Germacrene A Synthases for Sesquiterpene Lactone Biosynthesis Are Expressed in Vascular Parenchyma Cells Neighboring Laticifers in Lettuce. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091192. [PMID: 35567193 PMCID: PMC9099558 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactone (STL) and natural rubber (NR) are characteristic isoprenoids in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Both STL and NR co-accumulate in laticifers, pipe-like structures located along the vasculature. NR-biosynthetic genes are exclusively expressed in laticifers, but cell-type specific expression of STL-biosynthetic genes has not been studied. Here, we examined the expression pattern of germacrene A synthase (LsGAS), which catalyzes the first step in STL biosynthesis in lettuce. Quantitative PCR and Illumina read mapping revealed that the transcripts of two GAS isoforms (LsGAS1/LsGAS2) are expressed two orders of magnitude (~100–200) higher in stems than laticifers. This result implies that the cellular site for LsGAS1/2 expression is not in laticifers. To gain more insights, promoters of LsGAS1/2 were cloned and fused to β-glucuronidase (GUS), followed by transformations of lettuce with these promoter-GUS constructs. In in situ GUS assays, the GUS expression driven by the LsGAS1/2 promoters was tightly associated with vascular bundles. High-resolution microsections showed that GUS signals are not present in laticifers but are detected in the vascular parenchyma cells neighboring the laticifers. These results suggest that expression of LsGAS1/2 occurs in the parenchyma cells neighboring laticifers, while the resulting STL metabolites accumulate in laticifers. It can be inferred that active metabolite-trafficking occurs from the parenchyma cells to laticifers in lettuce.
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Barnes EK, Kwon M, Hodgins CL, Qu Y, Kim SW, Yeung EC, Ro DK. The promoter sequences of lettuce cis-prenyltransferase and its binding protein specify gene expression in laticifers. PLANTA 2021; 253:51. [PMID: 33507397 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Promoters of lettuce cis-prenyltransferase 3 (LsCPT3) and CPT-binding protein 2 (LsCBP2) specify gene expression in laticifers, as supported by in situ β-glucuronidase stains and microsection analysis. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) has articulated laticifers alongside vascular bundles. In the cytoplasm of laticifers, natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) is synthesized by cis-prenyltransferase (LsCPT3) and CPT-binding protein (LsCBP2), both of which form an enzyme complex. Here we determined the gene structures of LsCPT3 and LsCBP2 and characterized their promoter activities using β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter assays in stable transgenic lines of lettuce. LsCPT3 has a single 7.4-kb intron while LsCBP2 has seven introns including a 940-bp intron in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR). Serially truncated LsCPT3 promoters (2.3 kb, 1.6 kb, and 1.1 kb) and the LsCBP2 promoter with (1.7 kb) or without (0.8 kb) the 940-bp introns were fused to GUS to examine their promoter activities. In situ GUS stains of the transgenic plants revealed that the 1.1-kb LsCPT3 and 0.8-kb LsCBP2 promoter without the 5'-UTR intron are sufficient to express GUS exclusively in laticifers. Fluorometric assays showed that the LsCBP2 promoter was several-fold stronger than the CaMV35S promoter and was ~ 400 times stronger than the LsCPT3 promoter in latex. Histochemical analyses confirmed that both promoters express GUS exclusively in laticifers, recognized by characteristic fused multicellular structures. We concluded that both the LsCPT3 and LsCBP2 promoters specify gene expression in laticifers, and the LsCBP2 promoter displays stronger expression than the CaMV35S promoter in laticifers. For the LsCPT3 promoter, it appears that unknown cis-elements outside of the currently examined LsCPT3 promoter are required to enhance LsCPT3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysabeth K Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Connor L Hodgins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick Fredericton, Fredericton, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Seon-Won Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Edward C Yeung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Darqui FS, Radonic LM, Beracochea VC, Hopp HE, López Bilbao M. Peculiarities of the Transformation of Asteraceae Family Species: The Cases of Sunflower and Lettuce. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:767459. [PMID: 34899788 PMCID: PMC8662702 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Asteraceae family is the largest and most diversified family of the Angiosperms, characterized by the presence of numerous clustered inflorescences, which have the appearance of a single compound flower. It is estimated that this family represents around 10% of all flowered species, with a great biodiversity, covering all environments on the planet, except Antarctica. Also, it includes economically important crops, such as lettuce, sunflower, and chrysanthemum; wild flowers; herbs, and several species that produce molecules with pharmacological properties. Nevertheless, the biotechnological improvement of this family is limited to a few species and their genetic transformation was achieved later than in other plant families. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a model species in molecular biology and plant biotechnology that has easily adapted to tissue culture, with efficient shoot regeneration from different tissues, organs, cells, and protoplasts. Due to this plasticity, it was possible to obtain transgenic plants tolerant to biotic or abiotic stresses as well as for the production of commercially interesting molecules (molecular farming). These advances, together with the complete sequencing of lettuce genome allowed the rapid adoption of gene editing using the CRISPR system. On the other hand, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a species that for years was considered recalcitrant to in vitro culture. Although this difficulty was overcome and some publications were made on sunflower genetic transformation, until now there is no transgenic variety commercialized or authorized for cultivation. In this article, we review similarities (such as avoiding the utilization of the CaMV35S promoter in transformation vectors) and differences (such as transformation efficiency) in the state of the art of genetic transformation techniques performed in these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Soledad Darqui
