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Shahid S, Chaudary MA. Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with hematological profile and anthropometry in patients with glioma. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2022; 68:1547-1552. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20220516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Shahid
- National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Pakistan
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2
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Kelly PD, Dambrino RJ, Guidry BS, Tang AR, Stewart TG, Mistry A, Morone PJ, Chambless LB. Red blood cell distribution width in glioblastoma. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 213:107096. [PMID: 34973653 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.107096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadly adult brain tumor. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been found in non-central nervous system neoplasms to be associated with survival. This study aims to assess the prognostic value of pre-operative RDW and trends in RDW over time during the disease course. METHODS This single-institution retrospective cohort study identified patients ≥ 18 years old with pathology-proved glioblastoma treated between April 2003-May 2017 from an institutional database. A Cox proportional hazards model was developed using known prognostic clinical variables to predict overall survival time; a second model incorporating continuously valued RDW was then created. The additional prognostic value of RDW was assessed with a joint model F-test. The variation of RDW-CV over time was evaluated with linear mixed model of RDW. A post-hoc exploratory analysis was performed to assess the trend in RDW lab value leading up to time of death. RESULTS 346 adult GBM patients were identified; complete survival data was available for all patients. The addition of RDW to the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model did not increase prognostic value. There was an upward trend in RDW throughout the post-operative disease course. In a post-hoc analysis, there was an upward trend in RDW leading up to the time of death. CONCLUSION Although RDW has been prognostic of survival for many inflammatory, prothrombotic, and neoplastic diseases, pre-operative RDW was not associated with overall survival in GBM patients. RDW trended upwards throughout the disease course, suggesting possible systemic inflammatory effects of either glioblastoma or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Kelly
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Robert J Dambrino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Bradley S Guidry
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alan R Tang
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Thomas G Stewart
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Akshitkumar Mistry
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Peter J Morone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lola B Chambless
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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Winther-Larsen A, Sandfeld-Paulsen B, Hvas AM. New Insights in Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Patients with Primary Brain Cancer: A Systematic Review. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 48:323-337. [PMID: 34624915 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1733961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with primary brain tumors have a high incidence of thrombosis and hemorrhage. The underlying mechanism is believed to be derangement of their hemostatic system. To get nearer a clarification of this, we aimed to systematically review the existing literature regarding primary and secondary hemostasis as well as fibrinolysis in patients with primary brain tumor. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched on December 15, 2020, without time restrictions. Studies were included if they evaluated at least one blood coagulation and/or fibrinolysis parameter in patients with primary brain cancer. In total, 26 articles including 3,288 patients were included. Overall, increased activity of secondary hemostasis was observed as increased prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 and endogenous thrombin generation levels were found in glioma patients compared with controls. Furthermore, data showed a state of hypofibrinolysis with increased plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and prolonged clot lysis time in glioma patients. In contrast, no consistent increase in the primary hemostasis was identified; however, data suggested that increased sP-selectin could be a biomarker of increased venous thromboembolism risk and that increased platelet count may be prognostic for survival. Lastly, data indicated that fibrinogen and D-dimer could hold prognostic value. In conclusion, this review indicates that an increased activity of secondary hemostasis and impaired fibrinolysis could be important players in the pathogeneses behind the high risk of thromboembolisms observed in brain cancer patients. Thus, long-term thromboprophylaxis may be beneficial and additional studies addressing this issue are wanted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Winther-Larsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Anne-Mette Hvas
