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Pereira AM, Cidade H, Tiritan ME. Stereoselective Synthesis of Flavonoids: A Brief Overview. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28010426. [PMID: 36615614 PMCID: PMC9823814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective synthesis has been emerging as a resourceful tool because it enables the obtaining of compounds with biological interest and high enantiomeric purity. Flavonoids are natural products with several biological activities. Owing to their biological potential and aiming to achieve enantiomerically pure forms, several methodologies of stereoselective synthesis have been implemented. Those approaches encompass stereoselective chalcone epoxidation, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, Mitsunobu reaction, and the cycloaddition of 1,4-benzoquinone. Chiral auxiliaries, organo-, organometallic, and biocatalysis, as well as the chiral pool approach were also employed with the goal of obtaining chiral bioactive flavonoids with a high enantiomeric ratio. Additionally, the employment of the Diels-Alder reaction based on the stereodivergent reaction on a racemic mixture strategy or using catalyst complexes to synthesise pure enantiomers of flavonoids was reported. Furthermore, biomimetic pathways displayed another approach as illustrated by the asymmetric coupling of 2-hydroxychalcones driven by visible light. Recently, an asymmetric transfer hydrogen-dynamic kinetic resolution was also applied to synthesise (R,R)-cis-alcohols which, in turn, would be used as building blocks for the stereoselective synthesis of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Pereira
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Bitchagno GTM, Nchiozem-Ngnitedem VA, Melchert D, Fobofou SA. Demystifying racemic natural products in the homochiral world. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:806-822. [PMID: 37118098 PMCID: PMC9562063 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Natural products possess structural complexity, diversity and chirality with attractive functions and biological activities that have significantly impacted drug discovery initiatives. Chiral natural products are abundant in nature but rarely occur as racemates. The occurrence of natural products as racemates is very intriguing from a biosynthetic point of view; as enzymes are chiral molecules, enzymatic reactions generating natural products should be stereospecific and lead to single-enantiomer products. Despite several reports in the literature describing racemic mixtures of stereoisomers isolated from natural sources, there has not been a comprehensive review of these intriguing racemic natural products. The discovery of many more natural racemates and their potential enzymatic sources in recent years allows us to describe the distribution and chemical diversity of this ‘class of natural products’ to enrich discussions on biosynthesis. In this Review, we describe the chemical classes, occurrence and distribution of pairs of enantiomers in nature and provide insights about recent advances in analytical methods used for their characterization. Special emphasis is on the biosynthesis, including plausible enzymatic and non-enzymatic formation of natural racemates, and their pharmacological significance. ![]()
Racemic natural products display a wealth of bioactivities and chemical diversity. Their derivation from intriguing racemization processes, through enzymatic or non-enzymatic pathways, are discussed here, as well as their pharmacological properties and the analytical techniques developed for their identification, resolution and characterization.
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Yu JH, Yu ZP, Capon RJ, Zhang H. Natural Enantiomers: Occurrence, Biogenesis and Biological Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041279. [PMID: 35209066 PMCID: PMC8880303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge that natural products (NPs) are potent and selective modulators of important biomacromolecules (e.g., DNA and proteins) has inspired some of the world’s most successful pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Notwithstanding these successes and despite a growing number of reports on naturally occurring pairs of enantiomers, this area of NP science still remains largely unexplored, consistent with the adage “If you don’t seek, you don’t find”. Statistically, a rapidly growing number of enantiomeric NPs have been reported in the last several years. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of recent records on natural enantiomers, with the aim of advancing awareness and providing a better understanding of the chemical diversity and biogenetic context, as well as the biological properties and therapeutic (drug discovery) potential, of enantiomeric NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hai Yu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (J.-H.Y.); (Z.-P.Y.)
| | - Zhi-Pu Yu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (J.-H.Y.); (Z.-P.Y.)
| | - Robert J. Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (R.J.C.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (R.J.C.); (H.Z.)
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Memete AR, Timar AV, Vuscan AN, Miere (Groza) F, Venter AC, Vicas SI. Phytochemical Composition of Different Botanical Parts of Morus Species, Health Benefits and Application in Food Industry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020152. [PMID: 35050040 PMCID: PMC8777750 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mulberry has acquired a special importance due to its phytochemical composition and its beneficial effects on human health, including antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory effects. Botanical parts of Morus sp. (fruits, leaves, twigs, roots) are considered a rich source of secondary metabolites. The aim of our study was to highlight the phytochemical profile of each of the botanical parts of Morus tree, their health benefits and applications in food industry with an updated review of literature. Black and white mulberries are characterized in terms of predominant phenolic compounds in correlation with their medical applications. In addition to anthocyanins (mainly cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), black mulberry fruits also contain flavonols and phenolic acids. The leaves are a rich source of flavonols, including quercetin and kaempferol in the glycosylated forms and chlorogenic acid as predominant phenolic acids. Mulberry bark roots and twigs are a source of prenylated flavonoids, predominantly morusin. In this context, the exploitation of mulberry in food industry is reviewed in this paper, in terms of developing novel, functional food with multiple health-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ramona Memete
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Science, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Adrian Vasile Timar
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.N.V.)
| | - Adrian Nicolae Vuscan
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.N.V.)