- IABIMO (Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular), UEDD INTA-CONICET, CNIA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Mabel Radonic
- IABIMO (Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular), UEDD INTA-CONICET, CNIA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Cecilia Beracochea
- IABIMO (Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular), UEDD INTA-CONICET, CNIA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H. Esteban Hopp
- IABIMO (Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular), UEDD INTA-CONICET, CNIA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (FBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisa López Bilbao
- IABIMO (Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular), UEDD INTA-CONICET, CNIA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Marisa López Bilbao,
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Cherian S, Ryu SB, Cornish K. Natural rubber biosynthesis in plants, the rubber transferase complex, and metabolic engineering progress and prospects. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:2041-2061. [PMID: 31150158 PMCID: PMC6790360 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) is a nonfungible and valuable biopolymer, used to manufacture ~50 000 rubber products, including tires and medical gloves. Current production of NR is derived entirely from the para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). The increasing demand for NR, coupled with limitations and vulnerability of H. brasiliensis production systems, has induced increasing interest among scientists and companies in potential alternative NR crops. Genetic/metabolic pathway engineering approaches, to generate NR-enriched genotypes of alternative NR plants, are of great importance. However, although our knowledge of rubber biochemistry has significantly advanced, our current understanding of NR biosynthesis, the biosynthetic machinery and the molecular mechanisms involved remains incomplete. Two spatially separated metabolic pathways provide precursors for NR biosynthesis in plants and their genes and enzymes/complexes are quite well understood. In contrast, understanding of the proteins and genes involved in the final step(s)-the synthesis of the high molecular weight rubber polymer itself-is only now beginning to emerge. In this review, we provide a critical evaluation of recent research developments in NR biosynthesis, in vitro reconstitution, and the genetic and metabolic pathway engineering advances intended to improve NR content in plants, including H. brasiliensis, two other prospective alternative rubber crops, namely the rubber dandelion and guayule, and model species, such as lettuce. We describe a new model of the rubber transferase complex, which integrates these developments. In addition, we highlight the current challenges in NR biosynthesis research and future perspectives on metabolic pathway engineering of NR to speed alternative rubber crop commercial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Cherian
- Plant Systems Engineering Research CentreKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Yuseong‐guDaejeonKorea
- Research & Development CenterDRB Holding Co. LTDBusanKorea
| | - Stephen Beungtae Ryu
- Plant Systems Engineering Research CentreKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Yuseong‐guDaejeonKorea
- Department of Biosystems and BioengineeringKRIBB School of BiotechnologyKorea University of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Katrina Cornish
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityWoosterOHUSA
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityWoosterOHUSA
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Lakusta AM, Kwon M, Kwon EJG, Stonebloom S, Scheller HV, Ro DK. Molecular Studies of the Protein Complexes Involving Cis-Prenyltransferase in Guayule ( Parthenium argentatum), an Alternative Rubber-Producing Plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:165. [PMID: 30858856 PMCID: PMC6397875 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Guayule (Parthenium argentatum) is a perennial shrub in the Asteraceae family and synthesizes a high quality, hypoallergenic cis-1,4-polyisoprene (or natural rubber; NR). Despite its potential to be an alternative NR supplier, the enzymes for cis-polyisoprene biosynthesis have not been comprehensively studied in guayule. Recently, implications of the protein complex involving cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs) and CPT-Binding Proteins (CBPs) in NR biosynthesis were shown in lettuce and dandelion, but such protein complexes have yet to be examined in guayule. Here, we identified four guayule genes - three PaCPTs (PaCPT1-3) and one PaCBP, whose protein products organize PaCPT/PaCBP complexes. Co-expression of both PaCBP and each of the PaCPTs could complemented the dolichol (a short cis-polyisoprene)-deficient yeast, whereas the individual expressions could not. Microsomes from the PaCPT/PaCBP-expressing yeast efficiently incorporated 14C-isopentenyl diphosphate into dehydrodolichyl diphosphates; however, NR with high molecular weight could not be synthesized in in vitro assays. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation and split-ubiquitin yeast 2-hybrid assays using PaCPTs and PaCBP confirmed the formation of protein complexes. Of the three PaCPTs, guayule transcriptomics analysis indicated that the PaCPT3 is predominantly expressed in stem and induced by cold-stress, suggesting its involvement in NR biosynthesis. The comprehensive analyses of these PaCPTs and PaCBP here provide the foundational knowledge to generate a high NR-yielding guayule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Lakusta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Eun-Joo G. Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Solomon Stonebloom
