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Yuan GY, Zhang JM, Xu YQ, Zou Y. Biosynthesis and Assembly Logic of Fungal Hybrid Terpenoid Natural Products. Chembiochem 2024:e202400387. [PMID: 38923144 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, fungi have emerged as significant sources of diverse hybrid terpenoid natural products, and their biosynthetic pathways are increasingly unveiled. This review mainly focuses on elucidating the various strategies underlying the biosynthesis and assembly logic of these compounds. These pathways combine terpenoid moieties with diverse building blocks including polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, amino acids, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, saccharides, and adenine, resulting in the formation of plenty of hybrid terpenoid natural products via C-O, C-C, or C-N bond linkages. Subsequent tailoring steps, such as oxidation, cyclization, and rearrangement, further enhance the biological diversity and structural complexity of these hybrid terpenoid natural products. Understanding these biosynthetic mechanisms holds promise for the discovery of novel hybrid terpenoid natural products from fungi, which will promote the development of potential drug candidates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Yin Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Mei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qiu Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
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2
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Grundmann CO, Guzman J, Vilcinskas A, Pupo MT. The insect microbiome is a vast source of bioactive small molecules. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:935-967. [PMID: 38411238 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00054k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Covering: September 1964 to June 2023Bacteria and fungi living in symbiosis with insects have been studied over the last sixty years and found to be important sources of bioactive natural products. Not only classic producers of secondary metabolites such as Streptomyces and other members of the phylum Actinobacteria but also numerous bacteria from the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and an impressive array of fungi (usually pathogenic) serve as the source of a structurally diverse number of small molecules with important biological activities including antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antiparasitic and specific enzyme inhibitors. The insect niche is often the exclusive provider of microbes producing unique types of biologically active compounds such as gerumycins, pederin, dinactin, and formicamycins. However, numerous insects still have not been described taxonomically, and in most cases, the study of their microbiota is completely unexplored. In this review, we present a comprehensive survey of 553 natural products produced by microorganisms isolated from insects by collating and classifying all the data according to the type of compound (rather than the insect or microbial source). The analysis of the correlations among the metadata related to insects, microbial partners, and their produced compounds provides valuable insights into the intricate dynamics between insects and their symbionts as well as the impact of their metabolites on these relationships. Herein, we focus on the chemical structure, biosynthesis, and biological activities of the most relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Guzman
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mônica Tallarico Pupo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Tsvetanova F. The Plethora of Microbes with Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2980. [PMID: 38474227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, which has important functions in human defense systems and in maintaining the dynamic homeostasis of the body, has become a major risk factor for the progression of many chronic diseases. Although the applied medical products alleviate the general status, they still exert adverse effects in the long term. For this reason, the solution should be sought in more harmless and affordable agents. Microorganisms offer a wide range of active substances with anti-inflammatory properties. They confer important advantages such as their renewable and inexhaustible nature. This review aims to provide the most recent updates on microorganisms of different types and genera, being carriers of anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Tsvetanova
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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4
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Gao Y, Wang J, Meesakul P, Zhou J, Liu J, Liu S, Wang C, Cao S. Cytotoxic Compounds from Marine Fungi: Sources, Structures, and Bioactivity. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:70. [PMID: 38393041 PMCID: PMC10890532 DOI: 10.3390/md22020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine fungi, such as species from the Penicillium and Aspergillus genera, are prolific producers of a diversity of natural products with cytotoxic properties. These fungi have been successfully isolated and identified from various marine sources, including sponges, coral, algae, mangroves, sediment, and seawater. The cytotoxic compounds derived from marine fungi can be categorized into five distinct classes: polyketides, peptides, terpenoids and sterols, hybrids, and other miscellaneous compounds. Notably, the pre-eminent group among these compounds comprises polyketides, accounting for 307 out of 642 identified compounds. Particularly, within this collection, 23 out of the 642 compounds exhibit remarkable cytotoxic potency, with IC50 values measured at the nanomolar (nM) or nanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) levels. This review elucidates the originating fungal strains, the sources of isolation, chemical structures, and the noteworthy antitumor activity of the 642 novel natural products isolated from marine fungi. The scope of this review encompasses the period from 1991 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Universities in Guangxi for Excavation and Development of Ancient Ethnomedicinal Recipes, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China; (Y.G.); (J.W.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Jianjian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Universities in Guangxi for Excavation and Development of Ancient Ethnomedicinal Recipes, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China; (Y.G.); (J.W.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Pornphimon Meesakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA;
