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Tsonis O, Karpathiou G, Tsonis K, Paschopoulos M, Papoudou-Bai A, Kanavaros P. Immune cells in normal pregnancy and gestational trophoblastic diseases. Placenta 2020; 101:90-96. [PMID: 32942146 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A healthy pregnancy requires the development of maternal-fetal immune tolerance against the semi-allogeneic fetus. The interactions between the trophoblastic cells and the maternal immune cells (p.e., natural killer cells, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and B-cells) are important for the development of the maternal-fetal immune tolerance and the placental growth and function. These interactions are mediated by cell to cell contact and secreted molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, angiogenic factors and growth factors. The maternal immune cells are present in normal non-pregnant and pregnant endometrium and there are several lines of evidence based on immunohistochemical and RNA sequencing data that the decidual immune cells and immune-related pathways display alterations in GTD, which may have pathogenetic and clinical significance. The present review focuses on the usefulness of the immunohistochemical analysis which provides multiparametric in situ information regarding the numbers, the immunophenotypes and the immunotopographical distributions of the decidual immune cells in tissue sections from normal pregnancy and GTD. We also discuss the significance of the immunohistochemical information in order to gain insight in the putative mechanisms explaining the alterations of the decidual immune cells in GTD and the potential implications of these alterations in the pathogenesis and the clinical behavior of GTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Tsonis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | | | - Klarisa Tsonis
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Minas Paschopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Papoudou-Bai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Kanavaros
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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Desterke C, Slim R, candelier JJ. A bioinformatics transcriptome meta-analysis highlights the importance of trophoblast differentiation in the pathology of hydatidiform moles. Placenta 2018; 65:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cheung ANY, Zhang HJ, Xue WC, Siu MKY. Pathogenesis of choriocarcinoma: clinical, genetic and stem cell perspectives. Future Oncol 2009; 5:217-31. [PMID: 19284380 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.5.2.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Choriocarcinoma is a unique malignant neoplasm composed of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts that produce human chorionic gonadotrophin. Choriocarcinoma can occur after a pregnancy, as a component of germ cell tumors, or in association with a poorly differentiated somatic carcinoma, each with distinct clinical features. Cytogenetic and molecular studies, predominantly on gestational choriocarcinoma, revealed the impact of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and imprinting genes on its pathogenesis. The role of stem cells in various types of choriocarcinoma has been studied recently. This review will discuss how such knowledge can enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of choriocarcinoma, enable exploration of novel anti-choriocarcinoma targeted therapy and possibly improve our insight on embryological and placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie N Y Cheung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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Rull K, Hallast P, Uusküla L, Jackson J, Punab M, Salumets A, Campbell RK, Laan M. Fine-scale quantification of HCG beta gene transcription in human trophoblastic and non-malignant non-trophoblastic tissues. Mol Hum Reprod 2008; 14:23-31. [PMID: 18048458 PMCID: PMC2628200 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gam082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is produced by syncytiotrophoblast of placenta. It delays the apoptosis of corpus luteum and functions in implantation. Its possible role in male reproduction has been raised. HCG beta subunit is encoded by CGB, CGB5, CGB7 and CGB8 genes located at 19q13.3 in a common genome cluster with beta subunit non-coding CGB1 and CGB2. We conducted a sensitive quantification and comparison of CGB gene expression in human trophoblastic (blastocysts, n = 6; normal/failed pregnancy, n = 51) and non-malignant non-trophoblastic tissues (15 different tissue types, samples n = 241), by real-time RT-PCR. We showed a wide transcriptional window of CGB genes in normal pregnancy, a significant reduction in recurrent miscarriages, and a high expression (especially CGB1/CGB2) in ectopic and molar pregnancies. Expression was several orders of magnitude lower in the non-placental tissues, with the highest CGB levels being seen in testis, prostate, thymus, skeletal muscle and lung samples. The contribution of CGB1/CGB2 to the summarized expression of six CGB genes was not proportional to their gene dosage: 1/1000 to 1/10,000. An interesting exception was the testis exhibiting a much higher CGB1/CGB2 to total CGB mRNA ratio of approximately one-third, corresponding to gene dosage. In conclusion, the expressional profile of CGB genes, activated already in blastocyst stage, is associated with the status of pregnancy. The presence of CGB transcripts in testes, and in particular CGB1/CGB2 transcripts, may indicate a role in male reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rull