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Karunanithi PS, Zerbe P. Terpene Synthases as Metabolic Gatekeepers in the Evolution of Plant Terpenoid Chemical Diversity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1166. [PMID: 31632418 PMCID: PMC6779861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids comprise tens of thousands of small molecule natural products that are widely distributed across all domains of life. Plants produce by far the largest array of terpenoids with various roles in development and chemical ecology. Driven by selective pressure to adapt to their specific ecological niche, individual species form only a fraction of the myriad plant terpenoids, typically representing unique metabolite blends. Terpene synthase (TPS) enzymes are the gatekeepers in generating terpenoid diversity by catalyzing complex carbocation-driven cyclization, rearrangement, and elimination reactions that enable the transformation of a few acyclic prenyl diphosphate substrates into a vast chemical library of hydrocarbon and, for a few enzymes, oxygenated terpene scaffolds. The seven currently defined clades (a-h) forming the plant TPS family evolved from ancestral triterpene synthase- and prenyl transferase-type enzymes through repeated events of gene duplication and subsequent loss, gain, or fusion of protein domains and further functional diversification. Lineage-specific expansion of these TPS clades led to variable family sizes that may range from a single TPS gene to families of more than 100 members that may further function as part of modular metabolic networks to maximize the number of possible products. Accompanying gene family expansion, the TPS family shows a profound functional plasticity, where minor active site alterations can dramatically impact product outcome, thus enabling the emergence of new functions with minimal investment in evolving new enzymes. This article reviews current knowledge on the functional diversity and molecular evolution of the plant TPS family that underlies the chemical diversity of bioactive terpenoids across the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema S Karunanithi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Men X, Wang F, Chen GQ, Zhang HB, Xian M. Biosynthesis of Natural Rubber: Current State and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E50. [PMID: 30583567 PMCID: PMC6337083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber is a kind of indispensable biopolymers with great use and strategic importance in human society. However, its production relies almost exclusively on rubber-producing plants Hevea brasiliensis, which have high requirements for growth conditions, and the mechanism of natural rubber biosynthesis remains largely unknown. In the past two decades, details of the rubber chain polymerization and proteins involved in natural rubber biosynthesis have been investigated intensively. Meanwhile, omics and other advanced biotechnologies bring new insight into rubber production and development of new rubber-producing plants. This review summarizes the achievements of the past two decades in understanding the biosynthesis of natural rubber, especially the massive information obtained from the omics analyses. Possibilities of natural rubber biosynthesis in vitro or in genetically engineered microorganisms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Men
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Fan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
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Wu C, Lan L, Li Y, Nie Z, Zeng R. The relationship between latex metabolism gene expression with rubber yield and related traits in Hevea brasiliensis. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:897. [PMID: 30526485 PMCID: PMC6288877 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expression patterns of many laticifer-specific gens are closely correlative with rubber yield of Hevea brasiliensis (para rubber tree). To unveil the mechanisms underlying the rubber yield, transcript levels of nine major latex metabolism-related genes, i.e., HMG-CoA synthase (HMGS), HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR), diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase (PMD), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), cis-prenyltransferase (CPT), rubber elongation factor (REF), small rubber particle protein (SRPP), dihydroxyacid dehydratase (DHAD) and actin depolymerizing factor (ADF), were dertermined, and the relationship between rubber yield with their expression levels was analysed. Results Except HbHMGR1, HbPMD and HbDHAD, most of these genes were predominantly expressed in latex, and bark tapping markedly elevated the transcript abundance of the analyzed genes, with the 7th tapping producing the greatest expression levels. Both ethephon (ETH) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) stimulation greatly induced the expression levels of the examined genes, at least at one time point, except HbDHAD, which was unresponsive to MeJA. The genes’ expression levels, as well as the rubber yields and two yield characteristics differed significantly among the different genotypes examined. Additionally, the latex and dry rubber yields increased gradually but the dry rubber content did not. Rubber yields and/or yield characteristics were significantly positively correlated with HbCPT, HbFPS, HbHMGS, HbHMGR1 and HbDHAD expression levels, negatively correlated with that of HbREF, but not significantly correlated with HbPMD, HbSRPP and HbADF expression levels. In addition, during rubber production, significantly positive correlations existed between the expression level of HbPMD and the levels of HbREF and HbHMGR1, between HbSRPP and the levels of HbHMGS and HbHMGR1, and between HbADF and HbFPS. Conclusions The up-regulation of these genes might be related to the latex production of rubber trees under the stress of bark tapping and latex metabolism. The various correlations among the genes implied that there are differences in their synergic interactions. Thus, these nine genes might be related to rubber yield and yield-related traits in H. brasiliensis, and this work increases our understanding of their complex functions and how they are expressed in both high-and medium-yield rubber tree varieties and low-yield wild rubber tree germplasm. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5242-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntai Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, 571737, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, 571737, People's Republic of China.,College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yu Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, 571737, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyi Nie
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, 571737, People's Republic of China
| | - Rizhong Zeng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, 571737, People's Republic of China.
