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Kariya K, Mori H, Ueno M, Yoshikawa T, Teraishi M, Yabuta Y, Ueno K, Ishihara A. Identification and evolution of a diterpenoid phytoalexin oryzalactone biosynthetic gene in the genus Oryza. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:358-372. [PMID: 38194491 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The natural variation of plant-specialized metabolites represents the evolutionary adaptation of plants to their environments. However, the molecular mechanisms that account for the diversification of the metabolic pathways have not been fully clarified. Rice plants resist attacks from pathogens by accumulating diterpenoid phytoalexins. It has been confirmed that the composition of rice phytoalexins exhibits numerous natural variations. Major rice phytoalexins (momilactones and phytocassanes) are accumulated in most cultivars, although oryzalactone is a cultivar-specific compound. Here, we attempted to reveal the evolutionary trajectory of the diversification of phytoalexins by analyzing the oryzalactone biosynthetic gene in Oryza species. The candidate gene, KSLX-OL, which accounts for oryzalactone biosynthesis, was found around the single-nucleotide polymorphisms specific to the oryzalactone-accumulating cultivars in the long arm of chromosome 11. The metabolite analyses in Nicotiana benthamiana and rice plants overexpressing KSLX-OL indicated that KSLX-OL is responsible for the oryzalactone biosynthesis. KSLX-OL is an allele of KSL8 that is involved in the biosynthesis of another diterpenoid phytoalexin, oryzalexin S and is specifically distributed in the AA genome species. KSLX-NOL and KSLX-bar, which encode similar enzymes but are not involved in oryzalactone biosynthesis, were also found in AA genome species. The phylogenetic analyses of KSLXs, KSL8s, and related pseudogenes (KSL9s) indicated that KSLX-OL was generated from a common ancestor with KSL8 and KSL9 via gene duplication, functional differentiation, and gene fusion. The wide distributions of KSLX-OL and KSL8 in AA genome species demonstrate their long-term coexistence beyond species differentiation, suggesting a balancing selection between the genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kariya
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-110 Koyama Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Haruka Mori
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-110 Koyama Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Makoto Ueno
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu 1060, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takanori Yoshikawa
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Teraishi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yukinori Yabuta
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-110 Koyama Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-110 Koyama Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-110 Koyama Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
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Kariya K, Fujita A, Ueno M, Yoshikawa T, Teraishi M, Taniguchi Y, Ueno K, Ishihara A. Natural variation of diterpenoid phytoalexins in rice: Aromatic diterpenoid phytoalexins in specific cultivars. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 211:113708. [PMID: 37149120 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants accumulate antimicrobial compounds known as phytoalexins in response to pathogen attack. To date, more than 20 compounds have been isolated as phytoalexins from rice, mostly diterpenoids. However, the quantitative analysis of diterpenoid phytoalexins in various cultivars has revealed that the cultivar 'Jinguoyin' does not accumulate these compounds at detectable concentrations. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to detect a new class of phytoalexins from Bipolaris oryzae infected leaves of 'Jinguoyin'. We detected five compounds in the leaves of the target cultivar, whereas these compounds were not detected in the leaves of 'Nipponbare' or 'Kasalath', which are representative cultivars of the japonica and indica subspecies. Subsequently, we isolated these compounds from ultraviolet (UV)-light-irradiated leaves and determined their structures by spectroscopic analysis and the crystalline sponge method. All the compounds were diterpenoids containing a benzene ring and were detected from the pathogen-infected rice leaves for the first time. Because the compounds showed antifungal activity against B. oryzae and Pyricularia oryzae, we propose that they function as phytoalexins in rice and named them abietoryzins A-E. The abietoryzins tended to accumulate at high concentrations in cultivars that accumulated low levels of known diterpenoid phytoalexins after UV-light irradiation. Of the total of 69 cultivars in the WRC, 30 cultivars accumulated at least one of the abietoryzins, and, in 15 cultivars, the amounts of some abietoryzins were the highest among those of the analyzed phytoalexins. Therefore, abietoryzins are a major phytoalexin group in rice, although their presence has, to date, been overlooked (252 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kariya
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-110 Koyama Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Aiko Fujita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-110 Koyama Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Makoto Ueno
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu 1060, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takanori Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Teraishi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Taniguchi
- Kirin Central Research Institute, Research & Development Division, Kirin Holdings Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-110 Koyama Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-110 Koyama Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.