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Sharma R, Katiyar V, Gurjar H, Sharma M, Goda R, Vora Z. Is medulloblastoma associated with systemic immunomodulation? - A comparative analysis of preoperative inflammatory markers. Surg Neurol Int 2020; 11:86. [PMID: 32494368 PMCID: PMC7265425 DOI: 10.25259/sni_336_2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We attempt to compare preoperative inflammatory markers among children with medulloblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma and establish their diagnostic efficacy to distinguish these tumors. Methods: Children (<18 years) with biopsy-proven medulloblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma operated at our institute from January 2012 to January 2018 were enrolled in this study. The hematological parameters were compared between the two groups and with healthy controls. Children with a history of disease or medications that may confound these parameters were excluded from the study. Receiver operator characteristic curves were made to assess the diagnostic accuracy of markers found to be significant. Results: Patients with medulloblastoma were found to have higher neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and platelet counts compared with pilocytic astrocytoma. Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) was significantly lower in medulloblastoma group as compared to healthy controls but not with pilocytic astrocytoma. NLR and dNLR demonstrated maximum diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing patients with medulloblastoma from healthy controls and pilocytic astrocytoma. Using a cutoff of 2.45 for NLR distinguishes medulloblastoma from healthy controls as well as pilocytic astrocytoma with a sensitivity of 75.5% and specificity of 66.7%. Similarly, dNLR cutoff of 1.47 distinguishes medulloblastoma from healthy controls with a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 76% and a cutoff of 1.53 distinguishes medulloblastoma from pilocytic astrocytoma with a sensitivity of 81.1% and specificity of 81.8%. Combination of NLR and dNLR performed only marginally better than individual variables with area under the curve being 0.856 for medulloblastoma versus healthy controls and 0.86 for medulloblastoma versus pilocytic astrocytoma. Conclusion: NLR and dNLR can be used as a preoperative predictive marker in medulloblastoma. There is decreased ALC in patients with medulloblastoma contributing to raised NLR and dNLR suggestive of systemic immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Sharma
- Departments of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical sciences, CNC, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Varidh Katiyar
- Departments of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical sciences, CNC, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Hitesh Gurjar
- Departments of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical sciences, CNC, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehar Sharma
- Departments of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical sciences, CNC, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Revanth Goda
- Departments of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical sciences, CNC, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Zainab Vora
- Departments of Radio diagnosis, All India Institute of Medical sciences, CNC, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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Li K, Duan WC, Zhao HB, Wang L, Wang WW, Zhan YB, Sun T, Zhang FJ, Yu B, Bai YH, Wang YM, Ji YC, Zhou JQ, Liu XZ, Zhang ZF, Zhang ZY. Preoperative Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio are Associated with the Prognosis of Group 3 and Group 4 Medulloblastoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13239. [PMID: 31519974 PMCID: PMC6744413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and immunoreaction markers were correlated with the survival of patients in many tumors. However, there were no reports investigating the relationships between preoperative hematological markers and the prognosis of medulloblastoma (MB) patients based on the molecular subgroups (WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4). A total 144 MB patients were enrolled in the study. The differences of preoperative hematological markers among molecular subgroups of MB were compared by One-way ANOVA method. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the curves of progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The comparison of survival rates in different groups were conducted by the Log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate independent prognostic factors. Increased preoperative NLR (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, PFS, P = 0.004, OS, P < 0.001) and PLR (platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, PFS, P = 0.028, OS, P = 0.003) predicted poor prognosis in patients with MB, while preoperative MLR (monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio), MPV (mean platelet volume), PDW (platelet distribution width), and AGR (albumin-to-globulin ratio) were revealed no predictive value on the prognosis of patients with MB. Furthermore, high preoperative NLR and PLR predicted unfavorable prognosis in childhood MB patients. However, preoperative NLR and PLR were not associated with the prognosis in adult MB patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated preoperative NLR (PFS, P = 0.029, OS, P = 0.005) and PLR (PFS, P = 0.023, OS, P = 0.005) were the independent prognostic factors in MB patients. Emphatically, the levels of preoperative NLR and PLR in Group 3 MB were significantly higher than those in WNT MB. High preoperative NLR was associated with unfavorable OS in Group 3 (P = 0.032) and Group 4 (P = 0.027) tumors. Similarly, increased preoperative PLR predicted poor PFS (P = 0.012) and OS (P = 0.009) in Group 4 tumors. Preoperative NLR and PLR were the potential prognostic markers for MB patients. Preoperative NLR and PLR were significantly associated with the survival of Group 3 and Group 4 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Wen-Chao Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Hai-Biao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yun-Bo Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Feng-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Ya-Hui Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yan-Min Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yu-Chen Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Jin-Qiao Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