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Deng X, Guo D, Yang S, Shi M, Chao J, Li H, Peng S, Tian W. Jasmonate signalling in the regulation of rubber biosynthesis in laticifer cells of rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3559-3571. [PMID: 29726901 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rubber trees are the world's major source of natural rubber. Rubber-containing latex is obtained from the laticifer cells of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) via regular tapping. Rubber biosynthesis is a typical isoprenoid metabolic process in the laticifer cells; however, little is known about the positive feedback regulation caused by the loss of latex that occurs through tapping. In this study, we demonstrate the crucial role of jasmonate signalling in this feedback regulation. The endogenous levels of jasmonate, the expression levels of rubber biosynthesis-related genes, and the efficiency of in vitro rubber biosynthesis were found to be significantly higher in laticifer cells of regularly tapped trees than those of virgin (i.e. untapped) trees. Application of methyl jasmonate had similar effects to latex harvesting in up-regulating the rubber biosynthesis-related genes and enhancing rubber biosynthesis. The specific jasmonate signalling module in laticifer cells was identified as COI1-JAZ3-MYC2. Its activation was associated with enhanced rubber biosynthesis via up-regulation of the expression of a farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene and a small rubber particle protein gene. The increase in the corresponding proteins, especially that of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, probably contributes to the increased efficiency of rubber biosynthesis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal a jasmonate signalling pathway in the regulation of rubber biosynthesis in laticifer cells. The identification of the specific jasmonate signalling module in the laticifer cells of the rubber tree may provide a basis for genetic improvement of rubber yield potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Deng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Shuguang Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Minjing Shi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Jinquan Chao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Shiqing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Weimin Tian
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
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Cloning and Aggregation Characterization of Rubber Elongation Factor and Small Rubber Particle Protein from Ficus carica. Mol Biotechnol 2017; 60:83-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Genome analysis of Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin provides new insights into rubber biosynthesis. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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14
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Dai L, Nie Z, Kang G, Li Y, Zeng R. Identification and subcellular localization analysis of two rubber elongation factor isoforms on Hevea brasiliensis rubber particles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 111:97-106. [PMID: 27915177 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rubber elongation factor (REF) is the most abundant protein found on the rubber particles or latex from Hevea brasiliensis (the Para rubber tree) and is considered to play important roles in natural rubber (cis-polyisoprene) biosynthesis. 16 BAC (benzyldimethyl-n-hexadecylammonium chloride)/SDS-PAGE separations and mass spectrometric identification had revealed that two REF isoforms shared similar amino acid sequences and common C-terminal sequences. In this study, the gene sequences encoding these two REF isoforms (one is 23.6 kDa in size with 222 amino acid residues and the other is 27.3 kDa in size with 258 amino acid residues) were obtained. Their proteins were relatively enriched by sequential extraction of the rubber particle proteins and separated by 16 BAC/SDS-PAGE. The localization of these isoforms on the surfaces of rubber particles was further verified by western blotting and immunogold electron microscopy, which demonstrated that these two REF isoforms are mainly located on the surfaces of larger rubber particles and that they bind more tightly to rubber particles than the most abundant REF and SRPP (small rubber particle protein).
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base, Danzhou, Hainan, PR China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, PR China.
| | - Zhiyi Nie
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base, Danzhou, Hainan, PR China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, PR China.
| | - Guijuan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base, Danzhou, Hainan, PR China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, PR China.
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base, Danzhou, Hainan, PR China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, PR China.
| | - Rizhong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base, Danzhou, Hainan, PR China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou, Hainan, PR China.
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Wadeesirisak K, Castano S, Berthelot K, Vaysse L, Bonfils F, Peruch F, Rattanaporn K, Liengprayoon S, Lecomte S, Bottier C. Rubber particle proteins REF1 and SRPP1 interact differently with native lipids extracted from Hevea brasiliensis latex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:201-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Kwon M, Kwon EJ, Ro D. cis-Prenyltransferase and Polymer Analysis from a Natural Rubber Perspective. Methods Enzymol 2016; 576:121-45. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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