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Valletta A, Iozia LM, Fattorini L, Leonelli F. Rice Phytoalexins: Half a Century of Amazing Discoveries; Part I: Distribution, Biosynthesis, Chemical Synthesis, and Biological Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:260. [PMID: 36678973 PMCID: PMC9862927 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated rice is a staple food for more than half of the world's population, providing approximately 20% of the world's food energy needs. A broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms causes rice diseases leading to huge yield losses worldwide. Wild and cultivated rice species are known to possess a wide variety of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, known as phytoalexins, which are part of their active defense mechanisms. These compounds are biosynthesized transiently by rice in response to pathogens and certain abiotic stresses. Rice phytoalexins have been intensively studied for over half a century, both for their biological role and their potential application in agronomic and pharmaceutical fields. In recent decades, the growing interest of the research community, combined with advances in chemical, biological, and biomolecular investigation methods, has led to a notable acceleration in the growth of knowledge on rice phytoalexins. This review provides an overview of the knowledge gained in recent decades on the diversity, distribution, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis, and bioactivity of rice phytoalexins, with particular attention to the most recent advances in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Valletta
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maria Iozia
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Fattorini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Leonelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Yoshida Y, Nosaka-T M, Yoshikawa T, Sato Y. Measurements of Antibacterial Activity of Seed Crude Extracts in Cultivated Rice and Wild Oryza Species. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:63. [PMID: 36513947 PMCID: PMC9748026 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are continuously exposed to a wide variety of microorganisms in the soil. In addition, seeds contain large amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources that support initial growth after germination. Thus, seeds in the soil can easily promote microbial growth, and seeds are susceptible to decay. Therefore, seed defense against microorganisms is important for plant survival. Seed-microbe interactions are also important issues from the perspective of food production, in seed quality and shelf life. However, seed-microbe interactions remain largely unexplored. In this study, we established a simple and rapid assay system for the antibacterial activity of rice seed crude extracts by colorimetric quantification methods by the reduction of tetrazolium compound. Using this experimental system, the diversity of effects of rice seed extracts on microbial growth was analyzed using Escherichia coli as a bacterial model. We used collections of cultivated rice, comprising 50 accessions of Japanese landraces, 52 accessions of world rice core collections, and of 30 wild Oryza accessions. Furthermore, we attempted to find genetic factors responsible for the diversity by genome-wide association analysis. Our results demonstrate that this experimental system can easily analyze the effects of seed extracts on bacterial growth. It also suggests that there are various compounds in rice seeds that affect microbial growth. Overall, this experimental system can be used to clarify the chemical entities and genetic control of seed-microbe interactions and will open the door for understanding the diverse seed-microbe interactions through metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Misuzu Nosaka-T
- National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takanori Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sato
- National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan.
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shizuoka, Japan.