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tartu, Lossi 36, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
| | - P Hallast
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - L Uusküla
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Jackson
- Department of Molecular Biology, EMD Serono Research Institute, One Technology Place, Rockland, MA USA 02093
| | - M Punab
- Andrology Unit, Tartu University Hospital, Puusepa 1A, 50406, Tartu, Estonia
| | - A Salumets
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tartu, Lossi 36, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
- Nova Vita Clinic, Centre for Infertility Treatment and Medical Genetics, Kaluri tee 5A, Viimsi vald, 74001 Harjumaa Estonia
| | - RK Campbell
- Department of Molecular Biology, EMD Serono Research Institute, One Technology Place, Rockland, MA USA 02093
| | - M Laan
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
- Correspondence: Prof. Maris Laan, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; Riia St. 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia; telephone: +372-7375008; fax: +372-7-420286,
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Feng HC, Tsao SW, Ngan HYS, Xue WC, Kwan HS, Siu MKY, Liao XY, Wong E, Cheung ANY. Overexpression of prostate stem cell antigen is associated with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Histopathology 2007; 52:167-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Pan YS, Lee YS, Lee YL, Lee WC, Hsieh SY. Differentially profiling the low-expression transcriptomes of human hepatoma using a novel SSH/microarray approach. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:131. [PMID: 16737534 PMCID: PMC1522022 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main limitation in performing genome-wide gene-expression profiling is the assay of low-expression genes. Approaches with high throughput and high sensitivity for assaying low-expression transcripts are urgently needed for functional genomic studies. Combination of the suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) and cDNA microarray techniques using the subtracted cDNA clones as probes printed on chips has greatly improved the efficiency for fishing out the differentially expressed clones and has been used before. However, it remains tedious and inefficient sequencing works for identifying genes including the great number of redundancy in the subtracted amplicons, and sacrifices the original advantages of high sensitivity of SSH in profiling low-expression transcriptomes. RESULTS We modified the previous combination of SSH and microarray methods by directly using the subtracted amplicons as targets to hybridize the pre-made cDNA microarrays (named as "SSH/microarray"). mRNA prepared from three pairs of hepatoma and non-hepatoma liver tissues was subjected to the SSH/microarray assays, as well as directly to regular cDNA microarray assays for comparison. As compared to the original SSH and microarray combination assays, the modified SSH/microarray assays allowed for much easier inspection of the subtraction efficiency and identification of genes in the subtracted amplicons without tedious and inefficient sequencing work. On the other hand, 5015 of the 9376 genes originally filtered out by the regular cDNA microarray assays because of low expression became analyzable by the SSH/microarray assays. Moreover, the SSH/microarray assays detected about ten times more (701 vs. 69) HCC differentially expressed genes (at least a two-fold difference and P < 0.01), particularly for those with rare transcripts, than did the regular cDNA microarray assays. The differential expression was validated in 9 randomly selected genes in 18 pairs of hepatoma/non-hepatoma liver tissues using quantitative RT-PCR. The SSH/microarray approaches resulted in identifying many differentially expressed genes implicated in the regulation of cell cycle, cell death, signal transduction and cell morphogenesis, suggesting the involvement of multi-biological processes in hepato-carcinogenesis. CONCLUSION The modified SSH/microarray approach is a simple but high-sensitive and high-efficient tool for differentially profiling the low-expression transcriptomes. It is most adequate for applying to functional genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shin Pan
- Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Shien Lee
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lin Lee
- Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Lee
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Sen-Yung Hsieh
- Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Clinical Proteomics Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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