| | - Jiamin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Universities in Guangxi for Excavation and Development of Ancient Ethnomedicinal Recipes, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China; (Y.G.); (J.W.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Universities in Guangxi for Excavation and Development of Ancient Ethnomedicinal Recipes, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China; (Y.G.); (J.W.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Shuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Universities in Guangxi for Excavation and Development of Ancient Ethnomedicinal Recipes, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China; (Y.G.); (J.W.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Universities in Guangxi for Excavation and Development of Ancient Ethnomedicinal Recipes, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China; (Y.G.); (J.W.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA;
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5
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Amr K, Ibrahim N, Elissawy AM, Singab ANB. Unearthing the fungal endophyte Aspergillus terreus for chemodiversity and medicinal prospects: a comprehensive review. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2023; 10:6. [PMID: 36966331 PMCID: PMC10040139 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-023-00153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus terreus microorganism represents a promising prospective source for drug discovery since it is rich in diverse kinds of bioactive secondary metabolites. It contributed to many biotechnological applications and its metabolites are used in the synthesis of certain pharmaceuticals and food products, in addition to its useful uses in fermentation processes. There are about 346 compounds identified from marine and terrestrial-derived A. terreus from 1987 until 2022, 172 compounds of them proved a vast array of bioactivity. This review aimed to create an up-to-date comprehensive literature data of A. terreus's secondary metabolites classes supported by its different bioactivity data to be a scientific record for the next work in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiga Amr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street 1, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Nehal Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street 1, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Elissawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street 1, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
- Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain-Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street 1, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Abdel Nasser B Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street 1, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
- Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain-Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street 1, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
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Matsumoto T, Watanabe T, Okayama M, Yoshikawa H, Maeda S, Kitagawa T. Chemical Structures and Cell Death Inducing Activities of the Metabolites of Aspergillus terreus. HETEROCYCLES 2023. [DOI: 10.3987/com-23-14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Wang YJ, Liu CY, Wang YL, Zhang FX, Lu YF, Dai SY, Li C, Sun Y, Pei YH. Cytotoxic Cyclodepsipeptides and Cyclopentane Derivatives from a Plant-Associated Fungus Fusarium sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2592-2602. [PMID: 36288556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, four new cyclodepsipeptides, fusarihexins C-E (1-3) and enniatin Q (4), four new cyclopentane derivatives, fusarilins A-D (5-8), together with eight known compounds (9-16), were isolated from cultures of the endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by analysis of HRMS and NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations were determined using Marfey's method, a modified Mosher's method, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and ECD analysis. The antitumor activities of the isolated compounds in vitro were evaluated. Cyclodepsipeptides displayed cytotoxicities against the Huh-7, MRMT-1, and HepG-2 cell lines. Compounds 4, 9, 10, and 12 with IC50 values of 1.0-9.1 μM exhibited the most potent cytotoxicities against the three cell lines as compared to the positive control-5-fluorouracil. Compounds 1-3 and 11 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities (IC50 values of 10.7-20.1 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yue Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Lei Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Fu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yang Dai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Hu Pei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
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Wang T, Yang Y, He M, Liu M, Huang JW, Min J, Chen CC, Liu Y, Zhang L, Guo RT. Structural insights into the cyclization of unusual brasilane-type sesquiterpenes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1784-1791. [PMID: 35504416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of brasilane-type sesquiterpenoids (BTSs) attracts much attention owing to their unique skeleton of 5/6 bicyclic structure that contains five Me groups. Here, the crystal structures of a BTS cyclase TaTC6 from Trichoderma atroviride FKI-3849 and its complexes with farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and analogue were reported. These structural information reveal that TaTC6 exploits a hydrophobic pocket to constrain the hydrocarbon region of FPP in a "U-shape" to facilitate the initial C1-C11 bond formation after pyrophosphate ionization. Following, four carbocations of reaction intermediates were molecularly docked into the hydrophobic pocket to reveal critical residues involved in the cyclization cascade. Finally, an S239-stabilized water molecule that is 3.9 Å away from the C8 of the last allyl cation may conduct hydration to quench the reaction cascade. Mutating S239 to alanine led to ca. 40% reduction in activity compared with the wild-type enzyme. The conservation of the residues that constitute the hydrophobic pocket is also discussed. Overall, this study will give an insight into the mechanism of how the active site of STCs constrain the conformation of the flexible FPP and series allylic carbocations for the complicated-ring formation and unusual carbon rearrangement in the biosynthesis of BTSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Jian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yingle Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China..
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China..