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Berrios L. Examining the genomic features of human and plant-associated Burkholderia strains. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:335. [PMID: 35587294 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Humans and plants have evolved in the near omnipresence of a microbial milieu, and the factors that govern host-microbe interactions continue to require scientific exploration. To better understand if and to what degree patterns between microbial genomic features and host association (i.e., human and plant) exist, I analyzed the genomes of select Burkholderia strains-a bacterial genus comprised of both human and plant-associated strains-that were isolated from either humans or plants. To this end, I uncovered host-specific, genomic patterns related to metabolic pathway potentials in addition to convergent features that may be related to pathogenic overlap between hosts. Together, these findings detail the genomic associations of human and plant-associated Burkholderia strains and provide a framework for future investigations that seek to link host-host transmission potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Berrios
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Ishihara A. Defense mechanisms involving secondary metabolism in the grass family. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2021; 46:382-392. [PMID: 34908899 PMCID: PMC8640679 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.j21-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize and accumulate a wide variety of compounds called secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites serve as chemical barriers to protect plants from pathogens and herbivores. Antimicrobial secondary metabolites are accumulated to prevent pathogen infection. These metabolites are classified into phytoalexins (induced in response to pathogen attack) and phytoanticipins (present prior to pathogen infection). The antimicrobial compounds in the grass family (Poaceae) were studied from the viewpoint of evolution. The studies were performed at three hierarchies, families, genera, and species and include the following: 1) the distribution of benzoxazinoids (Bxs) in the grass family, 2) evolutionary replacement of phytoanticipins from Bxs to hydroxycinnamic acid amide dimers in the genus Hordeum, and 3) chemodiversity of flavonoid and diterpenoid phytoalexins in rice. These studies demonstrated dynamic changes in secondary metabolism during evolution, indicating the adaptation of plants to their environment by repeating scrap-and-build cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishihara
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680–8553, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Kariya K, Ube N, Ueno M, Teraishi M, Okumoto Y, Mori N, Ueno K, Ishihara A. Natural variation of diterpenoid phytoalexins in cultivated and wild rice species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 180:112518. [PMID: 32950772 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) leaves accumulate phytoalexins in response to pathogen attack. The major phytoalexins in rice are diterpenoids such as momilactones, phytocassanes, and oryzalexins. We analyzed the abundance of momilactones A and B and phytocassanes A and D in UV-light-irradiated leaves of cultivars from the World Rice Core Collection (WRC). Both types of phytoalexins were detected in most cultivars; however, their accumulated amounts varied greatly from cultivar to cultivar. The amounts of momilactones A and B tended to be higher in japonica cultivars than those in indica cultivars. However, the accumulated amounts of phytocassanes were not related to differences in subspecies. In addition, variation in phytoalexin content was observed for seven wild rice species. During the analysis of momilactone A in cultivars from the WRC, two unknown compounds were detected in'Jaguary' and 'Basilanon'. We isolated these compounds from UV-light-irradiated leaves and determined their structures. The compound isolated from 'Jaguary' was an isomer of momilactone A that had an abietane skeleton, while that from 'Basilanon' was di-dehydrogenated phytocassane A; these compounds were denoted as oryzalactone and phytocassane G. Oryzalactone accumulated in only three cultivars, whereas phytocassane G accumulated in almost all of the cultivars from the WRC. These findings indicate the existence of large natural variation in the phytoalexin composition in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kariya
- Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Naoki Ube
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-0001, Japan
| | - Makoto Ueno
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu 1060, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Teraishi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yutaka Okumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.
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Shimizu-Sato S, Tsuda K, Nosaka-Takahashi M, Suzuki T, Ono S, Ta KN, Yoshida Y, Nonomura KI, Sato Y. Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Wild Oryza Species Using Immature Embryos. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:33. [PMID: 32495182 PMCID: PMC7270233 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Genetic transformation is one of the most important technologies for revealing or modulating gene function. It is used widely in both functional genomics and molecular breeding of rice. Demands on its use in wild Oryza species is increasing because of their high genetic diversity. Given the difficulties in genetic crosses between distantly related species, genetic transformation offers a way to alter or transfer genetic traits in wild rice accessions. However, transformation of wild Oryza accessions by conventional methods using calli induced from scutellum tissue of embryos in mature seeds often fails. Here, we report methods using immature embryos for the genetic transformation of a broad range of Oryza species. First, we investigated the ability of callus induction and regeneration from immature embryos of 192 accessions in 20 species under several culture conditions. We regenerated plants from immature embryos of 90 accessions in 16 species. Next, we optimized the conditions of Agrobacterium infection using a vector carrying the GFP gene driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter. GFP signals were observed in 51 accessions in 11 species. We analyzed the growth and seed set of transgenic plants of O. barthii, O. glumaepatula, O. rufipogon, and O. brachyantha. The plants grew to maturity and set seeds normally. Southern blot analyses using DNA from T0 plants showed that all GFP plants were derived from independent transformation events. We confirmed that the T-DNAs were transmitted to the next generation through the segregation of GFP signals in the T1 generation. These results show that many Oryza species can be transformed by using modified immature-embryo methods. This will accelerate the use of wild Oryza accessions in molecular genetic analyses and molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Shimizu-Sato
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Tsuda
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | | | - Toshiya Suzuki
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Seijiro Ono
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kim Nhung Ta
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yuri Yoshida
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nonomura
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sato
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
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