| | - Florina Miere (Groza)
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (F.M.); (A.C.V.)
| | - Alina Cristiana Venter
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (F.M.); (A.C.V.)
| | - Simona Ioana Vicas
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.N.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang LL, Xu LJ, Ma MJ, Huang CY, Wu T, Hu X. Phenolic Constituents from the Stems of Morus nigra and their α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities. PHARMACEUTICAL FRONTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractsA new sanggenon-type flavanone, nigragenon F (1), together with 11 known compounds, trans-resveratrol (2), (E)-4-isopentenyl-3,5,2′,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene (3), notabilisin E (4), notabilisin A (5), morusin (6), petalopurpurenol (7), 8-geranyl-5,7-dihydroxycoumarin (8), 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (9), 4-ethoxy-2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (10), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (11), and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (12), were isolated from the stems of Morus nigra. Compound 10 was a new natural product, compounds 3, 4, 7, and 8 were reported from the Morus genus for the first time. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibition activity. Among them, six compounds showed obvious inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase with IC50 values ranging from 1.24 to 19.00 µmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Xinshengyuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Fan L, Peng Y, Wu D, Hu J, Shi X, Yang G, Li X. Morus nigra L. leaves improve the meat quality in finishing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1904-1911. [PMID: 32856756 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary Mulberry leaves on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality in finishing pigs. Here, a total of 72 crossbred [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] pigs with an average initial body weight of 70.03 ± 0.48 kg were used in this 45-day feeding trial. The pigs were randomly divided into three groups (6 pigs/pen and 4 replicates/group). Dietary treatments included a control diet (without any Mulberry leaves) and diets supplemented with 5% non- or fermented Mulberry leaf powder (MF or FMF respectively). The present findings indicated that compared with the control group, administration of MF or FMF significantly improved gain: feed ratio (p < .05) and reduced the backfat thickness (p < .05). Meanwhile, dietary MF and FMF significantly enhanced triglyceride deposition in Longissimus dorsi muscles (p < .05). Besides, both of MF and FMF could effectively improve the antioxidant capacity by increasing the content of T-AOC and SOD in serum and reduce the rancidity of pork. In conclusion, supplementary MF and FMF could promote gain: feed ratio, reduce backfat thickness, increase fat deposition in muscle and reduce the rancidity of pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujie Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Sciences and Technologies, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Sciences and Technologies, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Sciences and Technologies, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Sciences and Technologies, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin'E Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Sciences and Technologies, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Gongshe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Sciences and Technologies, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Sciences and Technologies, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Zhu H, Li Q, Gao Z, Wang H, Shi B, Wu Y, Shangguan L, Hong X, Wang F, Huang F. Pillararene Host–Guest Complexation Induced Chirality Amplification: A New Way to Detect Cryptochiral Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huangtianzhi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringCenter for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringCenter for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Zongchun Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials)Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringCenter for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Yitao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringCenter for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Liqing Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringCenter for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials)Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringCenter for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
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Zhu H, Li Q, Gao Z, Wang H, Shi B, Wu Y, Shangguan L, Hong X, Wang F, Huang F. Pillararene Host-Guest Complexation Induced Chirality Amplification: A New Way to Detect Cryptochiral Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10868-10872. [PMID: 32243686 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The contradiction between the rising demands of optical chirality sensing and the failure in chiral detection of cryptochiral compounds encourages researchers to find new methods for chirality amplification. Inspired by planar chirality and the host-guest recognition of pillararenes, we establish a new concept for amplifying CD signals of cryptochiral molecules by pillararene host-guest complexation induced chirality amplification. The planar chirality of pillararenes is induced and stabilized in the presence of the chiral guest, which makes the cryptochiral molecule detectable by CD spectroscopy. Several chiral guests are selected in these experiments and the mechanism of chiral amplification is studied with a non-rotatable pillararene derivative and density functional theory calculations. We believe this work affords deeper understanding of chirality and provides a new perspective for chiral sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangtianzhi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zongchun Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yitao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Liqing Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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Natural and Bioinspired Phenolic Compounds as Tyrosinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Skin Hyperpigmentation: Recent Advances. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common approaches for control of skin pigmentation involves the inhibition of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme which catalyzes the key steps of melanogenesis. This review focuses on the tyrosinase inhibition properties of a series of natural and synthetic, bioinspired phenolic compounds that have appeared in the literature in the last five years. Both mushroom and human tyrosinase inhibitors have been considered. Among the first class, flavonoids, in particular chalcones, occupy a prominent role as natural inhibitors, followed by hydroxystilbenes (mainly resveratrol derivatives). A series of more complex phenolic compounds from a variety of sources, first of all belonging to the Moraceae family, have also been described as potent tyrosinase inhibitors. As to the synthetic compounds, hydroxycinnamic acids and chalcones again appear as the most exploited scaffolds. Several inhibition mechanisms have been reported for the described inhibitors, pointing to copper chelating and/or hydrophobic moieties as key structural requirements to achieve good inhibition properties. Emerging trends in the search for novel skin depigmenting agents, including the development of assays that could distinguish between inhibitors and potentially toxic substrates of the enzyme as well as of formulations aimed at improving the bioavailability and hence the effectiveness of well-known inhibitors, have also been addressed.
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