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9
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Wang AZ, Fang QQ, Feng TT, Wei RJ, Jiang K, Lu Q, Tan CH. Acmoxanthones A-E, New Lavandulated Xanthones from Hypericum acmosepalum N. Robson. Fitoterapia 2021; 154:104923. [PMID: 33984437 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Acmoxanthones A-E (1-5), five new lavandulylated xanthones, were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum acmosepalum, together with four known xanthones. Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of analysis of MS, NMR and chiroptical properties. A bioassay against high glucose-induced damage on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) showed ananixanthone (6) and osajaxanthone (7) had potential antioxidative damage activity with EC50 values of 10.5 μg/mL and 7.6 μg/mL, respectively, while 3-hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxyxanthone (8) exhibited cytotoxic effect on the damaged cells with IC50 values of 7.1 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Zhu Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Natural Product Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiang-Qiang Fang
- Natural Product Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tong-Tong Feng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ren-Jie Wei
- Natural Product Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kun Jiang
- Natural Product Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qun Lu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Chang-Heng Tan
- Natural Product Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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10
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Orfali R, Aboseada MA, Abdel-Wahab NM, Hassan HM, Perveen S, Ameen F, Alturki E, Abdelmohsen UR. Recent updates on the bioactive compounds of the marine-derived genus Aspergillus. RSC Adv 2021; 11:17116-17150. [PMID: 35479707 PMCID: PMC9033173 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Aspergillus is widely distributed in terrestrial and marine environments. In the marine environment, several Aspergillus species have proved their potential to produce a plethora of secondary metabolites including polyketides, sterols, fatty acids, peptides, alkaloids, terpenoids and miscellaneous compounds, displaying a variety of pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. From the beginning of 2015 until December 2020, about 361 secondary metabolites were identified from different marine Aspergillus species. In our review, we highlight secondary metabolites from various marine-derived Aspergillus species reported between January 2015 and December 2020 along with their biological potential and structural aspects whenever applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raha Orfali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P. O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Aboseada
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University Beni-Suef 62513 Egypt
| | - Nada M Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt +20-86-2369075 +20-86-2347759
| | - Hossam M Hassan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62513 Egypt
| | - Shagufta Perveen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P. O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alturki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P. O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt +20-86-2369075 +20-86-2347759
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University 61111 New Minia Egypt
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11
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Li DY, Han P, Wu ZD, Chen CM, Tong QY, Zhu HC, Guo JR, Lai YJ, Zhang YH. One new spirocyclic lactone and one new benzopyran derivative from Aspergillus terreus. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2021; 23:429-435. [PMID: 32290693 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2020.1747052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One new spirocyclic lactone, terreinlactone C (1), and one new benzopyran derivative, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxychroman-6-aldehyde (2), were discovered from the fungus Aspergillus terreus. The chemical structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by detailedly analyzing NMR and HRESIMS data. Compound 1 is the first natural product with a 1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-one ring system and a possible biogenetic pathway is proposed. Two compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines.[Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Pan Han
- Department of Pharmacy, the Central Hospital of Wuhan Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhao-Di Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chun-Mei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qing-Yi Tong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hu-Cheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jie-Ru Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yong-Ji Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, the Central Hospital of Wuhan Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published between January and December in 2018 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 717 citations (706 for the period January to December 2018) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1554 in 469 papers for 2018), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. The proportion of MNPs assigned absolute configuration over the last decade is also surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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13
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Li H, Zhang R, Cao F, Wang J, Hu Z, Zhang Y. Proversilins A-E, Drimane-Type Sesquiterpenoids from the Endophytic Aspergillus versicolor. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2200-2206. [PMID: 32628478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Five new drimane-type sesquiterpenoids, named proversilins A-E (1-5), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor F210 isolated from the bulbs of Lycoris radiata. Their structures and absolute configurations were characterized by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS data, comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism data, and X-ray crystallography. Proversilins B-E (2-5) represent the first examples of natural products featuring an N-acetyl-β-phenylalanine moiety. Compounds 3 and 5 inhibited the growth of HL-60 cells with IC50 values of 7.3 and 9.9 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqiang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Runge Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxi Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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14
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Du YE, Byun WS, Lee SB, Hwang S, Shin YH, Shin B, Jang YJ, Hong S, Shin J, Lee SK, Oh DC. Formicins, N-Acetylcysteamine-Bearing Indenone Thioesters from a Wood Ant-Associated Bacterium. Org Lett 2020; 22:5337-5341. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Du