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Xia LJ, Wu YL, Ma J, Zhang FC. Therapeutic effects of antimicrobial peptide on malignant ascites in a mouse model. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6245-6252. [PMID: 29512744 PMCID: PMC5928604 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of the treatment of malignant ascites in advanced stages is to alleviate symptoms using procedures such as diuresis, paracentesis of subretinal fluid and vena cava anastomosis. The effectiveness of systemic or intraperitoneal chemotherapy treatment is limited, and more efficacious therapies are required. The authors of the present study demonstrated that an antimicrobial peptide, cecropinXJ, isolated from the larvae of Bombyx mori, selectively inhibits the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. However, the effects of antibacterial peptides on gastric ascites tumor remains unclear. In the present study, the therapeutic effects of cecropinXJ were investigated in mice bearing malignant ascites. Compared with bovine serum albumin treatment, cecropinXJ and doxorubicin (Dox) significantly inhibited the formation and growth of malignant ascites, and prolonged the survival time of ascites tumor‑bearing mice. In addition, cecropinXJ treatment normalized the hematological and biochemical phenotypes, induced tumor cell apoptosis in ascites and improved the survival of mice bearing malignant ascites when compared with Dox treatment. These results suggested that cecropinXJ might be a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of gastric cancer‑associated ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jie Xia
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Wu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, P.R. China
| | - Ji Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Chun Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, P.R. China
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Wang Y, Xu X, Song C, Wu J, Hu X, Zhu H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Gui L, Zhao M, Peng S. ATIQCTPC targeting MMP-9: a key step to slowing primary tumor growth and inhibiting metastasis of lewis lung carcinoma in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63881-63889. [PMID: 28969037 PMCID: PMC5609969 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we docked (6S)-3-acetyl-4-oxo-N-(2-(3,4,5,6-zetrahydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxamido)ethyl)-4,6,7,12-tetrahydroindolo[2,3-a]quinolizine-6-carbo-xamide (ATIQCTPC) towards the active site of MMP-9, and showed that ATIQCTPC was able to effectively decrease the level of MMP-9 in the serum and the primary tumor of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) implanted C57BL/6 mice. As a MMP-9 inhibitor, ATIQCTPC inhibited the metastasis of LLC, and slowed the growth of the primary tumor of LLC implanted C57BL/6 in mice. The activities of ATIQCTPC to inhibit the ear edema and to decrease the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-8 of the mice treated with xylene were explored. The minimal effective dose of ATIQCTPC that can inhibit the primary tumour growth, prevent the metastasis of LLC and reduce the inflammatory response was 0.01 μmol/kg. The minimal effective dose of ATIQCTPC inhibiting tumour growth and metastasis was 100-fold lower than that of (S)-3-acetyl- 4-oxo-4,6,7,12-tetrahydroindolo[2,3-a]quinolizine-6-carboxylic acid (ATIQC, parent compound). The minimal effective dose of ATIQCTPC inhibiting inflammation was 110-fold lower than that of aspirin. These superiorities reflected the rationality of ATIQCTPC design. The safety of the therapy was explained by 1 μmol/kg of ATIQCTPC did not injure the kidney, the liver and the heart of the treated inflammation mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Wang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ce Song
- Ruikang Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Hu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haimei Zhu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaonan Wang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Gui
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shiqi Peng
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Liang RF, Li M, Yang Y, Mao Q, Liu YH. Significance of Pretreatment Red Blood Cell Distribution Width in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:3217-3223. [PMID: 28667816 PMCID: PMC5505574 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a parameter of the complete blood count (CBC) test. Recent evidence suggests that pretreatment RDW is associated with patient survival in various malignant tumors. We explored the association of pretreatment RDW and other red blood cell (RBC) parameters with clinical parameters and assessed their prognostic impact on overall survival (OS) in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). MATERIAL AND METHODS In total, 109 patients with newly diagnosed GBM were retrospectively reviewed. The Cox proportional hazards regression model and Kaplan-Meier method were used to examine the survival function of pretreatment RDW, mean cell volume (MCV), hemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), RBC count, and hematocrit (HCT) values in patients with newly diagnosed GBM. RESULTS Univariate analysis showed that MCV, MCHC, and RDW were associated with overall survival (OS). However, only RDW remained significant in multivariate analysis. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that patients belonging to the high-RDW group had a worse median OS (293 days versus 375 days, P=0.023) than those belonging to the low-RDW group. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that pretreatment RDW was superior to MCV and MCHC as a prognostic predictor of clinical outcome in patients newly diagnosed with GBM. Pretreatment RDW was derived directly from the CBC test, which can be easily performed in clinical practice. Therefore, pretreatment RDW values can provide additional prognostic information for patients with GBM. Further larger and prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and to investigate the mechanism by which of RDW is associated with prognosis in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Fei Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Mao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Qing Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
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