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sub Byun
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Beom Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Hwang
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yern-Hyerk Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Joon Jang
- Natura Center of Life and Environment, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suckchang Hong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongheon Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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15
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Liu YF, Zhang YH, Shao CL, Cao F, Wang CY. Microketides A and B, Polyketides from a Gorgonian-Derived Microsphaeropsis sp. Fungus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1300-1304. [PMID: 32243151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microketides A and B (1 and 2), a pair of new C-11 epimeric polyketides, were obtained from the gorgonian-derived fungus Microsphaeropsis sp. RA10-14 collected from the South China Sea. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were assigned by the modified Mosher's method, TDDFT-ECD, and NMR calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal, and growth inhibition of marine phytoplankton activities. Microketide A (1) exhibited promising inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Nocardia brasiliensis, Kocuria rhizophila, and Bacillus anthraci with the same MIC value as ciprofloxacin (0.19 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
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16
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Feng J, Surup F, Hauser M, Miller A, Wennrich JP, Stadler M, Cox RJ, Kuhnert E. Biosynthesis of oxygenated brasilane terpene glycosides involves a promiscuous N-acetylglucosamine transferase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12419-12422. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03950k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of brasilane glycosides in the fungus Annulohypoxylon truncatum was investigated resulting in the characterisation of a rare type of fungal N-acetylglucosamine transferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Feng
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Hannover 30167
- Germany
| | - Frank Surup
- Department Microbial Drugs
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)
- 38124 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Maurice Hauser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Hannover 30167
- Germany
| | - Anna Miller
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Hannover 30167
- Germany
| | - Jan-Peer Wennrich
- Department Microbial Drugs
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)
- 38124 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)
- 38124 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Russell J. Cox
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Hannover 30167
- Germany
| | - Eric Kuhnert
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Hannover 30167
- Germany
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17
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Wang F, Jiang J, Hu S, Hao X, Cai YS, Ye Y, Ma H, Sun W, Cheng L, Huang C, Zhu H, Zhang H, Zhang G, Zhang Y. Nidulaxanthone A, a xanthone dimer with a heptacyclic 6/6/6/6/6/6/6 ring system from Aspergillus sp.-F029. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nidulaxanthone A (1), a xanthone dimer bearing an unprecedented heptacyclic 6/6/6/6/6/6/6 system, together with a new monomeric nidulalin D (2) and four known analogues (3, 4, 5 and 6), were isolated from Aspergillus sp. F029.
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18
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Xu J, Yi M, Ding L, He S. A Review of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from Marine Fungi, 2000-2018. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E636. [PMID: 31717541 PMCID: PMC6891400 DOI: 10.3390/md17110636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a generalized, nonspecific, and beneficial host response of foreign challenge or tissue injury. However, prolonged inflammation is undesirable. It will cause loss function of involve organs, such as heat, pain redness, and swelling. Marine natural products have gained more and more attention due to their unique mechanism of anti-inflammatory action, and have considered a hotspot for anti-inflammatory drug development. Marine-derived fungi are promising sources of structurally unprecedented bioactive natural products. So far, a plethora of new secondary metabolites with anti-inflammatory activities from marine-derived fungi had been widely reported. This review covers 133 fungal metabolites described in the period of 2000 to 2018, including the structures and origins of these secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lijian Ding
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; (J.X.); (M.Y.)
| | - Shan He
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; (J.X.); (M.Y.)
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19
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Li HL, Li XM, Yang SQ, Meng LH, Li X, Wang BG. Prenylated Phenol and Benzofuran Derivatives from Aspergillus terreus EN-539, an Endophytic Fungus Derived from Marine Red Alga Laurencia okamurai. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17110605. [PMID: 31653083 PMCID: PMC6891482 DOI: 10.3390/md17110605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new prenylated phenol derivatives, terreprenphenols A–C (1–3), along with four known related compounds (4–7), were isolated from Aspergillus terreus EN-539, an endophytic fungus obtained from the marine red alga Laurencia okamurai. The structures of these compounds were established by extensive analysis of 1D/2D NMR data, mass spectrometric data, and optical rotation (OR). The corresponding relationship between absolute configuration and optical rotation for known compounds anodendroic acid (4) and asperterreusine C (5) was ambiguous in literature, and their absolute configurations were therefore discussed and confirmed for the first time by time-dependent density functional (TDDFT) ECD and OR calculations. Compounds 1–7 inhibited some common aquatic bacteria with MIC values ranging from 2 to 64 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Sui-Qun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ling-Hong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Bin-Gui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China.
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20
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Liu F, Chen W, Zhu G, Zhou Z, Gao H, Yi W. Metal‐Free [3,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement/[3+2] Annulation Cascade of
N
‐Phenoxy Amides with Terminal Alkynes for the Diastereoselective Synthesis of
trans
‐Dihydrobenzofurans. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu‐Xiaomin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 People's Republic of China
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